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Jeon M, Bae S. In vitro effects of N-acetylcysteine in combination with antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine otitis externa. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1479. [PMID: 39042563 PMCID: PMC11265460 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many clinicians prescribe antifungal agents to treat canine otitis externa (OE). However, studies evaluating the antifungal effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its combinations are limited. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effects of NAC alone and in combination with other antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine OE. MATERIALS AND METHODS M. pachydermatis samples were collected from 13 dogs with OE. The final concentration of the inoculum suspensions of M. pachydermatis was 1-5 × 106 colony forming units/mL. The concentrations of the test compounds ketoconazole (KTZ), terbinafine (TER), nystatin (NYS) and NAC were 0.02-300 µg/mL, 0.04-80 µg/mL, 0.16-40 µg/mL and 1.25-20 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured to evaluate the susceptibility of the M. pachydermatis to KTZ, TER, NYS and NAC. The checkerboard testing method and fractional inhibitory concentration index were used to evaluate the effect of NAC in combination with KTZ, TER and NYS against M. pachydermatis. RESULTS The MIC90 values of M. pachydermatis were 4.6875-9.375 µg/mL, 1.25 µg/mL, 5-10 µg/mL and 10 mg/mL for KTZ, TER, NYS and NAC, respectively. The synergistic effects of KTZ, TER and NYS with NAC were identified in 0/13, 2/13 and 0/13 isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE NAC had an antifungal effect against M. pachydermatis but did not exert synergistic effects when used with KTZ, TER and NYS. Thus, the use of NAC alone as a topical solution could be considered an effective treatment option for canine OE involving M. pachydermatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhae Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| | - Seulgi Bae
- Department of Veterinary Internal medicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
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2
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Coelho ELJ, Antunes HMR, Silva TFD, Veggi NDG, Sousa VRF, Almeida ADBPFD. Prevalence and clinical findings of feline otitis externa in Midwest Brazil. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 60:100876. [PMID: 38631427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of otitis externa (OE) in cats using cytology, direct otoscopic examination, and parasitological examination through swabs and curettage, and to compare the accuracy between collection methods for parasitological examination. Direct otoscopic evaluation of the external auditory canal (right and left), swabs for cytological examination of the external auditory canal, and collection of cerumen for parasitological examination through swabs and curettage of 137 cats from a veterinary hospital care were conducted between March 2021 and March 2022. The influences of age, sex, habitat, street access, and the presence of fleas on OE were evaluated. Cytological evidence of OE was observed in 25.5 % of cats and was statistically associated with flea and mite parasitism. Otodectes cynotis was found in 13.9 % of the cats. Cocci and Bacilli were the secondary factors in 34.3 % and 22.9 % of cats with OE, respectively. The Malassezia genus was a secundary factor in 57.1 % of the cats with OE. The frequency of OE was high in cats receiving hospital care. O. cynotis was a frequent primary cause of OE in cats. The curette sampling method is a great option for diagnosing O. cynotis infestation due to its ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Lorran Jerdlicka Coelho
- Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa da Costa Avenue, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Helloine Mariane Ribeiro Antunes
- Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa da Costa Avenue, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Thaiza Fernanda da Silva
- Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa da Costa Avenue, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Naiani Domingos Gasparetto Veggi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa da Costa Avenue, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa da Costa Avenue, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Fernando Correa da Costa Avenue, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Hobi S, Bęczkowski PM, Mueller R, Tse M, Barrs VR. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats. Vet J 2024; 304:106084. [PMID: 38431127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Malassezia are members of the mycobiome of dogs and cats. In the presence of an underlying disease, these yeasts can proliferate, attach to the skin or mucosa to induce a secondary Malassezia dermatitis, otitis externa or paronychia. Since allergic dermatitis is one of the most common underlying causes, diagnostic investigation for allergy is often indicated. Cats may suffer from various other underlying problems, especially where Malassezia dermatitis is generalised. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats is chronic, relapsing and pruritic. Direct cytology from dermatological lesions and the ear canal, showing "peanut-shaped" budding yeasts, facilitates a rapid and reliable diagnosis. Topical treatment includes antiseptic and antifungal azole-based products. Systemic treatment with oral antifungals is indicated only in severe or refractory disease. Identification and treatment of the underlying cause is essential for an optimal response. In this evidence-based narrative review, we discuss the clinical presentation of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats, underlying comorbidities, and diagnostic considerations. Treatment is discussed in light of emerging evidence of antifungal resistance and the authors' clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Administrative Region of China.
| | - Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Administrative Region of China
| | - Ralf Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - May Tse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Administrative Region of China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Administrative Region of China; Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Administrative Region of China
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4
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Hadrich I, Khemekhem N, Neji S, Trablesi H, Ilahi A, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Production and Quantification of Virulence Factors in Malassezia Species. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:529-538. [PMID: 36473111 PMCID: PMC9944974 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-seven strains of Malassezia were included in this study. Biofilm and hydrolytic enzyme production were studied by using specific solid media. The Real-Time reverse transcriptase qPCR method was applied to determine the overexpression of genes encoding the extracellular enzymes. All included Malassezia species produced biofilms. No statistically significant difference was observed between Malassezia species in biofilm formation (p = 0.567). All Malassezia species produced lipase, and 95% of Malassezia globosa showed a strong enzymatic activity (Pz = 0.55 ± 0.02). A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean keratinase indices of Malassezia slooffiae and the other Malassezia species (p = 0.005). The overexpression of one or more genes was observed in 100% of strains isolated from patients with folliculitis, 87.5% - with pityriasis versicolor, and 57.14% of the control group isolates. A statistically significant difference in the lipase gene expression (p = 0.042) was between the strains from patients with folliculitis and the control group. This investigation provides more information about the frequency of the production of the major enzymes considered virulence factors of Malassezia species. Interestingly, the overexpression of one or more genes was observed in strains isolated from patients with Malassezia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Hadrich
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia,Faculty of Science, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia, Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia; Faculty of Science, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Nahed Khemekhem
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sourour Neji
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Houaida Trablesi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amin Ilahi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hayet Sellami
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fattouma Makni
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Ayadi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
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Yeasts of the Malassezia Genus – Recent Findings. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The genus Malassezia is a medically important genus of yeasts that can colonize the skin of humans and other warm-blooded animals. The genus currently comprises 18 species of which four new species were identified recently. The most widely known species, M. pachydermatis, occurs in animals but was detected also in humans, namely at life endangering septicaemias and in prematurely born children. Proliferation of Malassezia occurs most frequently as a result of disturbances in the normal homeostasis of host immunity on the one hand and virulence of these yeasts on the other hand. The successful management of the disease depends on the therapeutic control of overgrowth of the yeasts and any concurrent bacterial infection by local or systemic anti microbial treatment, as well as, on identification and potential correction of the predisposing factors.
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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7
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Niae S, Yurayart C, Thengchaisri N, Sattasathuchana P. Prevalence and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of commensal yeasts in the external ear canal of cats. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:288. [PMID: 34454490 PMCID: PMC8400901 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle factors such as hair length, the frequency of ear cleaning and bathing, age, cat rearing, and sex may contribute to opportunistic yeast infections in the external ear canal of cats. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of commensal yeast organisms in cats’ external ear canals, evaluate their predisposing lifestyle factors, and test the susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to antifungal agents. Results A total of 53 cats (33 male and 20 female) seronegative for feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus were enrolled in this study. Their mean age (± standard deviation) was 6.04 (± 3.49) years. Fungal cultures and polymerase chain reaction tests were performed to identify the yeast species derived from the external ear canal. The association between lifestyle factors and the presence of M. pachydermatis was evaluated using Fisher’s exact test. The susceptibility of M. pachydermatis to antifungal agents was also analyzed. M. pachydermatis was the most frequently recovered yeast species, with a prevalence of 50.94 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 36.84–64.94 %). There was an association between hair length and a positive culture for M. pachydermatis (p = 0.0001). The odds of a negative culture for M. pachydermatis among short-haired cats was 11.67 (95 % CI, 3.22–42.24) times higher than that among long-haired cats (p = 0.0002). There was also an association between the frequency of ear cleaning and the presence of M. pachydermatis (p = 0.007). The odds of a negative culture for M. pachydermatis in cats that were receiving ear cleaning at intervals of ≤ 2 weeks was 5.78 (95 % CI, 1.67–19.94) times greater than that of cats receiving ear cleaning at intervals greater than 2 weeks or never (p = 0.0055). Ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations for itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and terbinafine against M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.063–4 and ≤ 0.063–≥32, ≤ 0.063–8 and 0.125–≥32, ≤ 0.063–≥32 and 0.5–≥32, and ≤ 0.016–1 and 0.125–8 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions M. pachydermatis was the most commonly identified yeast organism in the external ear canal of healthy cats. Hair length and the frequency of ear cleaning played a role in the colonization of M. pachydermatis. The M. pachydermatis isolates had various MIC levels for common fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Niae
