Clinicopathological features and outcome of esophageal neuroendocrine tumor: A retrospective multicenter survey by the digestive endoscopy society of Taiwan

The diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasound for esophageal subepithelial lesions: A review

Esophageal subepithelial lesions (ESELs) encompass a variety of diseases, including leiomyoma, granular cell tumors, hemangioma, lipoma, stromal tumors, leiomyosarcoma, schwannoma, neuroendocrine tumors and more. These lesions often present asymptomatically, leading to a generally low clinical diagnosis rate. Common imaging techniques for diagnosing ESELs include conventional endoscopy, spiral computed tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Among these, EUS is currently regarded as one of the most accurate methods for diagnosing ESELs. In recent years, EUS has increasingly been combined with advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, submucosal saline injection, high-frequency impedance measurement, and enhanced imaging to improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce missed diagnoses. This article reviews the application and recent advancements of EUS in diagnosing esophageal submucosal lesions.

An Uncommon Encounter: A Comprehensive Case Report of an Advanced Esophageal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinomas (E-NECs) are rare malignant tumors with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. The aggressive nature of E-NECs coupled with a tendency to metastasize and no available treatment guidelines lead to poor prognosis. Here, we report a case of a 65-year-old, previously healthy female who presented with difficulty in swallowing solids, burning sensation over the epigastric region, weight loss (>10%), and altered bowel habits for the last three months. Contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) thorax revealed asymmetric mid-esophageal wall thickening with lymphadenopathy and metastasis in both hepatic lobes. Esophageal endoscopy revealed a large circumferential ulcero-proliferative mass and umbilicated lesions. A histopathological examination revealed small cells with scant cytoplasm and pleomorphic, hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nuclear molding, and extensive necrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and CD56. Ki-67 index was 53%. These findings suggested poorly differentiated, small cell type, high-grade E-NEC. Chemotherapy with cisplatin (30mg/m2) + irinotecan (60mg/m2) was initiated. However, following two chemotherapy cycles, the patient succumbed.

Relation between WHO Classification and Location- and Functionality-Based Classifications of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Digestive Tract

Practice of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the digestive tract, which comprise of a highly diverse group of tumors with a rising incidence, faces multiple biological, diagnostic, and therapeutic issues. Part of these issues is due to misuse and misinterpretation of the classification and terminology of NENs of the digestive tract, which make it increasingly challenging to evaluate and compare the literature. For instance, grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are frequently referred to as neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and vice versa, while NECs are, by definition, high grade and therefore constitute a separate entity from NETs. Moreover, the term NET is regularly misused to describe NENs in general, and NETs are frequently referred to as benign, while they should always be considered malignancies as they do have metastatic potential. To prevent misconceptions in future NEN-related research, we reviewed the most recent terminology used to classify NENs of the digestive tract and created an overview that combines the classification of these NENs according to the World Health Organization (WHO) with location- and functionality-based classifications. This overview may help clinicians and researchers in understanding the current literature and could serve as a guide in the clinic as well as for writing future studies on NENs of the digestive tract. In this way, we aim for the universal use of terminology, thereby providing an efficient foundation for future NEN-related research.

Anlotinib plus camrelizumab achieved long-term survival in a patient with metastatic esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare cancer with an extremely poor prognosis. The average overall survival of patients with metastatic disease is only 1 year. The efficacy of anti-angiogenic agents combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors remains unknown.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 64-year-old man, initially diagnosed with esophageal NEC, underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and esophagectomy. Although the patient remained disease-free for 11 months, eventually the tumor progressed and did not respond to three lines of combined therapy (etoposide plus carboplatin with local radiotherapy, albumin-bound paclitaxel plus durvalumab, and irinotecan plus nedaplatin). The patient then received anlotinib plus camrelizumab, and a dramatic regression was observed (confirmed by positron emission tomography-computed tomography). The patient has been disease-free for over 29 months and has survived for over 4 years since diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

Combined therapy with anti-angiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors may be a promising strategy for esophageal NEC, although more evidence is warranted to validate its efficacy.

Prognostic value of pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters in esophageal high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma: A bicenter retrospective study

Objective

The aim of this bicentric retrospective study was to assess the prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with esophageal high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECs).

