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Zhang R, Sun J, Xie Y, Zhu W, Tao M, Chen Y, Xie W, Bade R, Jiang S, Liu X, Shao G, Pan W, Zhou C, Jia X. Mutant kri1l causes abnormal retinal development via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:251. [PMID: 38789412 PMCID: PMC11126728 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Damage to the ribosome or an imbalance in protein biosynthesis can lead to some human diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other eye diseases. Here, we reported that the kri1l gene was responsible for retinal development. The kri1l gene encodes an essential component of the rRNA small subunit processome. The retinal structure was disrupted in kri1l mutants, which resulted in small eyes. The boundaries of each layer of cells in the retina were blurred, and each layer of cells was narrowed and decreased. The photoreceptor cells and Müller glia cells almost disappeared in kri1l mutants. The lack of photoreceptor cells caused a fear of light response. The development of the retina started without abnormalities, and the abnormalities began two days after fertilization. In the kri1l mutant, retinal cell differentiation was defective, resulting in the disappearance of cone cells and Müller cells. The proliferation of retinal cells was increased, while apoptosis was also enhanced in kri1l mutants. γ-H2AX upregulation indicated the accumulation of DNA damage, which resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The kri1l mutation reduced the expression of some opsin genes and key retinal genes, which are also essential for retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Yabin Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Meitong Tao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rengui Bade
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjiang Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China.
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China.
- Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Prokai L, Zaman K, Prokai-Tatrai K. Mass spectrometry-based retina proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1032-1062. [PMID: 35670041 PMCID: PMC9730434 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A subfield of neuroproteomics, retina proteomics has experienced a transformative growth since its inception due to methodological advances in enabling chemical, biochemical, and molecular biology techniques. This review focuses on mass spectrometry's contributions to facilitate mammalian and avian retina proteomics to catalog and quantify retinal protein expressions, determine their posttranslational modifications, as well as its applications to study the proteome of the retina in the context of biology, health and diseases, and therapy developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Khadiza Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Arruda JE, McInnis MC, Steele J. Standardization and Validation of the Flash Visual Evoked Potential-P2 Conversion Scores in the Diagnosis of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Dementia. Clin EEG Neurosci 2023; 54:61-72. [PMID: 34994216 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211069727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), which is characterized by normal daily activity, but a significant decline in episodic memory, is now widely accepted as a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Research suggests that many of the same neuropathological changes associated with AD also occur in patients diagnosed with aMCI. A recent review of the literature revealed that the latency of the flash visual-evoked potential-P2 (FVEP-P2) may possess pathognomonic information that may assist in the early detection of aMCI. While standards exist for the recording of FVEP-P2, individual clinics often use recording parameters that may differ, resulting in latencies that may not generalize beyond the clinic that produced them. The present article illustrates the process by which the FVEP-P2 latency can be standardized across clinics using FVEP-P2 Conversion Scores. We then demonstrate the diagnostic accuracy of the newly developed scores. Method: In the present investigation, we used the previously unpublished data containing the FVEP-P2 latencies of 45 AD and 60 controls. Result: We were able to demonstrate the process by which individual clinics may first standardize FVEP-P2 latencies and then examine patient performance using FVEP-P2 Conversion Scores, providing clinicians with a richer context from which to examine the patient performance. Conclusion: Consistent with the findings of previous research, the findings of the present investigation support the use of the FVEP-P2 Conversion Scores in the diagnosis of AD. Future directions, including the modification of recording parameters associated with the FVEP-P2, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Arruda