- Graduate Student in Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chompoonek Yurayart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Latyao, Jatujak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Latyao, Jatujak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Brame B, Cain C. Chronic Otitis in Cats: Clinical management of primary, predisposing and perpetuating factors. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:433-446. [PMID: 33896249 PMCID: PMC10741284 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211007072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Chronic otitis can be one of the most frustrating diseases to manage for a small animal practitioner. While it occurs less commonly in the cat than the dog, it is no less challenging. The purpose of this review is to discuss the common and uncommon causes of chronic otitis in the cat within the clinical framework used for diagnosis and treatment. The focus is on diseases that affect the ear canal, rather than those restricted to the pinnae. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Otitis is multifactorial, which complicates management. A common clinical mistake is to focus solely on treating the infection present. Only by addressing all factors will a clinician successfully control chronic otitis. For the purposes of this review, the authors have adopted the established model of separating primary, predisposing and perpetuating causes of otitis. Primary factors are those that directly cause otitis (inflammation); predisposing factors are those that put the patient at risk for development of otitis; and perpetuating factors are those that result in ongoing clinical signs of otitis or that prevent clinical resolution. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and particularly those with an interest in feline dermatology and otology. EQUIPMENT While many practitioners rely on a hand-held otoscope, a video-otoscope can be very helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic otitis. EVIDENCE BASE This review presents up-to-date information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of chronic otitis in cats, with emphasis on the most recent peer-reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Brame
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce
Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce
Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bond R, Morris DO, Guillot J, Bensignor EJ, Robson D, Mason KV, Kano R, Hill PB. Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:28-74. [PMID: 31957204 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIAL The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) Clinical Consensus Guideline committee provided guidance and oversight for this process. The document was presented at two international meetings of veterinary dermatology societies and one international mycology workshop; it was made available for comment on the WAVD website for a period of six months. Comments were shared with the GP electronically and responses incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE There has been a remarkable expansion of knowledge on Malassezia yeasts and their role in animal disease, particularly since the early 1990's. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats has evolved from a disease of obscurity and controversy on its existence, to now being a routine diagnosis in general veterinary practice. Clinical signs are well recognised and diagnostic approaches are well developed. A range of topical and systemic therapies is known to be effective, especially when predisposing factors are identified and corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancy Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons Alfort, Ile-de-France, France
| | | | - David Robson
- Animal Skin and Ear Specialists, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, 70 Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria, 3150, Australia
| | - Kenneth V Mason
- Dermcare-vet PTY LTD, 7 Centenary Road, Slacks Creek, Queensland, 4127, Australia
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Peter B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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10
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Tyler S, Swales N, Foster AP, Knowles TG, Barnard N. Otoscopy and aural cytological findings in a population of rescue cats and cases in a referral small animal hospital in England and Wales. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:161-167. [PMID: 30880543 PMCID: PMC10814575 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19834969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Otitis externa is seen clinically in cats, although studies investigating this condition within the UK are lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis mites and microbial infection in the ear canals of cats in various rescue centres and a referral hospital. METHODS Otoscopy was performed in 332 cats. Otoscopic findings were noted, including the gross visualisation of Otodectes species. A sample of cerumen was collected for cytological evaluation and a cerumen smear for detection of Otodectes mites if there was a large amount of aural exudate present. RESULTS O cynotis infestation was noted in 3/341 cats (0.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3-2.6). A total of 129/341 (37.8%; 95% CI 32.7-43.0) cats were found to have Malassezia species within one or both ears. Bacteria were found unilaterally in 9/341 (2.6%; 95% CI 1.4-4.9) cats. Analysis of the cytological findings showed an increased likelihood for Malassezia species to be present as age increased (n = 293; Pearson r = 0.204, P <0.001). There was also an increased likelihood of finding Malassezia species in both ears if found within one ear (n = 327; r = 0.499, P <0.001). There was a positive correlation between the number of Malassezia organisms and the quantity of aural exudate (n = 338; r = 0.778, P <0.001). Cats in which Otodectes species infestation were noted (n = 3) had moderate or large quantities of cerumen. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study shows that there was a low prevalence of O cynotis in this cohort of cats. In normal cats it was not unusual to find Malassezia microorganisms upon aural cytology, bacteria were noted far less frequently and in two cats this was associated with underlying anatomical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tyler
