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Feng Y, Jiang S, Yu H, Long X. Monoterpenoid glycosides from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. And their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shen L, Lee S, Joo JC, Yuan Tian J, Ge Chen M, Liu Y, Baek JI, Jeon BM, Kim SC, Ha KC, Park YK, Baek HI, Park SJ. Effectiveness and safety of SGL 121(ginsenoside F2-enhanced mixture) in hepatic dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Kim WJ, Noh S, Choi G, Moon BC. Rapid Identification of Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Radicis Cortex Using a SCAR Marker-Based Conventional PCR Assay. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2870. [PMID: 36365322 PMCID: PMC9653921 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniae Radix is a herbal medicine prepared from the dried roots of Paeonia lactiflora, P. anomala subsp. veitchii, and P. japonica. Although the herbal medicines prepared from these species are morphologically similar, they have different pharmacological effects depending on how they are processed. In addition, P. japonica is more expensive than other Paeonia spp. in the Korean herbal market. Although there is a clear difference between the Korean and Chinese pharmacopeias of Paeoniae Radix, the processed roots of P. lactiflora and P. anomala subsp. veitchii are commonly used indiscriminately in the herbal market. Moreover, Paeonia suffruticosa, an allied genus of P. lactiflora, is prescribed as Moutan Radicis Cortex. Therefore, accurate taxonomic identification of plant species is vital for quality assurance. A genetic assay is a reliable tool for accurately discriminating species in processed herbal medicines. To develop a genetic assay for the identification of four Paeonia species (P. lactiflora, P. anomala subsp. veitchii, P. japonica, and P. suffruticosa), we analyzed the sequences of two DNA barcoding regions, internal transcribed spacer and rbcL. A conventional PCR assay was established in this study for simple and rapid species identification using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers based on arbitrary nucleotide-containing primers. This assay was verified to be species specific and highly sensitive and could be applied to Paeonia species identification at an affordable rate.
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Root Extracts of Two Cultivars of Paeonia Species: Lipid Composition and Biological Effects on Different Cell Lines: Preliminary Results. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030655. [PMID: 33513825 PMCID: PMC7865396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of two cultivars of Paeonia, namely Paeonia officinalis “Rubra Plena” and Paeonia “Pink Hawaiian Coral”, have been extracted with chloroform. The composition of the lipid fraction, analyzed by GC–MS technique, revealed the absence of paeonol and the presence of phenol, benzoic acid, fatty acid—and some sterol—derivatives. The chloroformic extracts have been tested on normal and several cancer cell lines but showed antiproliferative activity only on the ovarian carcinoma and the osteosarcoma. The biological activity of extracts was investigated mainly by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and quantum phase imaging. The results indicated that the root extracts induced a hyperpolarization of mitochondria and an increase in reactive oxygen species levels, without inducing cell death. These effects are associated to an increased doubling time and a retarded confluence.
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Pericarpium zanthoxyli Extract Is Mediated via Antagonism of Oxidative Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6761842. [PMID: 32695211 PMCID: PMC7368226 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6761842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericarpium zanthoxyli has been extensively used in traditional Oriental medicine to treat gastric disorders and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. Therefore, the present study examined a possible hepatoprotective effect of a P. zanthoxyli extract (PZE) and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We employed an in vitro model of arachidonic acid (AA) + iron-induced hepatocyte damage and an in vivo model of CCl4-induced liver injury to assess the effects of PZE and evaluated the relevant molecular targets using biochemical assays, flow cytometry analysis, Western blot, and histopathological analysis. The PZE inhibited AA + iron-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells, improved mitochondrial dysfunction, and reversed an increase in the cellular H2O2 production and a decrease in the reduced GSH levels induced by AA + iron. Treatment with either 30 or 100 μg/ml PZE significantly increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, and the latter dose also increased the antioxidant response element- (ARE-) driven luciferase activity and enhanced the protein expressions of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. In addition, treatment with 100 μg/ml PZE for 3 or 6 h increased the phosphorylation rates of Nrf2 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In the in vivo experiment, oral treatment with both 100 and 300 mg/kg PZE inhibited the plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity, and the latter also inhibited the plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. In addition, both doses of PZE ameliorated the parenchymal degeneration and necrosis in the liver induced by CCl4 administration, which was associated with reduced expressions of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, nitrotyrosine, and 4-hydroxynonenal by PZE. These findings suggest that PZE has protective effects against hepatotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, which are mainly mediated via its antioxidant activity.
