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Seigner S, Weber K, Dorsch R. [Urinalysis in dogs and cats, part 1: physical and chemical urinalysis]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:168-181. [PMID: 37567179 DOI: 10.1055/a-2107-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The urinalysis of dogs and cats is an important part of the diagnostic evaluation of urinary tract diseases as well as for the identification of systemic diseases. A routine urinalysis consists of a physical and chemical examination of the urine as well as an examination of the urine sediment. Various urine collection methods (free-catch, catheterization, cystocentesis) are available. Each method has multiple advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate method must be chosen individually for each patient depending on the emphasis of the examination. The urine should ideally be examined within 30 minutes of collection as it is prone to change due to time and storage. Physical examination of the urine consists of the determination of urine color, clarity, and specific gravity which provides information regarding the concentration of the urine. The latter is determined by refractometry and needs to be interpreted in the context of the hydration status of the patient. Chemical examination of the urine consists of the determination of the pH value and the presence of blood/hemoglobin/myoglobin, protein, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, and ketones. The use of commercially available urine dipsticks is common. These must be stored and used according to the manufacturer's instructions and when interpreting the results, veterinary aspects need to be taken into consideration. The physical and chemical examinations of the urine represent rapid and readily performable methods that provide important information for the diagnosis or the exclusion of numerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Seigner
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Karin Weber
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Fleeman L, Gostelow R. Updates in Feline Diabetes Mellitus and Hypersomatotropism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1085-1105. [PMID: 32680669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Flash glucose monitoring is a novel, noninvasive monitoring technique that is increasingly used in the management of small animal diabetes. This article provides guidance on the use of flash glucose monitoring in cats and demonstrates how this technique can be used in a range of feline diabetic cases, including those where management is proving challenging. Other aspects of complicated feline diabetic care are also discussed, including management of the sick diabetic cat, potassium depletion myopathy, and treatment options for cats with hypersomatotropism-associated diabetes mellitus. The use of insulin glargine 300 U/ml as a promising new long-acting insulin for diabetic cats is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, 9-11 Miles Street, Mulgrave, Victoria 3170, Australia
| | - Ruth Gostelow
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Machac N, Kaya Karasu G, Sahin N, Orhan C, Sahin K, Iben C. Effects of supplementation of chromium histidinate on glucose, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:331-338. [PMID: 30467904 PMCID: PMC7379520 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, two meta-analyses of chromium (Cr) supplementation have shown beneficial effects on glucose metabolism. Chromium histidinate (CrHis) reduces serum glucose levels in rats fed a high-fat diet but no study has been conducted on cats until now. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CrHis on glucose and lipid metabolism in cats. To challenge the glucose metabolism, 16 cats were fed a high-carbohydrate high-fat diet for three months. One group (n = 8) received 800 ug CrHis per day for two months, while the other group (n = 8) served as control group. An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted, blood samples were taken, and biochemical parameters and oxidative stress were measured. CrHis serum levels were significantly increased (p = 0.027) in the treatment group, while fructosamine levels were significantly lower (p = 0.029) in the control group. In both groups, glucose (p < 0.01), b-hydroxy-butyrate (p = 0.024) and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (p = 0.028) levels decreased significantly and cholesterol levels increased significantly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, CrHis did not improve glucose or lipid metabolism and did not affect oxidative stress in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Machac
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant CompoundsUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gulsah Kaya Karasu
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant CompoundsUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
| | - Christine Iben
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant CompoundsUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