- 6491University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Madison C McInnis
- 115599Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Steele
- 6491University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, Florida, USA
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Karamali F, Behtaj S, Babaei-Abraki S, Hadady H, Atefi A, Savoj S, Soroushzadeh S, Najafian S, Nasr Esfahani MH, Klassen H. Potential therapeutic strategies for photoreceptor degeneration: the path to restore vision. J Transl Med 2022; 20:572. [PMID: 36476500 PMCID: PMC9727916 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors (PRs), as the most abundant and light-sensing cells of the neuroretina, are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. PR degeneration, including morphological and functional impairment of these cells, causes significant diminution of the retina's ability to detect light, with consequent loss of vision. Recent findings in ocular regenerative medicine have opened promising avenues to apply neuroprotective therapy, gene therapy, cell replacement therapy, and visual prostheses to the challenge of restoring vision. However, successful visual restoration in the clinical setting requires application of these therapeutic approaches at the appropriate stage of the retinal degeneration. In this review, firstly, we discuss the mechanisms of PR degeneration by focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell death. Subsequently, innovations, recent developments, and promising treatments based on the stage of disorder progression are further explored. Then, the challenges to be addressed before implementation of these therapies in clinical practice are considered. Finally, potential solutions to overcome the current limitations of this growing research area are suggested. Overall, the majority of current treatment modalities are still at an early stage of development and require extensive additional studies, both pre-clinical and clinical, before full restoration of visual function in PR degeneration diseases can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Karamali
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Behtaj
- grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia ,grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Shahnaz Babaei-Abraki
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hanieh Hadady
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Atefi
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soraya Savoj
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sareh Soroushzadeh
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Najafian
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Henry Klassen
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA USA
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Telegina DV, Antonenko AK, Fursova AZ, Kolosova NG. The glutamate/GABA system in the retina of male rats: effects of aging, neurodegeneration, and supplementation with melatonin and antioxidant SkQ1. Biogerontology 2022; 23:571-585. [PMID: 35969289 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the most abundant amino acids in the retina. An imbalance of the glutamate/GABA system is involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Here we for the first time analyzed alterations of expression of glutamate- and GABA-synthesizing enzymes, transporters, and relevant receptors in the retina with age in Wistar rats and in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats who develop AMD-like retinopathy. We noted consistent age-dependent expression changes of GABAergic-system proteins (GAD67, GABA-T, and GAT1) in OXYS and Wistar rats: upregulation by age 3 months and downregulation at age 18 months. At a late stage of AMD-like retinopathy in OXYS rats (18 months), there was significant upregulation of glutaminase and downregulation of glutamine synthetase, possibly indicating an increasing level of glutamate in the retina. AMD-like-retinopathy development in the OXYS strain was accompanied by underexpression of glutamate transporter GLAST. Prolonged supplementation with both melatonin and SkQ1 (separately) suppressed the progression of the AMD-like pathology in OXYS rats without affecting the glutamate/GABA system but worsened the condition of the Wistar rat's retina during normal aging. We observed decreasing protein levels of glutamine synthetase, GLAST, and GABAAR1 and an increasing level of glutaminase in Wistar rats. In summary, both melatonin and mitochondrial antioxidant SkQ1 had different effect on the retinal glutamate / GABA in healthy Wistar and senescence-accelerated OXYS rats.
