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Zhu La ALT, Li D, Cheng Z, Wen Q, Hu D, Jin X, Liu D, Feng Y, Guo Y, Cheng G, Hu Y. Enzymatically prepared neoagarooligosaccharides improve gut health and function through promoting the production of spermidine by Faecalibacterium in chickens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169057. [PMID: 38056640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining animal gut health through modulating the gut microbiota is a constant need when antibiotics are not used in animal feed during the food animal production process. Prebiotics is regarded as one of the most promising antibiotic alternatives for such purpose. As an attractive prebiotic, the role and mechanisms of neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOS) in promoting animal growth and gut health have not been elucidated. In this study, we first cloned and expressed marine bacterial β-agarase in yeast to optimize the NAOS preparation and then investigated the role and the underlying mechanisms of the prepared NAOS in improving chicken gut health and function. The marine bacterial β-agarase PDE13B was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and generated even-numbered NAOS. Dietary the prepared NAOS promoted chicken growth and improved intestinal morphology, its barrier, and digestion capabilities, and absorption function. Metagenomic analysis indicated that NAOS modulated the chicken gut microbiota structure and function, and microbial interactions, and promoted the growth of spermidine-producing bacteria especially Faecalibacterium. Through integration of gut metagenome, gut content metabolome, and gut tissue transcriptome, we established connections among NAOS, gut microbes, spermidine, and chicken gut gene expression. The spermidine regulation of genes related to autophagy, immunity, and inflammation was further confirmed in chicken embryo intestinal epithelium cells. We also verified that NAOS can be utilized by Faecalibacterium prausnitzii to grow and produce spermidine in in vitro experiments. Collectively, we provide a systematic investigation of the role of NAOS in regulating gut health and demonstrate the microbial spermidine-mediated mechanism involved in prebiotic effects of NAOS, which lays foundation for future use of NAOS as a new antibiotic alternative in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A La Teng Zhu La
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Depeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqian Cheng
- Huzhou Inspection & Quarantine Comprehensive Technology Center, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Qiu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Kim J, Kim EJ, Ko HJ, Lee YH, Hong SK, Shin M, Lee JH, Kwak W. Construction of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) mutants that exclusively produce NA4/NA6 intermediates of agarose metabolism through mutation induction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18968. [PMID: 37923760 PMCID: PMC10624881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NA4/NA6, an intermediate degradation product of β-agarase, is a high value-added product with anticancer, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic effects. Therefore, a method that enables the efficient production of NA4/NA6 would be useful from economic and medical perspectives. In this study, we aimed to generate a Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) mutant M22-2C43 that produces NA4/NA6 as a final product; this method serves as a more efficient alternative to the enzymatic conversion of β-agarase for the generation of these products. The M22-2C43 strain was generated through two rounds of mutagenesis and screening for increased β-agarase activity and effective production of NA4/NA6. We assembled the complete genomes of two mutants, M22 and M22-2C43, which were identified following a two-round screening. Large and small genetic changes were found in these two mutants, including the loss of two plasmids present in wild-type S. coelicolor A3(2) and chromosome circularization of mutant M22-2C43. These findings suggest that mutant M22-2C43 can produce NA4/NA6 as a degradation product due to functional inactivation of the dagB gene through a point mutation (G474A), ultimately preventing further degradation of NA4/NA6 to NA2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a microbial strain that can effectively produce NA4/NA6 as the main degradation product of β-agarase, opening the door for the use of this species for the large-scale production of this valuable product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Dyne Bio Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggido, 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Ko
- Dyne Bio Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggido, 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Lee
- Dyne Bio Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggido, 13209, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kwang Hong
- Department of Biological Science and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-Ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17058, Gyeonggido, Korea
| | - Miyoung Shin
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Je Hyeon Lee
- Dyne Bio Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggido, 13209, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woori Kwak
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Baek HI, Ha KC, Park YK, Lee JH, Kim EJ, Ko HJ, Joo JC. Anti-obesity effect of Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with overweight and obese subjects: a 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:368. [PMID: 37858097 PMCID: PMC10585797 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This trial aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effects and safety of Neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOs) in humans in a 16 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. METHODS One hundred overweight or obese subjects with a body mass index of 23 to 34.9 kg/m2 and a percent body fat of > 25% for males or > 30% for females were enrolled. NAOs or placebo products were administered at 3 g (twice a day, four capsules once) each for 16 weeks. Efficacy and safety biomarkers were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS After 16 weeks of intervention, the group administered with NAOs had statistically significant decreases in visceral fat area and visceral-subcutaneous fat area ratio compared to the placebo group. The NAOs group suppressed the increase in weight and BMI compared to the placebo group, which was significant between groups. High-density lipoprotein- cholesterol was increased in the group administered with NAOs, which showed a significant trend compared to the placebo group. Clinical changes were not observed for any safety biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NAOs have a beneficial effect on obesity. Thus, NAOs could be used as an anti-obesity supplement without side effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION cris.nih.go.kr: (KCT0006640, 07/10/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Im Baek
