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Doobary S, Lacey AJD, Sweeting SG, Coppock SB, Caldora HP, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Diastereodivergent nucleophile-nucleophile alkene chlorofluorination. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01561-6. [PMID: 38951616 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The selective hetero-dihalogenation of alkenes provides useful building blocks for a broad range of chemical applications. Unlike homo-dihalogenation, selective hetero-dihalogenation reactions, especially fluorohalogenation, are underdeveloped. Current approaches combine an electrophilic halogen source with a nucleophilic halogen source, which necessarily leads to anti-addition, and regioselectivity has only been achieved using highly activated alkenes. Here we describe an alternative, nucleophile-nucleophile approach that adds chloride and fluoride ions over unactivated alkenes in a highly regio-, chemo- and diastereoselective manner. A curious switch in the reaction mechanism was discovered, which triggers a complete reversal of the diastereoselectivity to promote either anti- or syn-addition. The conditions are demonstrated on an array of pharmaceutically relevant compounds, and detailed mechanistic studies reveal the selectivity and the switch between the syn- and anti-diastereomers are based on different active iodanes and which of the two halides adds first.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Darren L Poole
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
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2
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Palamini P, Allouche EMD, Waser J. Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Azido α-Amino Esters via the Alkylazidation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:6791-6795. [PMID: 37684011 PMCID: PMC10521020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
An iron-catalyzed alkylazidation of dehydroamino acids using peroxides as alkyl radical precursors is described. Non-natural azidated amino esters bearing an α-alkyl chain could be obtained in 18-94% yields using TMSN3 as an azide source. The obtained α-alkyl-α-azide α-amino esters could be further functionalized through cycloaddition or azide reduction with amide couplings to afford aminal-type peptides, α-triazolo amino acids, and tetrahydro-triazolopyridine, showing the great versatility of this now easily accessible class of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Palamini
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic
Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle M. D. Allouche
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic
Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic
Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Haufe G. Selective Synthesis of Monofluorinated Compounds Applying Amine/HF Reagents. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300140. [PMID: 37229773 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For nucleophilic monofluorination, amine/HF reagents such as Et3 N⋅3HF, Pyr⋅9HF (Olah's reagent) and similar combinations belong to the most frequently used fluoride sources, whereupon the selectivity of these reagents can be very different depending of its acidity, the nucleophilicity of the fluoride equivalent, and the structure of the particular substrate. These reagents can be used safely in ordinary chemistry laboratories for nucleophilic substitution reactions by fluoride at sp3 -hybridized carbon centers. For ring opening reactions of epoxides, the regio- and stereoselectivity is very much depending of the nature of the epoxide and the acidity of the HF reagent favoring either SN 1 or SN 2 type reactions. Similarly, the outcome of halofluorination and similar reactions with sulfur or seleno electrophiles can be controlled by the particular combination of the electrophile and the fluoride source. Examples for the application of these reaction types for the synthesis of fluorine-containing analogues of natural products or biologically relevant compounds are in the focus of this personal account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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4
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Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
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5
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Aziridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives and its open-ring isomers as a novel PDIA1 inhibitors. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Il’in AV, Gubaev AF, Islamov DR, Islamov KR, Galkin VI. Highly efficient phosphine-catalyzed routes to α-imidoacrylates and 2,3-diimidopropanoates. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Brittain WDG, Lloyd CM, Cobb SL. Synthesis of complex unnatural fluorine-containing amino acids. J Fluor Chem 2020; 239:109630. [PMID: 33144742 PMCID: PMC7583769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The area of fluorinated amino acid synthesis has seen rapid growth over the past decade. As reports of singly fluorinated natural amino acid derivatives have grown, researchers have turned their attention to develop methodology to access complex proteinogenic examples. A variety of reaction conditions have been employed in this area, exploiting new advances in the wider synthetic community such as photocatalysis and palladium cross-coupling. In addition, novel fluorinated functional groups have also been incorporated into amino acids, with SFX and perfluoro moieties now appearing with more frequency in the literature. This review focuses on synthetic methodology for accessing complex non-proteinogenic amino acids, along with amino acids containing multiple fluorine atoms such as CF3, SF5 and perfluoroaromatic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carissa M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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8
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Hu X, Ji C, Liu Y, Yu J. Recent Advances in Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Fluorinated α‐ and β‐Amino Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Si Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 People's Republic of China
