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Parklak W, Ounjaijean S, Kulprachakarn K, Boonyapranai K. In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effects, Antioxidant Activities, and Lutein Content of Nine Different Cultivars of Marigold Flowers ( Tagetes spp.). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083314. [PMID: 37110550 PMCID: PMC10142025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) are major sources of bioactive compounds. The flowers are used to treat a variety of illnesses and have both antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. However, marigolds exhibit a wide range of genetic variations. Because of this, both the bioactive compounds and biological activities of the plants differ between cultivars. In the present study, nine marigold cultivars grown in Thailand were evaluated for their bioactive compound content, as well as for their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the Sara Orange cultivar possessed the highest total carotenoid content (431.63 mg/100 g). However, Nata 001 (NT1) had the highest amount of total phenolic compounds (161.17 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (20.05 mg QE/g), and lutein (7.83 mg/g), respectively. NT1 exhibited strong activities against the DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation, and had the highest FRAP value as well. Moreover, NT1 demonstrated the most significant (p < 0.05) α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (IC50 values of 2.57 and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively). The nine marigold cultivars had reasonable correlations between lutein content and the capacity to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Hence, NT1 may be a good source of lutein; it may also be beneficial in both functional food production and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wason Parklak
- Research Center for Non-Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sakaewan Ounjaijean
- Research Center for Non-Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kulprachakarn
- Research Center for Non-Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kongsak Boonyapranai
- Research Center for Non-Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Serra AT, Silva SD, Pleno de Gouveia L, Alexandre AMRC, Pereira CV, Pereira AB, Partidário AC, Silva NE, Bohn T, Gonçalves VSS, Real G, Escudero P, Fernández N, Matias AA, Bronze MR. A Single Dose of Marine Chlorella vulgaris Increases Plasma Concentrations of Lutein, β-Carotene and Zeaxanthin in Healthy Male Volunteers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081164. [PMID: 34439412 PMCID: PMC8388909 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial health effects of Chlorella vulgaris have been associated with the presence of several nutrients and antioxidants, including carotenoids. However, the in vivo bioavailability of Chlorella is still poorly evaluated. In this work, a human intervention study was conducted in 11 healthy men to evaluate the bioavailability of carotenoids within 3 days after the intake of a single dose (6 g) of dried marine Chlorella vulgaris containing lutein (7.08 mg), β-carotene (1.88 mg) and zeaxanthin (1.47 mg). Subjects were instructed to follow a low carotenoid diet during the experimental phase, starting 1 week earlier. On the day of the experiment, dried microalgae formulated in vegetarian hard capsules were ingested, and blood samples were collected up to 72 h for the analysis of plasma carotenoids concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. For all carotenoids, the estimated AUC and Cmax values were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05), indicating that a single dose of marine Chlorella vulgaris increased plasma concentrations of lutein (Cmin-corrected AUC = 1002 µg·h/L, Cmax = 20.4 µg/L), β-carotene (AUC = 1302 µg·h/L, Cmax = 34.9 µg/L) and zeaxanthin (AUC = 122.2 µg·h/L, Cmax = 3.4 µg/L). The bioavailability of other compounds, namely, polyunsaturated fatty acids and trace elements, was also assessed post-prandial for the first time, showing that linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and iodine were absorbed after microalgae intake. These findings support the use of Chlorella vulgaris as a source of carotenoids, PUFA and essential trace elements with associated health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.T.S.); (M.R.B.); Tel.: +351-21-446-9773 (A.T.S. & M.R.B.)
| | - Sandra D. Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Luís Pleno de Gouveia
- iMed, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.P.d.G.); (N.E.S.)
| | - Agostinho M. R. C. Alexandre
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carolina V. Pereira
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Ana Barbara Pereira
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Carvalho Partidário
- INIAV, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Elvas Silva
- iMed, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.P.d.G.); (N.E.S.)