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Baltina L, Sapozhnikova T, Makara N, Gabdrakhmanova S, Baltina L, Kondratenko R. Paeoniflorin benzoates: synthesis and influence on learning and memory of aged rats in the passive avoidance task. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2668-2676. [PMID: 31502476 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1662005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin per-O-benzoates with the preserved pinane structure 2 and rearranged aglycone 3, containing C4 = O function, were obtained and their influence on learning and memory of aged rats was studied in the passive avoidance task. It was found that the chemical modification of paeoniflorin affected the cognitive functions of aged rats. The introduction of C4 = O function into the pinane part of benzoate 3 led to the improvement in learning process and preservation of the memory trace in aged rats as compared to the natural glycoside. This compound can be considered as the promising for further studies on in vivo models of disorders characteristic for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Baltina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Sapozhnikova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Nina Makara
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Gabdrakhmanova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Lia Baltina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Rimma Kondratenko
- Ministry of Health, Bashkir State Medicinal University, Ufa, Russian Federation
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Sipjeondaebo-tang Alleviates Oxidative Stress-Mediated Liver Injury through Activation of the CaMKK2-AMPK Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8609285. [PMID: 30524483 PMCID: PMC6247439 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8609285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sipjeondaebo-tang (SDT) is used frequently as a herbal prescription to treat deficiency syndromes in traditional Korean medicine. We investigated the hepatoprotective effects of SDT against oxidative stress and attempted to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. SDT pretreatment reduced arachidonic acid (AA) plus iron-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and prevented changes in apoptosis-related protein expression. In addition, SDT pretreatment significantly reduced glutathione depletion, hydrogen peroxide production, and mitochondrial dysfunction via treatment with AA plus iron. SDT increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in accordance with the phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2). Experiments using an AMPK chemical inhibitor (Compound C) or CaMKK2 chemical inhibitor (STO-609) suggested that the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway contributes to SDT-mediated protection of mitochondria and cells. Moreover, administration of SDT for 4 consecutive days to mice significantly reduced the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities induced by carbon tetrachloride, and the numbers of degenerated hepatocytes, infiltrated inflammatory cells, nitrotyrosine-positive cells, and 4-hydroxynonenal-positive cells in liver tissue. Therefore, SDT protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress via CaMKK2-dependent AMPK activation and has the therapeutic potential to prevent or treat oxidative stress-related liver injury.
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Jung JY, Park SM, Ko HL, Lee JR, Park CA, Byun SH, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Kim SC. Epimedium koreanum Ameliorates Oxidative Stress-Mediated Liver Injury by Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:469-488. [PMID: 29433393 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species is the main cause of various liver diseases. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Epimedium koreanum Nakai water extract (EKE) against arachidonic acid (AA)[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4-)-mediated acute liver injury in mice. Pretreatment with EKE (30 and 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL) significantly inhibited AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by preventing changes in the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. EKE attenuated hydrogen peroxide production, glutathione depletion, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. EKE also increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), transactivated anti-oxidant response element harboring luciferase activity, and induced the expression of anti-oxidant genes. Furthermore, the cytoprotective effect of EKE against AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron was blocked in Nrf2 knockout cells. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that EKE contained icariin, icaritin, and quercetin; icaritin and quercetin were both found to protect HepG2 cells from AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron via Nrf2 activation. In a CCl4-induced mouse model of liver injury, pretreatment with EKE (300[Formula: see text]mg/kg) for four consecutive days ameliorated CCl4-mediated increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, histological activity index, hepatic parenchyma degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. EKE also decreased the number of nitrotyrosine-, 4-hydroxynonenal-, cleaved caspase-3-, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-positive cells in hepatic tissues. These results suggest EKE is a promising candidate for the prevention or treatment of oxidative stress-related liver diseases via Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Jung
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Park
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Li Ko
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rok Lee
- † Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung A Park
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hui Byun
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
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Kim JK, Lee JE, Jung EH, Jung JY, Jung DH, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Kim SC. Hemistepsin A ameliorates acute inflammation in macrophages via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:176-188. [PMID: 29129664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemistepsin A (HsA) is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of HsA and sought to determine its mechanisms of action in macrophages. HsA pretreatment inhibited nitric oxide production, and reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in Toll-like receptor ligand-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, HsA decreased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Kupffer cells as well as in RAW 264.7 cells. HsA inhibited phosphorylation of IKKα/β and degradation of IκBα, resulting in decreased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and its transcriptional activity. Moreover, HsA phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), increased expression levels of antioxidant genes, and attenuated LPS-stimulated H2O2 production. Phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase was required for HsA-mediated Nrf2 phosphorylation. In a D-galactosamine/LPS-induced liver injury model, HsA ameliorated D-galactosamine/LPS-induced hepatocyte degeneration and inflammatory cells infiltration. Moreover, immunohistochemical analyses using nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase antibodies revealed that HsA protected the liver from oxidative stress. Furthermore, HsA reduced the numbers of proinflammatory cytokine-positive cells in hepatic tissues. Thus, these results suggest HsA may be a promising natural product to manage inflammation-mediated tissue injuries through inhibition of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kwang Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwa Jung
- HaniBio Co., Ltd., Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.