Methods

From the database of two centers, 28 patients affected by esophageal high-grade NECs who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT before treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Metabolic parameters (SUVmax, SUVmean, tumor-to-blood-pool SUV ratio (TBR), tumor-to-liver SUV ratio (TLR), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG)) of the primary tumor were measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

After a median follow-up period of 22 months, disease progression occurred in 11 (39.3%) patients, and death occurred in 8 (28.6%) patients. The median PFS was 34 months, and the median OS was not reached. Univariate analyses revealed that among metabolic parameters, only MTV and TLG were significant prognostic factors, while among clinical variables, only distant metastasis was a significant factor for both PFS and OS (P< 0.05). On multivariate analyses, MTV and TLG were independent prognostic factors for both PFS and OS (P< 0.05).

Conclusions

In patients with esophageal high-grade NEC, MTV and TLG measured on pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT are independently prognostic factors for predicting PFS and OS, and might be used as quantitative prognostic imaging biomarkers.

Analysis of the Clinicopathological Characteristics, Prognosis, and Lymphocyte Infiltration of Esophageal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Surgery-Based Cohort and Propensity-Score Matching Study

Background: Esophageal neuroendocrine neoplasms (E-NENs) are a rare and poorly reported subtype of esophageal carcinoma. We analyzed the differences in clinicopathological features, prognosis, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) between E-NENs and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: A total of 3620 patients who underwent esophagectomy were enrolled retrospectively. The study cohort was divided into two groups (E-NENs and ESCC) through propensity-score matching, and the prognosis and TILs were compared between the two groups. The TILs were assessed using tumor specimens (including six cases of ESCC, six cases of neuroendocrine carcinomas [NECs], and six cases of mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms [MiNENs]). Results: E-NENs accounted for 3.0% (107/3620) of cases, among which there were just 3 neuroendocrine tumor cases, 51 NEC cases, and 53 MiNENs cases. After matching, esophageal neuroendocrine carcinomas (E-NECs) showed both poorer 5-year overall survival (OS; 35.4% vs. 54.8%, p = 0.0019) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; 29.3% vs. 48.9%, p < 0.001) compared with ESCC. However, the differences were not prominent in the subgroup with stage I. No significant survival benefit was observed for E-NECs with multimodal therapy. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that E-NECs are an independent risk factor for OS and RFS. In the exploratory analysis, E-NECs were associated with less infiltration of immune cells compared with ESCC. Conclusion: E-NECs are significantly associated with a poorer prognosis than ESCC except for early-stage disease. The fewer TILs within the tumor microenvironment of E-NECs compared with ESCC results in weaker anti-tumor immunity and may lead to a poorer prognosis.

Substance use and esophageal neuroendocrine neoplasm: A case-control study

Esophageal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are extremely rare and little is known about their risk factors. To identify the potential risk factors, we evaluated whether the history of substance use, including alcohol, tobacco and areca nut consumption was associated with esophageal NEN. Forty-one esophageal NEN patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2019 from 17 hospital in Taiwan were enrolled as the cases. Controls were participants who received complete esophagogastroduodenoscopy in an endoscopic cohort and 123 eligible controls were matched to 41 cases (3:1) on age and gender. Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking significantly increased the risk of esophageal NEN, with about a fourfold risk increase in alcohol drinkers as well as cigarette smokers. Moreover, use of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in combination demonstrated the highest risk of esophageal NEN with the risk increasing up to 20 times compared with non-users. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking significantly increase risk of esophageal NEN and both alcohol and cigarette users had the highest risk.

Esophagogastric junctional neuroendocrine tumor with adenocarcinoma: A case report

BACKGROUND

At present, cases of esophageal neuroendocrine tumors combined with cardia adenocarcinoma are extremely rare worldwide, and there are no clinical reports. Herein, we describe such a case for clinical reference.

CASE SUMMARY

The presence of cardia cancer and esophageal neuroendocrine tumors in a single patient has not yet been reported. The patient in this case underwent prompt endoscopic treatment and additional surgical resection. Pathology revealed the following: The distance between the cardia cancer and the esophageal neuroendocrine tumors was small, approximately 3 mm. Vascular invasion was observed. The esophageal neuroendocrine tumor was determined to be grade G3. According to the treatment guidelines, after the patient received an explanation of their condition, additional surgical procedures were provided in a timely manner. Early detection and early treatment can successfully prolong survival and improve the quality of life of patients.

CONCLUSION

Early detection and early treatment can successfully prolong survival and improve the quality of life of such patients.