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Fulcher YG, Fotso M, Chang CH, Rindt H, Reinero CR, Van Doren SR. Noninvasive Recognition and Biomarkers of Early Allergic Asthma in Cats Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis of NMR Spectra of Exhaled Breath Condensate. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164394. [PMID: 27764146 PMCID: PMC5072706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is prevalent in children and cats, and needs means of noninvasive diagnosis. We sought to distinguish noninvasively the differences in 53 cats before and soon after induction of allergic asthma, using NMR spectra of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Statistical pattern recognition was improved considerably by preprocessing the spectra with probabilistic quotient normalization and glog transformation. Classification of the 106 preprocessed spectra by principal component analysis and partial least squares with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) appears to be impaired by variances unrelated to eosinophilic asthma. By filtering out confounding variances, orthogonal signal correction (OSC) PLS-DA greatly improved the separation of the healthy and early asthmatic states, attaining 94% specificity and 94% sensitivity in predictions. OSC enhancement of multi-level PLS-DA boosted the specificity of the prediction to 100%. OSC-PLS-DA of the normalized spectra suggest the most promising biomarkers of allergic asthma in cats to include increased acetone, metabolite(s) with overlapped NMR peaks near 5.8 ppm, and a hydroxyphenyl-containing metabolite, as well as decreased phthalate. Acetone is elevated in the EBC of 74% of the cats with early asthma. The noninvasive detection of early experimental asthma, biomarkers in EBC, and metabolic perturbation invite further investigation of the diagnostic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan G. Fulcher
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
| | - Martial Fotso
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
| | - Chee-Hoon Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Hans Rindt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chong SK, Reineke EL. Point-of-Care Glucose and Ketone Monitoring. Top Companion Anim Med 2016; 31:18-26. [PMID: 27451045 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Early and rapid identification of hypo- and hyperglycemia as well as ketosis is essential for the practicing veterinarian as these conditions can be life threatening and require emergent treatment. Point-of-care testing for both glucose and ketone is available for clinical use and it is important for the veterinarian to understand the limitations and potential sources of error with these tests. This article discusses the devices used to monitor blood glucose including portable blood glucose meters, point-of-care blood gas analyzers and continuous glucose monitoring systems. Ketone monitoring options discussed include the nitroprusside reagent test strips and the 3-β-hydroxybutyrate ketone meter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Kim Chong
- Emergency and Critical Care, Matthew J Ryan Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Erica L Reineke
- Emergency and Critical Care, Matthew J Ryan Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Gorman L, Sharkey LC, Armstrong PJ, Little K, Rendahl A. Serum Beta Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease, Hyperthyroidism, or Hepatic Lipidosis. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:611-6. [PMID: 26773702 PMCID: PMC4913593 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketones, including beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), are produced in conditions of negative energy balance and decreased glucose utilization. Serum BHB concentrations in cats are poorly characterized in diseases other than diabetes mellitus. HYPOTHESIS Serum BHB concentrations will be increased in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperthyroidism (HT), or hepatic lipidosis (HL). ANIMALS Twenty-eight client-owned cats with CKD, 34 cats with HT, and 15 cats with HL; 43 healthy cats. METHODS Prospective observational study. Serum BHB concentrations were measured at admission in cats with CKD, HT, and HL, for comparison with a reference interval established using healthy cats. Results of dipstick urine ketone measurement, when available, were compared to BHB measurement. RESULTS Beta hydroxybutyrate was above the reference interval (<0.11 mmol/L) in 6/28 cats (21%) with CKD, 7/34 cats (20%) with HT, and 11/15 cats (73%) with HL, significantly exceeding the expected 2.5% above the reference interval for healthy cats (P < .001 for all groups). Elevations were mild in CKD and HT groups (median BHB 0.1 mmol/L for both groups, 80th percentile 0.12 and 0.11 mmol/L, respectively), but more marked in HL cats (median BHB 0.2 mmol/L, 80th percentile 0.84 mmol/L). None of 11 cats with increased serum BHB concentration having urine dipstick analysis performed within 24 h of sampling for BHB were ketonuric. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Increases in serum BHB concentrations occur in cats with CKD, HT, and HL, and might provide an useful index of catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gorman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - L C Sharkey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - P J Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - K Little
