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Hernández-Martín M, Garcimartín A, Bocanegra A, Redondo-Castillejo R, Quevedo-Torremocha C, Macho-González A, García Fernández RA, Bastida S, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, López-Oliva ME. Silicon as a Functional Meat Ingredient Improves Jejunal and Hepatic Cholesterol Homeostasis in a Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Model. Foods 2024; 13:1794. [PMID: 38928736 PMCID: PMC11203255 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Silicon included in a restructured meat (RM) matrix (Si-RM) as a functional ingredient has been demonstrated to be a potential bioactive antidiabetic compound. However, the jejunal and hepatic molecular mechanisms by which Si-RM exerts its cholesterol-lowering effects remain unclear. Male Wistar rats fed an RM included in a high-saturated-fat high-cholesterol diet (HSFHCD) combined with a low dose of streptozotocin plus nicotinamide injection were used as late-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model. Si-RM was included into the HSFHCD as a functional food. An early-stage TD2M group fed a high-saturated-fat diet (HSFD) was taken as reference. Si-RM inhibited the hepatic and intestinal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) reducing the apoB-containing lipoprotein assembly and cholesterol absorption. Upregulation of liver X receptor (LXRα/β) by Si-RM turned in a higher low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCG5/8, ABCA1) promoting jejunal cholesterol efflux and transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), and facilitating partially reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Si-RM decreased the jejunal absorptive area and improved mucosal barrier integrity. Consequently, plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels decreased, as well as the formation of atherogenic lipoprotein particles. Si-RM mitigated the dyslipidemia associated with late-stage T2DM by Improving cholesterol homeostasis. Silicon could be used as an effective nutritional approach in diabetic dyslipidemia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hernández-Martín
- Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (R.R.-C.); (C.Q.-T.); (J.B.)
| | - Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (R.R.-C.); (C.Q.-T.); (J.B.)
| | - Rocío Redondo-Castillejo
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (R.R.-C.); (C.Q.-T.); (J.B.)
| | - Claudia Quevedo-Torremocha
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (R.R.-C.); (C.Q.-T.); (J.B.)
| | - Adrián Macho-González
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (S.B.); (F.J.S.-M.)
| | - Rosa Ana García Fernández
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Bastida
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (S.B.); (F.J.S.-M.)
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (R.R.-C.); (C.Q.-T.); (J.B.)
| | - Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (S.B.); (F.J.S.-M.)
| | - María Elvira López-Oliva
- Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Hernández-Martín M, Macho-González A, Garcimartín A, López-Oliva ME, Bocanegra A, Redondo-Castillejo R, Bastida S, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Silicon-enriched meat positively improves plasma lipidaemia and lipoproteinaemia, LDLr, and insulin capability and the signalling pathway induced by an atherogenic diet in late-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Food Funct 2024; 15:1513-1526. [PMID: 38229530 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The impact of silicon as a functional ingredient in restructured meat (RM) on lipoprotein composition, metabolism, and oxidation on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) markers has never been studied. This study aims to evaluate the effect of silicon-enriched-meat consumption on lipidaemia, lipoprotein profile and metabolism, plasma arylesterase, and TBARS and their relationships with glycaemia, insulinaemia, and insulin-signaling markers in late-stage-T2DM rats fed a high-saturated-fat-high-cholesterol (HSFHC) diet. Saturated-fat diets with or without added cholesterol were formulated by mixing a 70% purified diet with 30% freeze-dried RM with or without added silicon. Three groups of seven Wistar rats each were tested. The ED group received the control RM in the framework of a high-saturated-fat diet as early-stage T2DM control. The other two groups received streptozotocin-nicotinamide administration together with the HSFHC diet containing the control RM (LD) or silicon-enriched RM (LD-Si). Scores were created to define the diabetic trend and dyslipidaemia. The ED rats showed hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, and triglyceride-rich-VLDLs, suggesting they were in early-stage T2DM. LD rats presented hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, and reduced HOMA-beta and insulin signaling markers typical of late-stage T2DM along with hypercholesterolaemia and high amounts of beta-VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles and low arylesterase activity. All these markers were significantly (p < 0.05) improved in LD-Si rats. The diabetic trend and diabetes dyslipidaemia scores showed a high and significant correlation (r = 0.595, p < 0.01). Silicon-enriched-meat consumption counterbalances the negative effects of HSFHC diets, functioning as an active hypolipemic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic dietary ingredient in a T2DM rat model, delaying the onset of late-stage diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hernández-Martín
- Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián Macho-González
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Elvira López-Oliva
- Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Redondo-Castillejo
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Bastida
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Muniz
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cofrades S, Hernández-Martín M, Garcimartín A, Saiz A, López-Oliva ME, Benedí J, Álvarez MD. Impact of Silicon Addition on the Development of Gelled Pork Lard Emulsions with Controlled Lipid Digestibility for Application as Fat Replacers. Gels 2023; 9:728. [PMID: 37754409 PMCID: PMC10530966 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pork lard gelled emulsions stabilized with two proteins [soy protein concentrate (SPC) or a pork rind protein extract (PRP)], both with and without added silicon (Si) from diatomaceous earth powder, were gelled by microbial transglutaminase and к-carrageenan. These gelled emulsions (GEs), intended as fat replacers, were evaluated in different aspects, including microstructure and technological properties during chilling storage. In addition, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) with an analysis of lipolysis and lipid digestibility was also evaluated. All GEs showed adequate technological properties after 28 days of chilling storage, although the SPC-stabilized GEs showed better gravitational and thermal stability (~4% and ~6%, respectively) during chilling storage than the PRP-stabilized ones (~8 and ~12%, respectively). PRP developed larger flocculates restricting pancreatic lipase-mediated lipolysis during intestinal digestion. The addition of Si to both GE structures protected them against disruption during in vitro digestion. Accordingly, Si appears to slow down fat digestion, as reflected by higher triacylglycerides content after GID (15 and 22% vs. 10 and 18% in GEs without Si) and could become a potential candidate for use in the development of healthier meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cofrades
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marina Hernández-Martín
- Physiology Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.H.-M.); (M.E.L.-O.)