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Tryptanthrin prevents oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1071-1086. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jegal KH, Park SM, Cho SS, Byun SH, Ku SK, Kim SC, Ki SH, Cho IJ. Activating transcription factor 6-dependent sestrin 2 induction ameliorates ER stress-mediated liver injury. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1295-1307. [PMID: 28433684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is characterized by an accumulation of misfolded proteins, and ER stress reduction is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms that protect cells from ER stress are not completely understood. The present study investigated the role of sestrin 2 (SESN2) on ER stress and sought to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the hepatoprotective effect of SESN2 in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with tunicamycin (Tm) increased SESN2 protein and mRNA levels and reporter gene activity. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) bound to unfolded protein response elements of SESN2 promoter, transactivated SESN2, and increased SESN2 protein expression. In addition, dominant negative mutant of ATF6α and siRNA against ATF6α blocked the ER stress-mediated SESN2 induction, whereas chemical inhibition of PERK or IRE1 did not affect SESN2 induction by Tm. Ectopic expression of SESN2 in HepG2 cells inhibited CHOP and GRP78 expressions by Tm. Moreover, SESN2 decreased the phosphorylations of JNK and p38 and PARP cleavage, and blocked the cytotoxic effect of excessive ER stress. In a Tm-induced liver injury model, adenoviral delivery of SESN2 in mice decreased serum ALT, AST and LDH activities and the mRNA levels of CHOP and GRP78 in hepatic tissues. Moreover, SESN2 reduced numbers of degenerating hepatocytes, and inhibited caspase 3 and PARP cleavages. These results suggest ATF6 is essential for ER stress-mediated SESN2 induction, and that SESN2 acts as a feedback regulator to protect liver from excess ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Jegal
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Seok Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hui Byun
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
| | - Il Je Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.
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Activation of AMPK by Buddleja officinalis Maxim. Flower Extract Contributes to Protecting Hepatocytes from Oxidative Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:9253462. [PMID: 28473864 PMCID: PMC5394415 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9253462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Buddleja officinalis Maxim. flower is used in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine to treat inflammation, vascular diseases, headache, and stroke, as well as enhance liver function. This research investigated the effects of B. officinalis Maxim. flower extract (BFE) on hepatotoxicity. The cytoprotective effects and mechanism of BFE against severe mitochondrial dysfunction and H2O2 production in hepatotoxicity induced by coadministration of arachidonic acid (AA) and iron were observed in the HepG2 cell line. In addition, we performed blood biochemical, histopathological, and histomorphometric analyses of mice with carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced acute liver damage. BFE inhibited the AA + iron-mediated hepatotoxicity of HepG2 cells. Moreover, it inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction, H2O2 production, and glutathione depletion mediated by AA + iron in the same cells. Meanwhile, the cytoprotective effects of BFE against oxidative stress were associated with the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In particular, based on the histopathological observations, BFE (30 and 100 mg/kg) showed clear hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced acute hepatic damage. Furthermore, it inhibited 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in hepatocytes. These results provide evidence that BFE has beneficial hepatoprotective effects against hepatic damage via the activation of AMPK pathway. Accordingly, BFE may have therapeutic potential for diverse liver disorders.
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Park SM, Jung EH, Kim JK, Jegal KH, Park CA, Cho IJ, Kim SC. 20 S-Protopanaxadiol, an aglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite, induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis through liver kinase B1-AMP-activated protein kinase activation. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:392-402. [PMID: 28701883 PMCID: PMC5489770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng inhibited liver fibrosis in mice and reduced the expressions of fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The present study was undertaken to identify the major ginsenoside responsible for reducing the numbers of HSCs and the underlying mechanism involved. METHODS Using LX-2 cells (a human immortalized HSC line) and primary activated HSCs, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assays were conducted to examine the cytotoxic effects of ginsenosides. H2O2 productions, glutathione contents, lactate dehydrogenase activities, mitochondrial membrane permeabilities, apoptotic cell subpopulations, caspase-3/-7 activities, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunoblot analysis were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for ginsenoside-mediated cytotoxicity. Involvement of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related signaling pathway was examined using a chemical inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Of the 11 ginsenosides tested, 20S-protopanaxadiol (PPD) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity in both LX-2 cells and primary activated HSCs. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 20S-PPD was blocked by N-acetyl-l-cysteine pretreatment. In addition, 20S-PPD concentration-dependently increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, and compound C prevented 20S-PPD-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, 20S-PPD increased the phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), an upstream kinase of AMPK. Likewise, transfection of LX-2 cells with LKB1 siRNA reduced the cytotoxic effect of 20S-PPD. Thus, 20S-PPD appears to induce HSC apoptosis by activating LKB1-AMPK and to be a therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Park
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Jung
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Jegal
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung A Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Shi YH, Zhu S, Ge YW, Toume K, Wang Z, Batkhuu J, Komatsu K. Characterization and quantification of monoterpenoids in different types of peony root and the related Paeonia species by liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:581-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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