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Nicola Swales
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Aiden P Foster
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Toby G Knowles
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Mascarenhas MB, Botelho CB, Manier BSML, Costa TS, Fernandes JI. An unusual case of feline otitis externa due to sporotrichosis. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919840810. [PMID: 30956809 PMCID: PMC6442078 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919840810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary It is described a case of a 10-month-old female mixed-breed cat with left ear discharge of approximately 6 days’ duration prior to the admission. Secretions were collected from both ears using a sterile swab for cytological and mycological analysis. A pyogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate (predominantly characterized by the presence of neutrophils and macrophages) with the presence of cocci, rods and many yeast-like structures were seen on cytological analysis; the fungal culture confirmed the presence of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Upon diagnosis of fungal otitis due to the S schenckii complex, treatment with oral itraconazole was administered. After 4 weeks of treatment, no S schenckii complex colonies were isolated, and clinical recovery had occurred. Relevance and novel information Although rare, clinicians must be aware of atypical presentations of sporotrichosis, as in this case of external otitis. This is of clinical relevance because this infection has been reported in several countries and is defined as a zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Bazaga Botelho
- Veterinary Science Postgraduate Program, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Bruna Sampaio Martins Land Manier
- Veterinary Medicine Postgraduate Program (Pathology and Clinical Sciences), Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza Costa
- Veterinary Medicine Postgraduate Program (Pathology and Clinical Sciences), Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Julio Israel Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
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Puig L, Bragulat MR, Castellá G, Cabañes FJ. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Malassezia furfur from domestic and zoo animals. Med Mycol 2019; 56:941-949. [PMID: 29294061 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia furfur is traditionally associated to human skin, although more recent studies have been revealing its presence in a variety of animals. The aim of this study was to analyze phenotypically and genetically the diversity among strains isolated from animals of this species. We have examined 21 strains of M. furfur from domestic and wild animals held in captivity. On the one hand, their phenotypic characteristics were studied, by assessing its growth at different incubation temperatures, their catalase and β-glucosidase activities and the Tween diffusion test on Sabouraud glucose agar (SGA), and on yeast nitrogen base agar (YNBA), a synthetic medium without lipids. On the other hand, the large subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal RNA and the β-tubulin gene were sequenced. Different sequence types were identified for each target gene, and fourteen genotypes were revealed. While several genotypes were obtained from the strains from domestic animals, the strains from zoo animals appeared to be genetically more stable. With ITS and β-tubulin gene, M. furfur strains grouped in two clades. One clade included the strains from domestic animals and the other clade included the strains from zoo animals. The phenotypic tests also revealed a remarkable diversity within this species, which appeared to be more significant among strains from domestic animals. Moreover, the Tween diffusion test using YNBA was more useful to observe differences among strains, which could not be perceived using SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Puig
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Rosa Bragulat
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Bollez A, de Rooster H, Furcas A, Vandenabeele S. Prevalence of external ear disorders in Belgian stray cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:149-154. [PMID: 28375041 PMCID: PMC11129264 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17700808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Feline otitis externa is a multifactorial dermatological disorder about which very little is known. The objective of this study was to map the prevalence of external ear canal disorders and the pathogens causing otitis externa in stray cats roaming around the region of Ghent, Belgium. Methods One hundred and thirty stray cats were randomly selected during a local trap-neuter-return programme. All cats were European Shorthairs. This study included clinical, otoscopic and cytological evaluation of both external ears of each cat. Prospective data used as parameters in this study included the sex, age and body condition score of each cat, as well as the presence of nasal and/or ocular discharge, and the results of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) Snap tests. Results Remarkably, very few (sub)clinical problems of the external ear canal were found in the stray cat population. Malassezia species was by far the most common organism found in the external ear canals of the 130 stray cats. A total of 96/130 (74%) cats were found to have Malassezia species organisms present in one or both ears based on the cytological examination. No correlation was found between the parameters of sex, age, body condition score, the presence of nasal and/or ocular discharge and FIV and FeLV status, and the presence of parasites, bacteria or yeasts. Conclusions and relevance This study provides more information about the normal state of the external ear canal of stray cats. The ears of most stray cats are relatively healthy. The presence of Malassezia species organisms in the external ear canal is not rare among stray cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouck Bollez
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Furcas
