The protective effect of collagen peptides from bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) skin and bone to attenuate UVB-induced photoaging via MAPK and TGF-β signaling pathways

Food-derived skin-care ingredient as a promising strategy for skin aging: Current knowledge and future perspectives

Skin aging involves complex biochemical reactions and has attracted a growing concern recently. For it, there is a great desire to replace the hazardous and easy-recurring "therapy means" with "daily care" based on some natural and healthy ingredients. According to a novel theory called "homology of cosmetic and food", the safety, efficacy and accessibility of food-derived skin-care ingredients offer an attractive option for combating skin aging, which will be an inevitable trend of dermatology in the future. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major trigger of skin aging. It acts on the skin and generates reactive oxygen species, which causing oxidative stress. More, matrix metalloproteinase and melanin levels are also upregulated by the UV-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and tyrosinase, respectively, resulting in collagen degradation and melanin deposition in the extracellular matrix. Through the existing studies, the relevant key biomarkers and biochemical pathways can be effectively controlled by skin-care ingredients from animal-derived and plant-derived foods as well as traditional herbs, thus preserving human skin from UV-induced aging in terms of antioxidant, collagen protection and melanin inhibition. To extend their application potential, some carriers represented by nanoliposomes can facilitate the transdermal absorption of food-derived skin-care ingredients by the variation of molecular weight and lipid solubility. The present review will provide an overview of the trigger mechanisms of skin aging, and focus on the molecular biology aspects of food-derived skin-care ingredients in skin matrix and the critical summarize of their research state.

Comparison of Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Lipid Extracts Effects on UVA-Induced Changes in Human Skin Fibroblasts Proteome

Lipid extracts from the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis have great potential to prevent ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced metabolic disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to analyze their cytoprotective effect, focused on maintaining intracellular redox balance and inflammation in UVA-irradiated skin fibroblasts, at the proteome level. The above lipid extracts reversed the suppression of the antioxidant response caused by UVA radiation, which was more visible in the case of C. amblystomatis. Modulations of interactions between heme oxygenase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase 1/Parkinson's disease protein 7/transcript1-α/β, as well as thioredoxin and migration inhibitory factor/Parkinson's disease protein 7/calnexin/ATPase p97, created key molecular signaling underlying their cytoprotective actions. Moreover, they reduced pro-inflammatory processes in the control group but they also showed the potential to regulate the cellular inflammatory response by changing inflammasome signaling associated with the changes in the caspase-1 interaction area, including heat shock proteins HSP90, HSPA8, and vimentin. Therefore, lipid extracts from N. oceanica and C. amblystomatis protect skin fibroblast metabolism from UVA-induced damage by restoring the redox balance and regulating inflammatory signaling pathways. Thus, those extracts have proven to have great potential to be used in cosmetic or cosmeceutical products to protect the skin against the effects of solar radiation. However, the possibility of their use requires the evaluation of their effects at the skin level in in vivo and clinical studies.

Compound collagen peptide powder improves skin photoaging by reducing oxidative stress and activating TGF-β1/Smad pathway

Fish collagen peptide (FCP) has been extensively investigated as a natural product that can combat photoaging; however, its efficacy is limited by its singular composition. Compound collagen peptide powder (CCPP) is a novel functional food formulation that exhibits photoprotective properties and comprises FCP and a blend of natural botanical ingredients. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of CCPP and its molecular mechanism. CCPP had a low molecular weight, facilitating its efficient absorption, and was abundant in amino acids, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids. The results of in vivo studies demonstrated that CCPP exhibited significant efficacy in reducing skin wrinkles, enhancing the contents of water and oil in the skin, and ameliorating histopathological alterations in mice. The results of in vitro studies demonstrated that CCPP effectively mitigated photoaging in human skin fibroblasts by attenuating oxidative stress and promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Moreover, we clearly demonstrated that the TGF β1/Smad pathway was involved in the promotion of ECM synthesis and cell proliferation by CCPP in human skin fibroblasts. These findings suggest that, compared with single collagen, CCPP has a more comprehensive range of antiphotoaging properties.

Pilose Antler Protein Relieves UVB-Induced HaCaT Cells and Skin Damage

Extended exposure to UVB (280-315 nm) radiation results in oxidative damage and inflammation of the skin. Previous research has demonstrated that pilose antler extracts have strong anti-inflammatory properties and possess antioxidant effects. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of pilose antler protein in repairing photodamage caused by UVB radiation in HaCaT cells and ICR mice. Pilose antler protein (PAP) was found to increase the expression of type I collagen and hyaluronic acid in HaCaT cells under UVB irradiation while also inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress in vitro. In vivo, the topical application of pilose antler protein effectively attenuated UVB-induced skin damage in ICR mice by reducing interleukin-1β (IL-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inhibiting skin inflammation while alleviating UVB-induced oxidative stress. It was shown that pilose antler protein repaired UVB-induced photodamage through the MAPK and TGF-β/Smad pathways.