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Millette MA, Roy S, Salesse C. Farnesylation and lipid unsaturation are critical for the membrane binding of the C-terminal segment of G-Protein Receptor Kinase 1. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 211:112315. [PMID: 35026543 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins are modified by the covalent addition of different types of lipids, such as myristoylation, palmitoylation and prenylation. Lipidation is expected to promote membrane association of proteins. Visual phototransduction involves many lipid-modified proteins. The G-Protein-coupled receptor of rod photoreceptors, rhodopsin, is inactivated by G-Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 1 (GRK1). The C-terminus of GRK1 is farnesylated and its truncation has been shown to result in a very high decrease of its enzymatic activity, most likely because of the loss of its membrane localization. Little information is available on the membrane binding of GRK1 as well as of most prenylated proteins. Measurements of the membrane binding of the non-farnesylated and farnesylated C-terminal segment of GRK1 were thus performed using lipids typical of those found in rod outer segment disk membranes. Their random coil secondary structure was determined using circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy. The non-farnesylated C-terminal segment of GRK1 has no surface activity. In contrast, the farnesylated C-terminal segment of GRK1 shows a particularly strong binding to lipid monolayers bearing at least one unsaturated fatty acyl chain. No binding is observed in the presence of monolayers of saturated phospholipids, in agreement with the low affinity of farnesylated Ras proteins for lipids in the liquid-ordered state. Altogether, these data demonstrate that the farnesyl group of the C-terminal segment of GRK1 is mandatory for its membrane binding, which is favored by particular lipids or lipid mixtures. This information will also be useful for the understanding of the membrane binding of other prenylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Millette
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, and Regroupement stratégique PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Roy
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, and Regroupement stratégique PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Salesse
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, and Regroupement stratégique PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Alfonsetti M, Castelli V, d’Angelo M, Benedetti E, Allegretti M, Barboni B, Cimini A. Looking for In Vitro Models for Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10334. [PMID: 34638674 PMCID: PMC8508697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina is a layered structure of the eye, composed of different cellular components working together to produce a complex visual output. Because of its important role in visual function, retinal pathologies commonly represent the main causes of visual injury and blindness in the industrialized world. It is important to develop in vitro models of retinal diseases to use them in first screenings before translating in in vivo experiments and clinics. For this reason, it is important to develop bidimensional (2D) models that are more suitable for drug screening and toxicological studies and tridimensional (3D) models, which can replicate physiological conditions, for investigating pathological mechanisms leading to visual loss. This review provides an overview of the most common retinal diseases, relating to in vivo models, with a specific focus on alternative 2D and 3D in vitro models that can replicate the different cellular and matrix components of retinal layers, as well as injury insults that induce retinal disease and loss of the visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Alfonsetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Michele d’Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Barbara Barboni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Membrane binding properties of the C-terminal segment of retinol dehydrogenase 8. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183605. [PMID: 33766534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Light absorption by rhodopsin leads to the release of all-trans retinal (ATRal) in the lipid phase of photoreceptor disc membranes. Retinol dehydrogenase 8 (RDH8) then reduces ATRal into all-trans retinol, which is the first step of the visual cycle. The membrane binding of RDH8 has been postulated to be mediated by one or more palmitoylated cysteines located in its C-terminus. Different peptide variants of the C-terminus of RDH8 were thus used to obtain information on the mechanism of membrane binding of this enzyme. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed using short and long C-terminal segments of bovine RDH8, comprising one or two tryptophan residues. The data demonstrate that the amphipathic alpha helical structure of the first portion of the C-terminus of RDH8 strongly contributes to its membrane binding, which is also favored by palmitoylation of at least one of the cysteines located in the last portion of the C-terminus.
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Ouyang XL, Chen BY, Xie YF, Wu YD, Guo SJ, Dong XY, Wang GH. Whole transcriptome analysis on blue light-induced eye damage. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1210-1222. [PMID: 32821674 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze abnormal gene expressions of mice eyes exposed to blue light using RNA-seq and analyze the related signaling pathways. METHODS Kunming mice were divided into an experimental group that was exposed to blue light and a control group that was exposed to natural light. After 14d, the mice were euthanized and their eyeballs were collected. Whole transcriptome analysis was attempted to analyze the gene expression of the eyeballs using RNA-seq to reconstruct genetic networks. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to reveal the related signaling pathways. RESULTS The 737 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 430 up and 307 down regulated genes, by calculating the gene FPKM in each sample and conducting differential gene analysis. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that blue light damage may associated with the visual perception, sensory perception of light stimulus, phototransduction, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Differential lncRNA, circRNA and miRNA analysis showed that blue light exposure affected pathways for retinal cone cell development and phototransduction, among others. CONCLUSION Exposure to blue light can cause a certain degree of abnormal gene expression and modulate signaling pathways in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Li Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo-Yu Chen
- Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong-Fang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shao-Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guo-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
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