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vandenabeele
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Aldrovandi AL, Osugui L, Acqua Coutinho SD. Is Malassezia nana the main species in horses' ear canal microbiome? Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:770-4. [PMID: 27287335 PMCID: PMC4927644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize genotypically Malassezia spp. isolated from the external ear canal of healthy horses. Fifty-five horses, 39 (70.9%) males and 16 (29.1%) females, from different breeds and adults were studied. External ear canals were cleaned and a sterile cotton swab was introduced to collect cerumen. A total of 110 samples were cultured into Dixon medium and were incubated at 32 °C for up to 15 days. Macro- and micromorphology and phenotypic identification were performed. DNA was extracted, strains were submitted to polymerase chain reaction technique, and the products obtained were submitted to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism using the restriction enzymes BstCI and HhaI. Strains were sent off to genetic sequencing of the regions 26S rDNA D1/D2 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA. Malassezia spp. were isolated from 33/55 (60%) animals and 52/110 (47%) ear canals. No growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar was observed, confirming the lipid dependence of all strains. Polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism permitted the molecular identification of Malassezia nana – 42/52 (81%) and Malassezia slooffiae – 10/52 (19%). Sequencing confirmed RFLP identification. It was surprising that M. nana represented over 80% of the strains and no Malassezia equina was isolated in this study, differing from what was expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Aldrovandi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lika Osugui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Isolation and comparative investigation of vaginal mycoflora in feline population of urban and dairy cattle herds. J Mycol Med 2015; 26:22-7. [PMID: 26711354 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to identify the predominant fungal species present at vaginal site in different healthy cats including households, stray and cats in industrial dairy cattle herds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fungal isolates of vaginal fluids of 100 cats were collected using the sterilized cotton swabs from discharges of vagina. The isolates were identified according to their morphological characteristics and biochemical profile. Were included 34%, 33% and 33% households, stray cats and cats of industrial dairy cattle herds of Mashhad-Iran, respectively. They were short hair cats. RESULT Vaginal fungi were isolated from 69% of feline population. Fungal isolates were obtained from vagina of 22%, 25% and 22% of households, stray cats and cats of industrial dairy cattle herds, respectively. There were no significant differences among the cats. The highest fungal agent was recovered in cats of 1-2 years old. Twenty two different isolates were recovered in this study. The most frequently recovered species samples were Penicillum spp. (11%) followed by Aspergillus section Nidulanti (4%). However, the vagina of healthy cats could be contaminated by 2-4 different fungal agents. CONCLUSION It is concluded that fungal infections can occur in vaginal cavity of different healthy kinds of cats.
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Buommino E, Baroni A, Parisi A, Borriello FE, Caputo P, Donnarumma G, Nizza S, Nocera FP, Fiorito F, De Martino L. In vitro growth versus inhibition of growth of Malassezia pachydermatis in the presence of the antibacterial drug gentamicin. J Med Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Buommino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Adone Baroni
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Parisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pina Caputo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandra Nizza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
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Pressanti C, Drouet C, Cadiergues MC. Comparative study of aural microflora in healthy cats, allergic cats and cats with systemic disease. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:992-6. [PMID: 24509255 PMCID: PMC11104082 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14522051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Twenty healthy cats (group 1) with clinically normal ears, 15 cats with systemic disease (group 2) and 15 allergic cats (group 3) were included in a prospective study. The experimental unit was the ear. A clinical score was established for each ear canal after otoscopic examination. Microbial population was assessed on cytological examination of smears performed with the cotton-tipped applicator smear technique. Fungal population was significantly more prominent in allergic cats (P <0.001) and in diseased cats compared with healthy cats (P <0.02). Bacterial population was significantly higher in allergic cats than in healthy cats (P <0.001) and cats suffering from systemic disease (P <0.001). Bacterial overgrowth was also higher in cats with systemic disease than healthy cats. In cats from group 2, only fungal overgrowth was associated with otitis severity. In group 3, only bacterial overgrowth was associated with otitis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Pressanti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Drouet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute-National Veterinary School of Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France
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18
