1
|
Ferrari E, de P Secchin CR, Santana AE. First report of oral cryptococcal osteomyelitis in a cat. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1315-1320. [PMID: 37126185 PMCID: PMC10235381 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a worldwide-distributed fungal disease affecting humans and animals and is considered the most common systemic mycosis in cats. Classically, the clinical presentation of cryptococcal infection in cats consists of solitary or multiple nodules located on the planum nasale or the bridge of the nose. Bone involvement as cryptococcal osteomyelitis is a rare clinical entity of cryptococcosis. Herein, this case report describes a domestic shorthair cat with osteomyelitis of the mandibular bone resulting from Cryptococcus spp. infection. During the physical examination, a subcutaneous mass measuring approximately 6 cm in diameter was identified at the mandibular region. Cytological evaluation revealed numerous encapsulated yeasts resembling Cryptococcus spp. Histopathological examination revealed multifocal to coalescent subcutaneous granulomatous inflammation with a large number of spherical yeasts surrounded by a clear capsule. These yeasts were positive for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The cat was successfully treated with a combination of itraconazole therapy and surgical management. To the author's knowledge, this is the first clinical report of oral cryptococcal osteomyelitis in a cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferrari
- Clínica Veterinária Flapatas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Dermatology at FATECPR Equalis Polo Sul, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Aline E Santana
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schmertmann LJ, Stalder K, Hudson D, Martin P, Makara M, Meyer W, Malik R, Krockenberger MB. Cryptococcosis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): pathogenesis and treatment in the context of two atypical cases. Med Mycol 2019. [PMID: 29529308 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus gattii (molecular type VGI) was diagnosed in an adult free-ranging female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Subclinical cryptococcosis was later diagnosed in this koala's joey. In the adult koala, a pathological fracture of the tibia was associated with the bone lysis of marked focal cryptococcal osteomyelitis. Limb-sparing orthopedic intervention, in the setting of disseminated cryptococcosis, was judged to have a poor prognosis, and the adult koala was euthanized. The joey was removed and hand-reared. Serological testing revealed persistent and increasing cryptococcal capsular antigenemia in the absence of clinical signs of disease and it was subsequently treated with oral fluconazole for approximately 16 months, rehabilitated and released into the wild. It was sighted 3 months post-release in a good state of health and again at 18 months post-release but was not recaptured on either occasion. This is the first published report of cryptococcal appendicular osteomyelitis in a koala. It is also the first report of concurrent disease in a dependent juvenile and the successful treatment of subclinical cryptococcosis to full resolution of the cryptococcal antigenemia in a free-ranging koala. This paper provides a discussion of cryptococcal osteomyelitis in animals, host-pathogen-environment interactions and treatment and monitoring protocols for cryptococcosis in koalas. Published reports describing the treatment of cryptococcosis in koalas are also collated and summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Schmertmann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn Stalder
- Noah's Ark Veterinary Services, Nelson Bay, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donald Hudson
- Noah's Ark Veterinary Services, Nelson Bay, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Martin
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - Mariano Makara
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanchini L, Reading M, Williams T, Archer J. Unusual clinical presentation of cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sanchini
- Department of Veterinary MedicineCambridge Veterinary SchoolCambridgeUK
| | - Mark Reading
- Department of Veterinary MedicineCambridge Veterinary SchoolCambridgeUK
| | - Tim Williams
- Department of Veterinary MedicineCambridge Veterinary SchoolCambridgeUK
| | - Joy Archer
- Department of Veterinary MedicineCambridge Veterinary SchoolCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
O'Halloran C, Dobromylskyj M. Clinical mycobacterial diseases of companion animals: part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/coan.2017.22.6.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh EH25 9RG
| | - Melanie Dobromylskyj
- Finn Pathologists, Histopathology Department, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk IP21 5TT
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pennisi MG, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Ferrer L, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Cryptococcosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:611-8. [PMID: 23813826 PMCID: PMC11148960 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Cryptococcosis is worldwide the most common systemic fungal disease in cats; it is caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans- Cryptococcus gattii species complex, which includes eight genotypes and some subtypes (strains) with varying geographical distribution, pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility. Cats acquire the infection from a contaminated environment. The prognosis is favourable in most cases, provided a diagnosis is obtained sufficiently early and prolonged treatment is maintained. INFECTION Basidiospores are the infectious propagules of Cryptococcus species as they penetrate the respiratory system and induce primary infection. Asymptomatic colonisation of the respiratory tract is more common than clinical disease. Avian guanos, particularly pigeon droppings, offer favourable conditions for the reproduction of C neoformans. Both Cryptococcus species are associated with decaying vegetation. DISEASE SIGNS Cryptococcosis caused by C neoformans or C gattii is indistinguishable clinically. The disease can present in nasal, central nervous system (which can derive from the nasal form or occur independently), cutaneous and systemic forms. DIAGNOSIS An easy and reliable test for cryptococcosis diagnosis is antigen detection in body fluids. Only isolation and polymerase chain reaction allow identification of the species genotype. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole have all been used to treat cats. Surgical excision of any nodules in the skin, nasal or oral mucosa assists recovery. Continued treatment is recommended until the antigen test is negative. PREVENTION Efficient preventive measures have not been demonstrated. Vaccines are not available.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lloret A, Hartmann K, Pennisi MG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Mycobacterioses in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:591-7. [PMID: 23813823 PMCID: PMC11148952 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Mycobacterial infections are important in humans and animals. Cats can be infected by several Mycobacterium species, which may cause different syndromes, mainly tuberculosis, atypical or non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis and leprosy. In recent years, awareness has increased about how to recognise and confirm these infections. More cases are diagnosed today, which probably means that the disease has escaped detection in the past. INFECTION Most cases in cats are cutaneous, presenting as nodules in the skin and draining tracts, ulceration and local lymphadenopathy; however, systemic dissemination may also occur. DIAGNOSIS Definitive diagnosis is difficult when the bacterium cannot be detected by histology or culture. However, species confirmation is essential for treatment and prognosis, so material for culture and polymerase chain reaction should be submitted in every suspected case. TREATMENT Treatment is challenging. A combination of two or three antibiotics is needed, and treatment must be continued for some months, which makes owner compliance especially difficult in cats. ZOONOTIC RISK: There is a zoonotic risk associated with some mycobacterial species. Concerns should be communicated in every case of an immunocompromised owner in contact with an infected cat.
Collapse
|