| | - Cong‐Bin Ji
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Shangrao Normal University Jiangxi 334001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin‐Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 People's Republic of China
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9
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Tokairin Y, Shigeno Y, Han J, Röschenthaler G, Konno H, Moriwaki H, Soloshonok VA. Asymmetric Synthesis of 4,4-(Difluoro)glutamic Acid via Chiral Ni(II)-Complexes of Dehydroalanine Schiff Bases. Effect of the Chiral Ligands Structure on the Stereochemical Outcome. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:93-96. [PMID: 32015956 PMCID: PMC6988766 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four differently substituted chiral Ni(II)-complexes of dehydroalanine Schiff base were prepared and reacted with BrCF2COOEt/Cu under the standard reaction conditions. The observed diastereoselectivity was found to depend on the degree and pattern of chlorine substitution for hydrogen in the structure of the dehydroalanine complexes. The unsubstituted complex gave the ratio of diastereomers (S)(2S)/(S)(2R) of 66/34. On the other hand, introduction of chlorine atoms in the strategic positions on the chiral ligands allowed to achieve a practically attractive diastereoselectivity of (∼98.5/1.5). Diastereomerically pure major product was disassembled to prepare 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) derivative of (S)-4,4-difluoroglutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tokairin
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen GmbHCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
| | - Yuhei Shigeno
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and TechnologyYamagata University, YonezawaYamagata992-8510Japan
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Gerd‐Volker Röschenthaler
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen GmbHCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and TechnologyYamagata University, YonezawaYamagata992-8510Japan
| | - Hiroki Moriwaki
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd.1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-kuOsaka533-0024Japan
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUPaseo Manuel Lardizábal 320018San SebastiánSpain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for ScienceMaría Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia48013BilbaoSpain
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10
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Tokairin Y, Soloshonok VA, Konno H, Moriwaki H, Röschenthaler GV. Convenient synthesis of racemic 4,4-difluoro glutamic acid derivatives via Michael-type additions of Ni(II)-complex of dehydroalanine Schiff bases. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Sim J, Campbell MW, Molander GA. Synthesis of α-Fluoro-α-Amino Acid Derivatives via Photoredox-Catalyzed Carbofluorination. ACS Catal 2019; 9:1558-1563. [PMID: 31588366 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A mild, metal-free, regioselective carbofluorination of dehydroalanine derivatives has been developed. Alkyl radicals resulting from visible-light photoredox catalysis engage in a radical conjugate addition to dehydroalanine, with subsequent fluorination of the newly generated radical to afford an α-fluoro-α-amino acid. By using a highly oxidizing organic photocatalyst, this process incorporates non-stabilized primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals derived from commercially available alkyltrifluoroborates to furnish a wide range of fluorinated unnatural amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Sim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mark W. Campbell
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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12
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Jiménez-Andreu MM, Sayago FJ, Cativiela C. An Improved Synthesis of the Antibiotic Dehydrophos. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mercedes Jiménez-Andreu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Francisco J. Sayago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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13
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Straightforward synthesis of fluorinated amino acids by Michael addition of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate to α,β-unsaturated α-amino acid derivatives. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Krüger K, Lüdke V, Pettinger J, Ashton L, Bonnet L, Motti CA, Lex J, Oelgemöller M. Photochemical synthesis of cyclic peptide models from phthalimido acetamides and phthaloyl dipeptide esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Tolmachova NA, Kondratov IS, Dolovanyuk VG, Pridma SO, Chernykh AV, Daniliuc CG, Haufe G. Synthesis of new fluorinated proline analogues from polyfluoroalkyl β-ketoacetals and ethyl isocyanoacetate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9683-9686. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05912h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New straightforward synthetic approach to hitherto unknown cis-/trans-CF3-prolines and other 3-polyfluoroalkyl proline analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan S. Kondratov
- Enamine Ltd
- Kyiv
- Ukraine
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - Violetta G. Dolovanyuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kyiv
- Ukraine
| | | | | | | | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Universität Münster
- Münster 48149
- Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence
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16
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Marciniak B, Walkowiak-Kulikowska J, Koroniak H. On the halofluorination reactions of olefins as selective, and an efficient methodology for the introduction of fluorine into organic molecules. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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