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Perego R, Proverbio D, Bagnagatti De Giorgi G, Della Pepa A, Spada E. Prevalence of otitis externa in stray cats in northern Italy. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:483-90. [PMID: 24226755 PMCID: PMC11112181 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13512119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline otitis externa is a dermatological disorder that has not been evaluated much in stray cats. One hundred and eighty-seven stray cats were randomly selected during a trap-neuter-release programme to investigate the prevalence of otitis externa in stray cat colonies in northern Italy. Swabs for cytological examination were obtained from the external ear canal of each cat. A direct otoscopic assessment of the external ear canal was made in 86/187 cats. Cytological evidence of otitis externa was present in 55.1% of cats. The influence on otitis of age, gender, habitat and season of sampling was tested, but no risk factors were found. Otodectes cynotis (as a sole agent or in combination) was the primary cause of otitis in 53.3% of cats. Cocci and rods, either alone or in combination with other agents, were perpetuating factors in 71.8% and 29.1% of cats, respectively. Pregnancy status was a risk factor for otitis caused by coccal infections. Malassezia species, alone or in combination, was the perpetuating factor in 50.5% of cats with otitis. Urban habitat and winter season were risk factors for otitis associated with Malassezia species. Demodex cati was identified as an incidental finding in two cats. There was good agreement between otoscopy and cytology with regard to the diagnosis of otitis externa. The results of this study show a high prevalence of otitis externa in stray colony cats and provide information on causal factors for feline otitis externa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Perego
- Department of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Pepa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
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Buommino E, De Filippis A, Parisi A, Nizza S, Martano M, Iovane G, Donnarumma G, Tufano MA, De Martino L. Innate immune response in human keratinocytes infected by a feline isolate of Malassezia pachydermatis. Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:90-6. [PMID: 23273837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is a normal inhabitant of canine and feline skin that can spread to other pets. The outer layer or epidermis is made up primarily of keratinocytes, which are capable of releasing various factors and expressing receptors that are significantly involved in the immune regulation. Little is known about the mechanism by which M. pachydermatis overcomes the natural barrier of the skin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct in vitro interaction between human keratinocytes and a clinical strain of live M. pachydermatis isolated as a pure culture from an otitic cat. Human keratinocytes (HaCat) were infected with M. pachydermatis to analyse the modulation of the innate immune response. Gene expression was analysed by real-time PCR. We demonstrated that M. pachydermatis invaded HaCat cells and modulated the expression of TLR2 after 24h infection, while HBD-2, IL-1β TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were modulated both at 24 and 48 h. Thus, our results demonstrated that M. pachydermatis is able to stimulate the innate immune response in infected human keratinocytes indicating a possible role of this yeast as a human opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Buommino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Second University of Naples, Via Luigi de Crecchio n. 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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20
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Budach SC, Mueller RS. Reproducibility of a semiquantitative method to assess cutaneous cytology. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:426-e80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Bensignor E. Treatment of Malassezia
overgrowth with itraconazole in 15 cats. Vet Rec 2010; 167:1011-2. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Bensignor
- Veterinary Dermatology Service; 6 rue de la Mare Pavée 35510 Cesson-Sévigné France
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22
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Volk AV, Belyavin CE, Varjonen K, Cadiergues MC, Stevens KB, Bond R. Malassezia pachydermatis and M nana predominate amongst the cutaneous mycobiota of Sphynx cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:917-22. [PMID: 20863732 PMCID: PMC11135549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carriage of Malassezia species yeasts in healthy Sphynx cats was compared with that in Devon Rex cats (DRC), Cornish Rex cats (CRC) and domestic shorthair (DSH) cats. Swab samples from the external ear, anus and claw folds, and contact plate samples from the axillae and groins, were incubated on modified Dixon's agar at 32°C for 7 days. Malassezia species were isolated from all 18 Sphynx cats; M pachydermatis accounted for 118/140 isolates. Of 20 isolates of M nana, 16 were recovered from the ear canal. M slooffiae was isolated from the claw fold of one cat and the left groin of another. The high counts of M pachydermatis obtained from the axillae, groins and claw folds of the Sphynx cats exceeded those of healthy DSH, CRC and DRC; axillary populations were comparable to those of seborrhoeic DRC. These data support recent reports of high Malassezia species colonisation in Sphynx cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V. Volk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Clare E. Belyavin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Katarina Varjonen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kim B. Stevens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ross Bond
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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Machado ML, Ferreiro L, Ferreira RR, Corbellini LG, Deville M, Berthelemy M, Guillot J. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs in Brazil: diagnosis, evaluation of clinical signs and molecular identification. Vet Dermatol 2010; 22:46-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ben Salah I, Makni F, Cheikhrouhou F, Neji S, Sellami H, Ayadi A. Les levures du genre Malassezia : pathologie, milieux d’isolement et d’identification. J Mycol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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SHOKRI H, KHOSRAVI A, RAD M, JAMSHIDI S. Occurrence of Malassezia Species in Persian and Domestic Short Hair Cats with and without Otitis Externa. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:293-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah SHOKRI
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - AliReza KHOSRAVI
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - MohammadAli RAD
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - Shahram JAMSHIDI
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