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Arancha Saiz
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - M. Elvira López-Oliva
- Physiology Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.H.-M.); (M.E.L.-O.)
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - María Dolores Álvarez
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Cofrades S, Garcimartín A, Pérez-Mateos M, Saiz A, Redondo-Castillejo R, Bocanegra A, Benedí J, Dolores Álvarez M. Stabilized soy protein emulsion enriched with silicon and containing or not methylcellulose as novel technological alternatives to reduce animal fat digestion. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112833. [PMID: 37316037 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the consumption of animal saturated fat has been associated with an increased risk of chronic disease. Experience shows that changing the dietary habits of the population is a complicated and slow process, so technological strategies offer new possibilities for the development of functional foods. The present work is focused on studying the impact of using a food-grade non-ionic hydrocolloid (methylcellulose; MC) and/or the inclusion of silicon (Si) as a bioactive compound in pork lard emulsions stabilized with soy protein concentrate (SPC), on the structure, rheology, lipid digestibility and Si bioaccesibility during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID). Four emulsions (SPC, SPC/Si, SPC/MC and SPC/MC/Si) were prepared with a final biopolymer (SPC and/or MC) concentration of 4% and 0.24% Si. The results showed a lower degree of lipid digestion in SPC/MC compared with SPC, specifically at the end of the intestinal phase. Moreover, Si partially reduced fat digestion only when incorporated into the SPC-stabilized emulsion, while this effect was lost in SPC/MC/Si. This was probably due to its retention inside the matrix emulsion, which resulted in lower bioaccesibility than in SPC/Si. Additionally, the correlation between the flow behavior index (n) and the lipid absorbable fraction was significant, suggesting that n can be a predictive marker of the extent of lipolysis. Concretely, our results revealed that SPC/Si and SPC/MC can be used as pork fat digestion reducers and thus, they can replace pork lard in the reformulation of animal products with potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cofrades
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Pérez-Mateos
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Saiz
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Redondo-Castillejo
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Álvarez
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Hernández‐Martín M, Bocanegra A, Redondo‐Castillejo R, Macho‐González A, Sánchez‐Muniz FJ, Benedí J, Bastida S, García‐Fernández RA, Garcimartín A, López‐Oliva ME. Could Duodenal Molecular Mechanisms be Involved in the Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Silicon Used as Functional Ingredient in Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200104. [PMID: 36213967 PMCID: PMC10078384 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in the late-stage. Consumption of bioactive compounds as functional ingredients would help achieve therapeutic goals for cholesterolemia. Silicon has demonstrated a hypocholesterolemic effect and the ability to reduce fat digestion. However, it is unclear whether silicon exerts such effect in late-stage T2DM (LD) and the intestinal mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups of eight rats were included: early-stage T2DM control (ED), LD, and the LD group treated with silicon (LD-Si) once the rats were diabetic. Morphological alterations of the duodenal mucosa, and levels of markers involve in cholesterol absorption and excretion, beside cholesterolemia, and fecal excretion were assayed. Silicon included as a functional ingredient significantly reduces cholesterolemia in part due to: 1) reducing cholesterol intestinal absorption by decreasing the absorptive area and Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase-2 (ACAT2) levels; and 2) increasing cholesterol excretion to the lumen by induction of the liver X receptor (LXR) and consequent increase of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter (ABCG5/8). CONCLUSIONS These results provide insight into the intestinal molecular mechanisms by which silicon reduces cholesterolemia and highlights the efficacy of the consumption of silicon-enriched functional foods in late-stage T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hernández‐Martín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- Departmental Section of PhysiologyPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
| | - Rocío Redondo‐Castillejo
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- Departmental Section of PhysiologyPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Adrián Macho‐González
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition)Pharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez‐Muniz
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition)Pharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
| | - Sara Bastida
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition)Pharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Rosa A. García‐Fernández
- Animal Medicine and Surgery DepartmentVeterinary SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany DepartmentPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
| | - M. Elvira López‐Oliva
- Departmental Section of PhysiologyPharmacy SchoolComplutense University of MadridMadrid28040Spain
- AFUSAN GroupSanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC)Madrid28040Spain
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Bocanegra A, Macho-González A, Garcimartín A, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Whole Alga, Algal Extracts, and Compounds as Ingredients of Functional Foods: Composition and Action Mechanism Relationships in the Prevention and Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3816. [PMID: 33917044 PMCID: PMC8067684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Adrián Macho-González
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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