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea
- Healthcare Claims & Management Inc, Jeonju, 54858, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chan Ha
- Healthcare Claims & Management Inc, Jeonju, 54858, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Park
- Healthcare Claims & Management Inc, Jeonju, 54858, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eun Joo Kim
- Dyne Bio Inc, Sungnam, 13209, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong Cheon Joo
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JH, Kim KM, Yang JH, Cho SS, Lee JH, Ki SH. Regulated in Development and DNA Damage Response 1 Protects Hepatocytes Against Palmitate-induced Lipotoxicity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Marine microbial enzymes for the production of algal oligosaccharides and its bioactive potential for application as nutritional supplements. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:175-191. [PMID: 34997524 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae have a very high carbohydrate content due to complex algal polysaccharides (APS) like agar, alginate, and ulvan in their cell wall. Despite numerous reports on their biomedical properties, their hydrocolloid nature limits their applications. Algal oligosaccharides (AOS), which are hydrolyzed forms of complex APS, are gaining importance due to their low molecular weight, biocompatibility, bioactivities, safety, and solubility in water that makes it a lucrative alternative. The AOS produced through enzymatic hydrolysis using microbial enzymes have far-reaching applications because of its stereospecific nature. Identification and characterization of novel microorganisms producing APS hydrolyzing enzymes are the major bottlenecks for the efficient production of AOS. This review will discuss the marine microbial enzymes identified for AOS production and the bioactive potential of enzymatically produced AOS. This can improve our understanding of the biotechnological potential of microbial enzymes for the production of AOS and facilitate the sustainable utilization of algal biomass. Enzymatically produced AOS are shown to have bioactivities such as antioxidant, antiglycemic, prebiotic, immunomodulation, antiobesity or antihypercholesterolemia, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activity. The myriad of health benefits provided by the AOS is the need of the hour as there is an alarming increase in physiological disorders among a wide range of the global population.
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Neoagarooligosaccharides modulate gut microbiota and alleviate body weight gain and metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Park H, Jo CY, Lee KB, Mun S. Standing wave design and optimization of a tandem size-exclusion simulated moving bed process for high-throughput recovery of neoagarohexaose from neoagarooligosaccharides. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Park H, Kim JW, Chang YK, Mun S. The first attempt at simulated-moving-bed separation of medically utilizable ingredients from neoagarooligosaccharides generated through the β-agarase hydrolysis of agarose in red algae. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jiang C, Cheng D, Liu Z, Sun J, Mao X. Advances in agaro-oligosaccharides preparation and bioactivities for revealing the structure-function relationship. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110408. [PMID: 34112411 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agaro-oligosaccharides originating from red algae have attracted increasing attention in both basic theoretical research and applied fields due to their excellent bioactivities, which indicates the wide prospects of agaro-oligosaccharides for application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Thus, a considerable number of studies regarding functional agaro-oligosaccharides preparation as well as the bioactivities exploration have been carried out. Based on these studies, this review first introduced different methods that have been used in agar extraction from red algae, and further provided research progress on arylsulfatase. Then, different methods used for agaro-oligosaccharides production were summarized. Moreover, the abundant bioactivities of agaro-oligosaccharides were described in detail. Finally, this review has discussed current research problems and further provided critical aspects, which may be helpful for revealing the structure-function relationship of agaro-oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Danyang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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Yang JH, Ku SK, Cho ILJ, Lee JH, Na CS, Ki SH. Neoagarooligosaccharide Protects against Hepatic Fibrosis via Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2041. [PMID: 33670808 PMCID: PMC7922480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis occurs when liver tissue becomes scarred from repetitive liver injury and inflammatory responses; it can progress to cirrhosis and eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma. Previously, we reported that neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs), produced by the hydrolysis of agar by β-agarases, have hepatoprotective effects against acetaminophen overdose-induced acute liver injury. However, the effect of NAOs on chronic liver injury, including hepatic fibrosis, has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we examined whether NAOs protect against fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. NAOs ameliorated PAI-1, α-SMA, CTGF and fibronectin protein expression and decreased mRNA levels of fibrogenic genes in TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells. Furthermore, downstream of TGF-β, the Smad signaling pathway was inhibited by NAOs in LX-2 cells. Treatment with NAOs diminished the severity of hepatic injury, as evidenced by reduction in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis mouse models. Moreover, NAOs markedly blocked histopathological changes and collagen accumulation, as shown by H&E and Sirius red staining, respectively. Finally, NAOs antagonized the CCl4-induced upregulation of the protein and mRNA levels of fibrogenic genes in the liver. In conclusion, our findings suggest that NAOs may be a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of chronic liver injury via inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea;
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Korea; (S.K.K.); (I.J.C.)