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A–B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Vanessa S. S. Gonçalves
- Buggypower (Portugal), Lda., Alameda dos Oceanos, Parque das Nações, 1990-203 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.S.S.G.); (G.R.); (P.E.)
| | - Gonçalo Real
- Buggypower (Portugal), Lda., Alameda dos Oceanos, Parque das Nações, 1990-203 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.S.S.G.); (G.R.); (P.E.)
| | - Pedro Escudero
- Buggypower (Portugal), Lda., Alameda dos Oceanos, Parque das Nações, 1990-203 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.S.S.G.); (G.R.); (P.E.)
| | - Naiara Fernández
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Ana A. Matias
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.D.S.); (A.M.R.C.A.); (C.V.P.); (A.B.P.); (N.F.); (A.A.M.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- iMed, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.P.d.G.); (N.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.T.S.); (M.R.B.); Tel.: +351-21-446-9773 (A.T.S. & M.R.B.)
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Jalali Jivan M, Abbasi S. Nano based lutein extraction from marigold petals: optimization using different surfactants and co-surfactants. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01572. [PMID: 31183433 PMCID: PMC6488751 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has high potential in processing of industrial crops and by-products in order to extract valuable biological active compounds. The present study endeavored to take advantage of nanotech approach (i.e microemulsion, ME), as a novel green technique, for lutein extraction from marigold (Tagetes erecta) as an industrial crop. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams confirmed the effect of surfactant type on the formation of mono-phasic lutein MEs. The combination of sucrose monopalmitate:1-poropanol (1:5) showed the highest efficiency in the presence of marigold petal powder (MPP, 18%) and water (42%). In addition, the efficiency of primitive MEs (without co-surfactants) was outstandingly increased as MPP was moistened by co-surfactants. Furthermore, different MEs resulted in various droplet size (14–250nm), PDI (0.05–0.32) and zeta potential (−1.96 to −38.50 mV). These findings revealed the outstanding importance of the surfactants and co-surfactants and their ratio on the extraction capability of MEs. These findings also proved the capability of microemulsion technique (MET) as a potential alternative to conventional solvent with possible applicability for extraction of lutein and other industrial plant based bio-compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jalali Jivan
- Food Colloids and Rheology Lab., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P O Box, 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soliman Abbasi
- Food Colloids and Rheology Lab., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P O Box, 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
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Kim S, Kim J, Lim Y, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Kwon O. A dietary cholesterol challenge study to assess Chlorella supplementation in maintaining healthy lipid levels in adults: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nutr J 2016; 15:54. [PMID: 27177615 PMCID: PMC4866071 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous animal studies suggested that Chlorella, a unicellular green alga, has a preventive role in maintaining serum cholesterol levels against excess dietary cholesterol intake. This study aimed to conduct a pioneering investigation to clarify this issue in healthy subjects by adopting a dietary cholesterol challenge, which has not been used previously in similar studies of Chlorella in hypercholesterolemia. Methods In this double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 34 participants ingested 510 mg of dietary cholesterol from three eggs concomitantly with a usual dose of Chlorella (5 g/d) or a matched placebo for 4 weeks. Results The dietary cholesterol challenge induced consistently higher concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC, P < 0.001), LDL-C (P = 0.004), and HDL-C (P = 0.010) compared with baseline values, suggesting that the challenge was reliable. Thus, we observed a preventive action of Chlorella in maintaining serum TC versus placebo levels (3.5 % versus 9.8 %, respectively; P = 0.037) and LDL-C versus placebo levels (1.7 % versus 14.3 %, respectively; P = 0.012) against excessive dietary cholesterol intake and in augmenting HDL-C versus placebo levels (8.3 % versus 3.8 %, respectively). Furthermore, serum α-carotene showed the best separation between the placebo and Chlorella groups (R2X and R2Y > 0.5; Q2 > 0.4). Conclusion The results suggest that a fully replicated dietary cholesterol challenge may be useful in assessing the effectiveness of dietary supplements in maintaining the serum lipid profiles of adults whose habitual diets are high in cholesterol. Trial registration WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (KCT0000258)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeni Lim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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