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Ahman SE, Bergström KE. Cutaneous carriage of Malassezia species in healthy and seborrhoeic Sphynx cats and a comparison to carriage in Devon Rex cats. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:970-6. [PMID: 19559635 PMCID: PMC11318777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous carriage of Malassezia species yeast was investigated in 32 Sphynx cats, and in 10 domestic shorthair (DSH) cats. Samples for mycological culture were taken using contact plates and swabs at seven sites in each cat (left and right axillae and groin, left ear, claw fold on left front paw and the interdigital palmar web of the left front paw). Malassezia species were isolated from 26/32 Sphynx cats (81%) and from 0/10 DSH control cats. In five cases Malassezia species yeasts were isolated at a single site, in the remaining 21 Sphynx cats at multiple sites. A total of 73 Malassezia species isolates were made, of which 68 were Malassezia pachydermatis and five were lipid-dependent Malassezia. Five out of the 32 Sphynx had greasy seborrhoea, and all seborrhoeic cats had M pachydermatis isolated from their skin, at multiple sites. None of the 32 Sphynx had Malassezia species isolated from the ears. The difference in population sizes between Sphynx and DSH cats was significant (P
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27
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Nascente PDS, Meinerz ARM, de Faria RO, Schuch LFD, Meireles MCA, de Mello JRB. CLSI broth microdilution method for testing susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to thiabendazole. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:222-6. [PMID: 24031347 PMCID: PMC3769738 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822009000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiabendazole, classified as antiparasitic and also used as an antifungal drug, can be found as otological solution indicated for treatment of parasitic and fungal external otitis in small animals. Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast recognized as a normal inhabitant on the skin and mucous membranes of dogs and cats. However, it is considered an opportunistic agent that causes external otitis and dermatitis in these animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of thiabendazole against 51 isolates of M. pachydermatis using the CLSI Broth Microdilution method that has been adapted for this yeast species (NCCLS, 2002). Based on this test, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of thiabendazol was calculated. Subsequently, the susceptibility of each isolate against this antifungal was determined. It was observed that the MIC of thiabendazole against M. pachydermatis ranged from 0.03 to > 4 µg/mL. A total of 13.7% of the isolates were found to be resistant, 47.1% were intermediate and 39.2% were sensitive to the drug. The rate of resistance of the yeasts against thiabendazole was similar to the results previously obtained with other antifungals, while the adapted broth microdilution technique used in this study proved to be efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia da Silva Nascente
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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28
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The anatomical distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of yeast species isolated from healthy dogs. Vet J 2008; 182:320-6. [PMID: 19109040 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify the predominant yeast species present at different anatomical sites in healthy dogs and to determine their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using a broth microdilution assay. Samples were collected from the preputial, vaginal, oral and perianal mucosae and the isolates cultured were identified according to their morphological characteristics and biochemical profile. Malassezia pachydermatis was the most commonly isolated yeast, followed by Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula spp. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the azole derivatives ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole against Candida spp. were 0.03-16 microg/mL, 0.06 to >16 microg/mL and 0.5-64 microg/mL, respectively and Candida isolates were sensitive to caspofungin and amphotericin B. Although all isolates of M. pachydermatis were sensitive to itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B, they were found to be resistant to caspofungin. The study has highlighted that Candida spp., M. pachydermatis, S. cerevisiae and Rhodotorula spp. are part of the normal canine surface microbiota and some of these organisms exhibit in vitro resistance to commonly used antimicrobials.
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Prado MR, Brilhante RSN, Cordeiro RA, Monteiro AJ, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Frequency of yeasts and dermatophytes from healthy and diseased dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:197-202. [PMID: 18319432 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of dermatophytes and yeasts in healthy and diseased dogs. A total of 633 samples were collected from 26 healthy animals (104 samples), 131 with dermatitis (343 samples), 74 with otitis (148 samples), and 19 with ocular diseases (38 samples). Cultures from healthy animals were positive for Malassezia pachydermatis in 13.5% (7/52) of samples from skin, 42.3% (11/26) from ear, and 3.8% (1/26) from eye. Fungal growth was observed in 20.4% (70/343) samples from animals with dermatitis. Microsporum canis was the most isolated fungus (n = 39), followed by M. pachydermatis (n = 30) and Malassezia sp. (n = 3). Of the 148 samples from dogs with otitis, 90 (60.8%) were positive for M. pachydermatis, and of the clinical specimens from the conjunctiva of animals with ophthalmic disease, 2.6% (1/38) presented positive cultures for M. pachydermatis. Only 14.3% (2/14) of the positive cultures for M. pachydermatis and 40.9% (9/22) of those for M. canis were positive in the direct exam. Direct exams were positive in 84.3% (70/83) of the culture positive samples from affected ears of dogs with otitis. Malassezia pachydermatis may act as an aggravating factor in the occurrence of cutaneous diseases, or the isolation of M. canis may be associated with the onset of dermatophytosis. Fungal culture, rather than microscopic examination, should be used as the definitive diagnostic test for dermatomycoses and otitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena R Prado
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza/CE, Brazil, CEP 60.150-170.
