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Lee S, Kwon RH, Kim JH, Na H, Lee SJ, Choi YM, Yoon H, Kim SY, Kim YS, Lee SH, Yoo SM, Kim HW, Wee CD. Changes in Isoflavone Profile from Soybean Seeds during Cheonggukjang Fermentation Based on High-Resolution UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS: New Succinylated and Phosphorylated Conjugates. Molecules 2022; 27:4120. [PMID: 35807366 PMCID: PMC9268511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, thirty-eight isoflavone derivatives were comprehensively identified and quantified from the raw, steamed and fermented seeds of four selected soybean cultivars based on UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS results with reference to the previously reported LC-MS library and flavonoid database, and summarized by acylated group including glucosides (Glu), malonyl-glucosides (Mal-Glu), acetyl-glucosides (Ac-Glu), succinyl-glucosides (Suc-Glu) and phosphorylated conjugates (Phos) in addition to aglycones. Among them, Suc-Glu and Phos derivatives were newly generated due to fermentation by B. subtilis AFY-2 (cheonggukjang). In particular, Phos were characterized for the first time in fermented soy products using Bacillus species. From a proposed roadmap on isoflavone-based biotransformation, predominant Mal-Glu (77.5-84.2%, raw) decreased rapidly by decarboxylation and deesterification into Ac-Glu and Glu (3.5-8.1% and 50.0-72.2%) during steaming, respectively. As fermentation continued, the increased Glu were mainly succinylated and phosphorylated as well as gradually hydrolyzed into their corresponding aglycones. Thus, Suc-Glu and Phos (17.3-22.4% and 1.5-5.4%, 36 h) determined depending on cultivar type and incubation time, and can be considered as important biomarkers generated during cheonggukjang fermentation. Additionally, the changes of isoflavone profile can be used as a fundamental report in applied microbial science as well as bioavailability research from fermented soy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Ryeong Ha Kwon
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Ju Hyung Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Hyemin Na
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - So-Jeong Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Yu-Mi Choi
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (Y.-M.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hyemyeong Yoon
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (Y.-M.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Yong-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Seon Mi Yoo
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Heon-Woong Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Chi-Do Wee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (S.L.); (R.H.K.); (J.H.K.); (H.N.); (S.-J.L.); (S.Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (S.M.Y.)
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Gao YX, Xu B, Fan HR, Zhang MR, Zhang LJ, Lu C, Zhang NN, Fan B, Wang FZ, Li S. 1H NMR-based chemometric metabolomics characterization of soymilk fermented by Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109686. [PMID: 33292958 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial fermentation can endow food with unique flavors, increase its nutritional value and enhance functional characteristics. Our previous research has shown that liquid fermentation of soymilk by Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5 imparted new functional properties of to the fermented product via production of nattokinase. In this study, in order to further investigate the changes in the flavor, nutritional quality and functional characteristics of soymilk during fermentation using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) metabolomics to monitor the metabolite profile of BSNK-5-fermented soymilk. A total of 44 differential metabolites were identified between BSNK-5-fermented soymilk and uninoculated/unfermented soymilk, among which the levels of flavor-related substances (acetate, isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate), nutrient-related substances (12 free amino acids), and functional substances (taurine, GABA and genistein) significantly increased after fermentation. These metabolites were closely associated with eight potential metabolic pathways. This work highlighted the significance of BSNK-5 strain in improving the nutritional quality and functional characteristics of fermented soymilk; however, the use of the strain also caused flavor deterioration. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the improvement and development of fermented soy products via liquid fermentation with B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hai Ru Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Meng Ran Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Li Jing Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Cong Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Na Na Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Feng Zhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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