| | - IL Je Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Korea; (S.K.K.); (I.J.C.)
| | - Je Hyeon Lee
- Dyne Bio Inc. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13209, Korea;
| | - Chang-Su Na
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea;
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Seoseok-dong, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Qu W, Wang D, Wu J, Chan Z, Di W, Wang J, Zeng R. Production of Neoagaro-Oligosaccharides With Various Degrees of Polymerization by Using a Truncated Marine Agarase. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574771. [PMID: 33072038 PMCID: PMC7541962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactivities, such as freshness maintenance, whitening, and prebiotics, of marine neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS) with 4-12 degrees of polymerization (DPs) have been proven. However, NAOS produced by most marine β-agarases always possess low DPs (≤6) and limited categories; thus, a strategy that can efficiently produce NAOS especially with various DPs ≥8 must be developed. In this study, 60 amino acid residues with no functional annotation result were removed from the C-terminal of agarase AgaM1, and truncated recombinant AgaM1 (trAgaM1) was found to have the ability to produce NAOS with various DPs (4-12) under certain conditions. The catalytic efficiency and stability of trAgaM1 were obviously lower than the wild type (rAgaM1), which probably endowed trAgaM1 with the ability to produce NAOS with various DPs. The optimum conditions for various NAOS production included mixing 1% agarose (w/v) with 10.26 U/ml trAgaM1 and incubating the mixture at 50°C in deionized water for 100 min. This strategy produced neoagarotetraose (NA4), neoagarohexaose (NA6), neoagarooctaose (NA8), neoagarodecaose (NA10), and neoagarododecaose (NA12) at final concentrations of 0.15, 1.53, 1.53, 3.02, and 3.02 g/L, respectively. The NAOS served as end-products of the reaction. The conditions for trAgaM1 expression in a shake flask and 5 L fermentation tank were optimized, and the yields of trAgaM1 increased by 56- and 842-fold compared with those before optimization, respectively. This study provides numerous substrate sources for production and activity tests of NAOS with high DPs and offers a foundation for large-scale production of NAOS with various DPs at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Qu
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Dingquan Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhuhua Chan
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjie Di
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Runying Zeng
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China.,Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
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Park SH, Lee CR, Hong SK. Implications of agar and agarase in industrial applications of sustainable marine biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2815-2832. [PMID: 32036436 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agar, a major component of the cell wall of red algae, is an interesting heteropolysaccharide containing an unusual sugar, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose. It is widely used as a valuable material in various industrial and experimental applications due to its characteristic gelling and stabilizing properties. Agar-derived oligosaccharides or mono-sugars produced by various agarases have become a promising subject for research owing to their unique biological activities, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, skin-whitening, skin-moisturizing, anti-fatigue, and anti-cariogenic activities. Agar is also considered as an alternative sustainable source of biomass for chemical feedstock and biofuel production to substitute for the fossil resource. In this review, we summarize various biochemically characterized agarases, which are useful for industrial applications, such as neoagarooligosaccharide or agarooligosaccharide production and saccharification of agar. Additionally, we succinctly discuss various recent studies that have been conducted to investigate the versatile biological activities of agar-derived saccharides and biofuel production from agar biomass. This review provides a basic framework for understanding the importance of agarases and agar-derived saccharides with broad applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and bioenergy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ro Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kwang Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea.