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Dizotti C, Coutinho S. Isolation of Malassezia pachydermatis and M. sympodialis from the external ear canal of cats with and without otitis externa. Acta Vet Hung 2007; 55:471-7. [PMID: 18277706 DOI: 10.1556/avet.55.2007.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the presence of Malassezia spp. in the external ear canal of cats with and without otitis. Forty-five animals were studied, 20 with and 25 without otitis externa (OE). Cerumen or secretion from external ear canal samples was cultured on modified Mycosel agar and sterile olive oil was added to the surface of the medium before specimen seeding. The isolates were analysed for macro- and micromorphology and identified by catalase tests and on the basis of growth on Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80. Malassezia spp. were isolated from 15 out of 20 (75%) animals with otitis and from 7 out of 25 (28%) cats without OE; the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < or = 0.05). Malassezia pachydermatis and M. sympodialis were isolated from 60% (12/20) and 40% (8/20) of cats with otitis, respectively, with no significant difference in the frequency of isolation between the two species. In the microflora of the healthy ear canal M. pachydermatis was significantly more common (6/25, 24%) than M sympodialis (1/25, 4%). The present investigation confirms that M. sympodialis can also act as an aetiological agent of feline OE, and if commercial veterinary laboratories do not use media with added lipids for the isolation of Malassezia spp., this might lead to false-negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dizotti
- 1 Paulista University (UNIP) Veterinary Medicine Faculty Rua Agariba 48 São Paulo SP 05053-010 Brazil
| | - Selene Coutinho
- 1 Paulista University (UNIP) Veterinary Medicine Faculty Rua Agariba 48 São Paulo SP 05053-010 Brazil
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Ordeix L, Galeotti F, Scarampella F, Dedola C, Bardagí M, Romano E, Fondati A. Malassezia spp. overgrowth in allergic cats. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18:316-23. [PMID: 17845619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 allergic cats with multifocal Malassezia spp. overgrowth is reported: atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in 16, an adverse food reaction in another and one was euthanized 2 months after diagnosis of Malassezia overgrowth. All the cats were otherwise healthy and those tested (16 out of 18) for feline leukaemia or feline immunodeficiency virus infections were all negative. At dermatological examination, multifocal alopecia, erythema, crusting and greasy adherent brownish scales were variably distributed on all cats. Cytological examination revealed Malassezia spp. overgrowth with/without bacterial infection in facial skin (n = 11), ventral neck (n = 6), abdomen (n = 6), ear canal (n = 4), chin (n = 2), ear pinnae (n = 2), interdigital (n = 1) and claw folds skin (n = 1). Moreover, in two cats Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated in fungal cultures from lesional skin. Azoles therapy alone was prescribed in seven, azoles and antibacterial therapy in eight and azoles with both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy in three of the cats. After 3-4 weeks of treatment, substantial reduction of pruritus and skin lesions was observed in all 11 cats treated with a combined therapy and in five of seven treated solely with azoles. Malassezia spp. overgrowth may represent a secondary cutaneous problem in allergic cats particularly in those presented for dermatological examination displaying greasy adherent brownish scales. The favourable response to treatment with antifungal treatments alone suggests that, as in dogs, Malassezia spp. may be partly responsible for both pruritus and cutaneous lesions in allergic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ordeix
- Studio Dermatologico Veterinario, Milano, Italy.
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Colombo S, Nardoni S, Cornegliani L, Mancianti F. Prevalence of Malassezia spp. yeasts in feline nail folds: a cytological and mycological study. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18:278-83. [PMID: 17610495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia spp. yeasts are commensal organisms of mammal and avian skin, but little is known about their presence on the skin of healthy cats. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of Malassezia spp. yeasts in feline nail folds and to identify the different species. Forty-six cats of different breeds were evaluated by cytological examination, and Malassezia spp. yeasts were seen in 61% of them. Yeasts were found in 100% of Devon Rex cats [mean 8.63/oil immersion field (high-power field - HPF)]. Conversely, only 42% of cats of other breeds (domestic short-haired and Persian) were positive (mean 0.59/HPF). Twenty-one cats of different breeds were subsequently evaluated by fungal culture. Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated from 52%, M. furfur from 38%, and M. sympodialis from 9.5% of the cats. More than one species was observed in eight of 21 cats, six of which were Devon Rex. Malassezia spp. yeasts are common inhabitants of feline nail folds, especially in Devon Rex cats, and the presence of a high number of yeasts on cytology correlates with the clinical observation of brown, greasy material in the nail folds. M. pachydermatis and two lipid-dependent species were isolated from both Devon Rex cats and cats of other breeds.
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