Marine Antioxidants from Marine Collagen and Collagen Peptides with Nutraceuticals Applications: A Review

Collagen peptides and marine collagen are enormous resources currently utilized. This review aims to examine the scientific literature to determine which collagen peptides derived from marine sources and which natural active antioxidants from marine collagen have significant biological effects as health-promoting nutraceuticals. Marine collagen is extracted from both vertebrate and invertebrate marine creatures. For vertebrates, this includes fish skin, bones, scales, fins, and cartilage. For invertebrates, it includes mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans, and poriferans. The method used involved data analysis to organize information for isolating and identifying marine biocompounds with antioxidant properties. Specifically, amino acids with antioxidant properties were identified, enabling the use of hydrolysates and collagen peptides as natural antioxidant nutraceuticals. The methods of extraction of hydrolyzed collagen and collagen peptides by different treatments are systematized. The structural characteristics of collagen, collagen peptides, and amino acids in fish skin and by-products, as well as in invertebrate organisms (jellyfish, mollusks, and crustaceans), are described. The antioxidant properties of different methods of collagen hydrolysates and collagen peptides are systematized, and the results are comparatively analyzed. Their use as natural antioxidant nutraceuticals expands the range of possibilities for the exploitation of natural resources that have not been widely used until now.

Production, identification, in silico analysis, and cytoprotection on H2O2-induced HUVECs of novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from Skipjack tuna roes

Background

Exceeding 50% tuna catches are regarded as byproducts in the production of cans. Given the high amount of tuna byproducts and their environmental effects induced by disposal and elimination, the valorization of nutritional ingredients from these by-products receives increasing attention.

Objective

This study was to identify the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory (ACEi) peptides from roe hydrolysate of Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and evaluate their protection functions on H₂O₂-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Methods

Protein hydrolysate of tuna roes with high ACEi activity was prepared using flavourzyme, and ACEi peptides were isolated from the roe hydrolysate using ultrafiltration and chromatography methods and identified by ESI/MS and Procise Protein/Peptide Sequencer for the N-terminal amino acid sequence. The activity and mechanism of action of isolated ACEi peptides were investigated through molecular docking and cellular experiments.

Results

Four ACEi peptides were identified as WGESF (TRP3), IKSW (TRP6), YSHM (TRP9), and WSPGF (TRP12), respectively. The affinity of WGESF (TRP3), IKSW (TRP6), YSHM (TRP9), and WSPGF (TRP12) with ACE was -8.590, -9.703, -9.325, and -8.036 kcal/mol, respectively. The molecular docking experiment elucidated that the significant ACEi ability of WGESF (TRP3), IKSW (TRP6), YSHM (TRP9), and WSPGF (TRP12) was mostly owed to their tight bond with ACE's active sites/pockets via hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic force and hydrogen bonding. Additionally, WGESF (TRP3), IKSW (TRP6), YSHM (TRP9), and WSPGF (TRP12) could dramatically elevate the Nitric Oxide (NO) production and bring down endothelin-1 (ET-1) secretion in HUVECs, but also abolish the opposite impact of norepinephrine (0.5 μM) on the production of NO and ET-1. Moreover, WGESF (TRP3), IKSW (TRP6), YSHM (TRP9), and WSPGF (TRP12) could lower the oxidative damage and apoptosis rate of H₂O₂-induced HUVECs, and the mechanism indicated that they could increase the content of NO and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) to decrease the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA).

Conclusion

WGESF (TRP3), IKSW (TRP6), YSHM (TRP9), and WSPGF (TRP12) are beneficial ingredients for healthy products ameliorating hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

Collagen, protein hydrolysates and chitin from by-products of fish and shellfish: An overview

Waste processing from fish and seafood manufacturers represents a sustainable option to prevent environmental contamination, and their byproducts offer different benefits. Transforming fish and seafood waste into valuable compounds that present nutritional and functional properties compared to mammal products becomes a new alternative in Food Industry. In this review, collagen, protein hydrolysates, and chitin from fish and seafood byproducts were selected to explain their chemical characteristics, production methodologies, and possible future perspectives. These three byproducts are gaining a significant commercial market, impacting the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agriculture, plastic, and biomedical industries. For this reason, the extraction methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed in this review.

Effect and mechanism of fish scale extract natural hydrogel on skin protection and cell damage repair after UV irradiation

Skin lesions caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure seriously reduce people's life quality, safe natural products development to prevent and repair ultraviolet damage is an effective strategy. We investigated the protective and reparative effects of the natural composite gel (SE-gel) derived from fish scales on UV-irradiated skin by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) -mediated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Our results showed that SE-gel rich in glycine and proline had good ultraviolet absorption, water absorption, moisturizing and free radical scavenging abilities. In vitro, SE-gel could improve UV-irradiated L929 cell viability by 1.24 times via inhibiting 50% ROS production and malondialdehyde, and improving superoxide dismutase activity to reduce oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. In UV-irradiated mouse skin damage model, SE-gel prevent UV-induced skin erythema, epidermal thickening, collagen fiber degradation and disruption, and reduced UV-induced inflammatory response via NF-κB signaling pathway, showing potential application in UV-irradiated skin damage prevention and repair.