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - A Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Bresciani F, Pietra M, Corradini S, Giunti M, Fracassi F. Accuracy of capillary blood 3-β-hydroxybutyrate determination for the detection and treatment of canine diabetic ketoacidosis. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:309-16. [PMID: 24675829 PMCID: PMC4087234 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In human medicine, diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is usually based on measurement of capillary 3-β-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) with a hand held ketone sensor. This study was conducted to determine if measurement of capillary 3-HB could be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of canine DKA. Fifteen dogs with diabetic ketosis and 10 with DKA were evaluated. Paired measurements of 3-HB of capillary and venous blood samples were analysed by the electrochemical sensor and reference method. Use of capillary 3-HB measurement during DKA management was then evaluated through simultaneous measurements of capillary 3-HB, urinary AcAc and venous blood gas analysis. Good agreement between capillary and venous 3-HB measurement was detected by the electrochemical sensor and reference method. Monitoring treatment of DKA revealed a significant correlation between capillary 3-HB and acidosis markers, while no significant correlation was observed between AcAc and acidosis markers. A cut-off value of capillary blood 3-HB >3.8 mmol/L for diagnosis of DKA resulted in 70% and 92% sensitivity and specificity. The electrochemical sensor accurately measures 3-HB concentration in both capillary and venous blood samples, is accurate in diagnosing canine DKA, and appears to reflect the patient's metabolic status during DKA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bresciani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Rand JS. Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:367-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zeugswetter FK, Rebuzzi L. Point-of-care β-hydroxybutyrate measurement for the diagnosis of feline diabetic ketoacidaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:328-31. [PMID: 22533366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate accuracy and precision of a hand-held ketone meter measuring β-hydroxybutyrate and to determine its diagnostic performance to rule out ketoacidaemia in diabetic cats. METHODS The ketone meter was validated by calculating within-day precision at different β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and by comparison with a laboratory method. To determine its diagnostic performance to diagnose ketoacidaemia, 217 sets of data (venous blood gas analysis and β-hydroxybutyrate measurements) were retrospectively analysed. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated with the help of receiver-operating characteristic curves. RESULTS The ketone meter reliably detected β-hydroxybutyrate at concentrations >0·1 mmol/L and reproducibility was acceptable. Measurements highly correlated with laboratory results (r=0·97; P<0·001), but a significant negative bias was found at high concentrations. A β-hydroxybutyrate concentration of >2·55 mmol/L had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 68% for diagnosing ketoacidaemia. Many cats with high β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and normal blood pH had an elevated chloride gap suggestive of superimposed hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The commercially available point-of-care ketone meter Precision Xtra is a valid tool to measure β-hydroxybutyrate in diabetic cats. Concentration <2·55 mmol/L enable ketoacidaemia to be excluded and should lead to redirection of differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Zeugswetter
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, Austria
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Weingart C, Lotz F, Kohn B. Validation of a portable hand-held whole-blood ketone meter for use in cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:114-8. [PMID: 22250845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary dipsticks are the most frequent method used for screening of ketones in animals, but this method has many drawbacks. In human medicine, portable meters that measure ketones in whole blood have largely replaced urinary dipsticks. OBJECTIVE The aim of this prospective study was to validate a portable whole-blood ketone meter for use in cats. METHODS Sixty-two cats (11 clinically healthy, 51 with diabetes mellitus) were included in the study. The concentration of β-hydroxybuyrate (β-HB) was measured in venous and capillary blood with a hand-held ketone meter (Precision Xceed; assay range 0-8 mmol/L) and compared with a spectrophotometric method. Precision, accuracy, and the effects of hematocrit and anticoagulants were evaluated. RESULTS Between-run precision using low- and high-concentration