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Yang JH, Na CS, Cho SS, Kim KM, Lee JH, Chen XQ, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Kim EJ, Lee JH, Ki SH. Hepatoprotective Effect of Neoagarooligosaccharide via Activation of Nrf2 and Enhanced Antioxidant Efficacy. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:619-628. [PMID: 32009027 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOS) are generated by β-agarases, which cleave the β-1,4 linkage in agarose. Previously, we reported that NAOS inhibited fat accumulation in the liver and decreased serum cholesterol levels. However, the hepatoprotective effect of NAOS on acute liver injury has not yet been investigated. Thus, we examined whether NAOS could activate nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) and upregulates its target gene, and has hepatoprotective effect in vivo. In hepatocytes, phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of Nrf2 are increased by treatment with NAOS, in a manner dependent on p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Consistently, NAOS augmented ARE reporter gene activity and the antioxidant protein levels, resulting in increased intracellular glutathione levels. NAOS antagonized tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, NAOS inhibited acetaminophen (APAP)-induced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and significantly decreased hepatocyte degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, ROS production and glutathione depletion by APAP were reversed by NAOS. APAP-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways were also inhibited in NAOS-treated mice. Upregulalted hepatic expression of genes related to inflammation by APAP were consistently diminished by NAOS. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NAOS exhibited a hepatoprotective effect against APAP-mediated acute liver damage through its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University.,College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University
| | - Chang-Su Na
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University
| | | | | | | | - Xi-Qiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University.,Lab of Drug Screening, Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- MRC-GHF, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University
| | - Il Je Cho
- MRC-GHF, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University
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Chi WJ, Seo JW, Hong SK. Characterization of Two Thermostable β-agarases from a Newly Isolated Marine Agarolytic Bacterium, Vibrio sp. S1. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Lin F, Yang D, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Ye J, Xiao M. The Potential of Neoagaro-Oligosaccharides as a Treatment of Type II Diabetes in Mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100541. [PMID: 31547097 PMCID: PMC6835453 DOI: 10.3390/md17100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for more than 90% of cases of diabetes mellitus, which is harmful to human health. Herein, neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOs) were prepared and their potential as a treatment of T2DM was evaluated in KunMing (KM) mice. Specifically, a T2DM mice model was established by the combination of a high-fat diet (HFD) and alloxan injection. Consequently, the mice were given different doses of NAOs (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) and the differences among groups of mice were recorded. As a result of the NAOs treatment, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) was lowered and the glucose tolerance was improved as compared with the model group. As indicated by the immunohistochemistry assay, the NAOs treatment was able to ameliorate hepatic macrovesicular steatosis and hepatocyte swelling, while it also recovered the number of pancreatic β-cells. Additionally, NAOs administration benefited the antioxidative capacity in mice as evidenced by the upregulation of both glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and the significant reduction of the malondialdehyde concentration. Furthermore, NAOs, as presented by Western blotting, increased the expression of p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, NQO1, HO-1, and PPARγ, via the MAPK, Nrf2, and PPARγ signaling pathways, respectively. In conclusion, NAOs can be used to treat some complications caused by T2DM, and are beneficial in controlling the level of blood glucose and ameliorating the damage of the liver and pancreatic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudi Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Dongda Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yayan Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jing Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Meitian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Li C, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang S, Yao W, Zuo Z. The protective effect of piperine on ovariectomy induced bone loss in female mice and its enhancement effect of osteogenic differentiation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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18
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Adapted Alkaline 1,3-α-3,6-Anhydro-l-galactosidase, Ahg558, from Gayadomonas joobiniege G7. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:1077-1095. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Safety evaluation of β-agarase preparations from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:142-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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黄 晓, 吴 晓, 颜 思, 兰 天. [Lipid-lowering effect of propolis in mice with Triton-WR1339-induced hyperlipidemia and its mechanism for regulating lipid metabolism]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1020-1024. [PMID: 30187881 PMCID: PMC6744038 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of propolis against Triton-WR1339-induced hyperlipidemia in mice and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=10), including the control group, hyperlipidemia model group, fenofibrate (30 mg/kg) treatment group, and 4 treatment groups treated with low- (30 mg/kg) or high-dose (60 mg/kg) propolis HB01 or HB02. In all but the control group, acute hyperlipidemia models were established by intramuscular injection of Triton WR-1339, and corresponding treatments were administered via gastric lavage for 7 days. After the treatments, blood samples were collected for testing the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), highdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT); Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of the proteins involved in lipid metabolism in the liver tissues including ABCA1, ABCG8, LDLR, and SR-B1. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the mice with Triton-WR1339-induced hyperlipidemia showed significantly increased levels of TC, TG, LDL, MDA, GPT, and GOT and lowered HDL-C levels and SOD activity (P < 0.05). Treatments with fenofibrate and the 2 propolis at either low or high dose significantly reversed Triton-WR1339-induced changes in blood lipids (P < 0.05), and the effects of propolis were more potent. Triton-WR1339 injection also significantly decreased the expressions levels of ABCA1, ABCG8, LDLR, and SR-B1 in the liver (P < 0.05), and these changes were obviously reversed by treatments with fenofibrate and propolis (P < 0.05), especially by the latter. CONCLUSIONS The lipid-lowering effects of propolis are mediated by improving lipid metabolism and regulating the expressions of lipid transport proteins in the liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- 晓其 黄
- 广州中医药大学,广东 广州 510006Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- 东莞广州中医药大学中医药数理工程研究院,广东 东莞 523808Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - 晓丽 吴
- 广州中医药大学第二附属医院,广东 广州 510006Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - 思珊 颜
- 广东药科大学药学院,广东 广州 510006School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - 天 兰
- 广东药科大学药学院,广东 广州 510006School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Future direction in marine bacterial agarases for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6847-6863. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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