Bioactive Peptides from Skipjack Tuna Cardiac Arterial Bulbs (II): Protective Function on UVB-Irradiated HaCaT Cells through Antioxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective function and mechanism of TCP3 (PKK), TCP6 (YEGGD) and TCP9 (GPGLM) from skipjack tuna cardiac arterial bulbs on skin photoaging using UVB-irradiated HaCaT cell model. The present results indicated that TCP3 (PKK), TCP6 (YEGGD) and TCP9 (GPGLM) had significant cytoprotective effect on UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells (p < 0.001). Hoechst 33342 staining showed that apoptosis of UV-irradiated HaCaT cells could be significantly reduced by the treatment of TCP3 (PKK), TCP6 (YEGGD) and TCP9 (GPGLM); JC-1 staining showed that TCP3 (PKK), TCP6 (YEGGD) and TCP9 (GPGLM) could protect HaCaT cells from apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); Furthermore, TCP3 (PKK), TCP6 (YEGGD) and TCP9 (GPGLM) could significantly down-regulate the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and reduce the expression level of the apoptosis-executing protein Caspase-3 by decreasing the expression of protein Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 (p < 0.05). The action mechanism indicated that TCP3 (PKK), TCP6 (YEGGD) and TCP9 (GPGLM) could up-regulate the expression levels of Nrf2, NQO1 and HO-1 (p < 0.05), which further increased the activity of downstream proteases (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px), and scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the intracellular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, molecular docking indicated that TCP3 (PKK) and TCP6 (YEGGD) could competitively inhibit the Nrf2 binding site because they can occupy the connection site of Nrf2 by binding to the Kelch domain of Keap1 protein. TCP9 (GPGLM) was inferred to be non-competitive inhibition because it could not bind to the active site of the Kelch domain of Keap1 protein. In summary, the antioxidant peptides TCP3 (PKK), TCP6 (YEGGD) and TCP9 (GPGLM) from cardiac arterial bulbs of skipjack tuna can effectively protect HaCaT cells from UVB-irradiated damage and can be used in the development of healthy and cosmetic products to treat diseases caused by UV radiation.

Protein Hydrolysates from Pleurotus geesteranus Modified by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Exhibit a Remarkable Taste-Enhancing Effect

Long-term high salt intake exerts a negative impact on human health. The excessive use of sodium substitutes in the food industry can lead to decreased sensory quality of food. γ-Glutamyl peptides with pronounced taste-enhancing effects can offer an alternative approach to salt reduction. However, the content and yield of γ-glutamyl peptides in natural foods are relatively low. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of γ-glutamyl peptides provides a feasible solution. In this study, Pleurotus geesteranus was hydrolyzed by Flavourzyme to generate protein hydrolysates. Subsequently, they were modified by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to generate γ-glutamyl peptides. The reaction conditions were optimized and their taste-enhancing effects were evaluated. Their peptide sequences were identified by parallel reaction monitoring with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and analyzed using molecular docking. The optimal conditions for generation of γ-glutamyl peptides were a pH of 10.0, an enzyme condition of 1.2 U/g, and a reaction time of 2 h, which can elicit a strong kokumi taste. Notably, it exhibited a remarkable taste-enhancing effect for umami intensity (76.07%) and saltiness intensity (1.23-fold). Several novel γ-glutamyl peptide sequences were found by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, whereas the binding to the calcium-sensing receptor was confirmed by molecular docking analysis. Overall, γ-glutamyl peptides from P. geesteranus could significantly enhance the umami and salt tastes, which can serve as promising taste enhancers.

Protective Effects of Orange Sweet Pepper Juices Prepared by High-Speed Blender and Low-Speed Masticating Juicer against UVB-induced Skin Damage in SKH-1 Hairless Mice

Sweet pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.) contain various nutrients and phytochemicals that enhance human health and prevent the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Here, we report that oral administration of orange sweet pepper juices prepared by a high-speed blender and low-speed masticating juicer reduces UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 hairless mice. Sweet pepper juices reduced UVB-induced skin photoaging by the regulation of genes involved in dermal matrix production and maintenance such as collagen type I α 1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, 3, 9. Administration of sweet pepper juices also restored total collagen levels in UVB-exposed mice. In addition, sweet pepper juices downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and IL-23, which was likely via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, primary antioxidant enzymes in the skin were enhanced by oral supplementation of sweet pepper juices, as evidenced by increased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase-2. Immunohistochemical staining showed that sweet pepper juices reduced UVB-induced DNA damage by preventing 8-OHdG formation. These results suggest that sweet pepper juices may offer a protective effect against photoaging by inhibiting the breakdown of dermal matrix, inflammatory response, and DNA damage as well as enhancing antioxidant defense, which leads to an overall reduction in skin damage.