control solutions was 8.1% and 2.6%, respectively; within-run coefficient of variation determined using 12 feline blood samples was 2.8%. In the 62 cats, β-HB concentrations measured with the portable ketone meter ranged from 0-7.4 mmol/L (median 0.9 mmol/L). When β-HB concentrations measured by the portable meter were < 4.0 mmol/L there was good agreement with the reference method, but concentrations > 4.0 mmol/L were lower than those obtained by the reference method in 20 of 24 cats (83%). There was good correlation between capillary and venous measurements. Results were not affected by hematocrits from 0.17 to 0.50 L/L, but EDTA was not a suitable anticoagulant. CONCLUSION Measurement of β-HB concentration in peripheral or capillary blood by an easy-to-use portable ketone meter was suitable for detecting ketonemia in cats. Underestimation of β-HB concentration was observed at higher values, but results were sufficiently high to aid in diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weingart
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Weingart C, Lotz F, Kohn B. Measurement of β-hydroxybutyrate in cats with nonketotic diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketosis, and diabetic ketoacidosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:295-300. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711428332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The standard method of detection of ketone bodies is the dipstick method, which detects semiquantitatively acetoacetate, but not β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB). The objectives of the current study were to assess the diagnostic utility of β-HB to diagnose diabetic ketosis (DK) and DKA in cats and to establish a cut-off value for the diagnosis of DKA. Sixty-two cats were included in the study. Eleven cats were healthy (group 1); in the remainder of cats (51), a diagnosis of DM was based on hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and increased fructosamine concentrations. Nineteen of 51 cats suffered from nonketotic diabetes mellitus (group 2). In 11 cats, plasma ketone bodies were detected with the dipstick method (diabetic ketosis, group 3). In 21 cats, plasma ketone bodies and metabolic acidosis were present (DKA, group 4). Plasma β-HB was measured in all cats by an enzymatic method (spectrophotometry). A cut-off value for the diagnosis of DKA was calculated based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. In healthy cats, the β-HB concentration ranged from 0 to 0.1 mmol/l; in cats of group 2, from 0 to 0.9 mmol/l (median: 0.1 mmol/l); in cats of group 3, from 0.6 to 6.8 mmol/l (median: 1.7 mmol/l); and in cats of group 4, from 3.8 to 12.2 mmol/l (median: 7.9 mmol/l). A cut-off value of 2.4 mmol/l revealed 100% sensitivity and 87% specificity to diagnose DKA. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a useful parameter for the diagnosis of diabetic ketosis and DKA in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weingart
- Clinic of Small Animals (Weingart, Kohn), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Data Processing (Lotz), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Lotz
- Clinic of Small Animals (Weingart, Kohn), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Data Processing (Lotz), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Clinic of Small Animals (Weingart, Kohn), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Data Processing (Lotz), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Aroch I, Shechter-Polak M, Segev G. A retrospective study of serum β-hydroxybutyric acid in 215 ill cats: clinical signs, laboratory findings and diagnoses. Vet J 2011; 191:240-5. [PMID: 21316992 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (sBHBA) are increased in cats with diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hepatic lipidosis (HL). This study assessed sBHBA as a diagnostic tool in 215 consecutively-enrolled ill cats in the general population in a veterinary hospital. At the time of presentation, sBHBA was within the reference range in 158/215 (73.5%) cats (median 0.27; range 0.00-0.49 mmol/L) and elevated in 57/215 (26.5%) cats (median 0.87; range 0.51-21.45 mmol/L). Compared to cats with normal sBHBA, those with increased sBHBA had higher frequencies of anorexia, weight loss, icterus, polyuria/polydipsia, hyperbilirubinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, pancreatitis, HL, DM and DKA. They had higher concentrations of bilirubin and triglycerides and lower concentrations of potassium, chloride and total protein. There were positive correlations (P<0.01) between sBHBA and urinary glucose (r=0.42) and ketones (r=0.76), but there were no group differences in dipstick levels of urinary ketones. Cats with DM/DKA and with HL had significantly higher sBHBA compared to other cats. Receiver operator characteristics analysis of sBHBA as a predictor of HL showed that sBHBA was a good predictor of HL. Increased sBHBA occurs frequently in ill cats and provides useful diagnostic information, especially in DM/DKA and HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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