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Song Y, Van Hoecke E, Madhu N. Portable and Non-Intrusive Fill-State Detection for Liquid-Freight Containers Based on Vibration Signals. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7901. [PMID: 36298253 PMCID: PMC9610216 DOI: 10.3390/s22207901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Remote, automated querying of fill-states of liquid-freight containers can significantly boost the operational efficiency of rail- and storage-yards. Most existing methods for fill-state detection are intrusive, or require sophisticated instrumentation and specific testing conditions, making them unsuitable here, due to the noisy and changeable surroundings and restricted access to the interior. We present a non-intrusive system that exploits the influence of the fill-state on the container's response to an external excitation. Using a solenoid and accelerometer mounted on the exterior wall of the container, to generate pulsed excitation and to measure the container response, the fill-state can be detected. The decision can be either a binary (empty/non-empty) label or a (quantised) prediction of the liquid level. We also investigate the choice of the signal features for the detection/classification, and the placement of the sensor and actuator. Experiments conducted in real settings validate the algorithms and the prototypes. Results show that the placement of the sensor and actuator along the base of the container is the best in terms of detection accuracy. In terms of signal features, linear predictive cepstral coefficients possess sufficient discriminative information. The prediction accuracy is 100% for binary classification and exceeds 80% for quantised level prediction.
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A two-stage automatic labeling method for detecting abnormal food items in X-ray images. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Analysis and Validation of Ultrasonic Probes in Liquid Level Monitoring Systems. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041320. [PMID: 33673392 PMCID: PMC7918519 DOI: 10.3390/s21041320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Selecting and designing the optimum ultrasonic probe is vital for ultrasonic measurements and experiments. The amplitude of the emitted ultrasonic wave excitation signal as well as the diameter and the natural frequency of the probe seriously affect the validity of the probe results. In this paper, we analyze the significance of the key parameters of the ultrasonic probe theoretically. Further, an external fixed-point liquid level monitoring system was assembled according to the principle of ultrasonic reflection and transmission. On this experimental platform, we study the key parameters of the ultrasonic probe that affect the system evaluation through a simulation and experiment, and select the optimal sensor parameters for this experiment. The evaluations show that under the experimental conditions where the tested container is made of aluminum alloy and its wall thickness is 3 mm, the best results are obtained when the diameter of the ultrasonic sensor is 15 mm, the amplitude of the emitted excitation signal is ±15 V, and the frequency is 1 MHz. The results’ average deviation is less than ±0.22 V. The evaluations are consistent with the simulation results. This research can effectively monitor the liquid in the closed, ultra-thin-walled container, and can realize non-contact measurement. It provides an effective basis for the parameters selection and design of the ultrasonic probe in the ultrasonic-based experiments and tests.
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Assessment of avocado textural changes during ripening by using contactless air-coupled ultrasound. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Milk as a Complex Multiphase Polydisperse System: Approaches for the Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk is a product that requires quality control at all stages of production: from the dairy farm, processing at the dairy plant to finished products. Milk is a complex multiphase polydisperse system, whose components not only determine the quality and price of raw milk, but also reflect the physiological state of the herd. Today’s production volumes and rates require simple, fast, cost-effective, and accurate analytical methods, and most manufacturers want to move away from methods that use reagents that increase analysis time and move to rapid analysis methods. The review presents methods for the rapid determination of the main components of milk, examines their advantages and disadvantages. Optical spectroscopy is a fast, non-destructive, precise, and reliable tool for determination of the main constituents and common adulterants in milk. While mid-infrared spectroscopy is a well-established off-line laboratory technique for the routine quality control of milk, near-infrared technologies provide relatively low-cost and robust solutions suitable for on-site and in-line applications on milking farms and dairy production facilities. Other techniques, discussed in this review, including Raman spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, are also used for milk analysis but much less extensively. Acoustic methods are also suitable for non-destructive on-line analysis of milk. Acoustic characterization can provide information on fat content, particle size distribution of fat and proteins, changes in the biophysical properties of milk over time, the content of specific proteins and pollutants. The basic principles of ultrasonic techniques, including transmission, pulse-echo, interferometer, and microbalance approaches, are briefly described and milk parameters measured with their help, including frequency ranges and measurement accuracy, are given.
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Jiménez A, Rufo M, Paniagua JM, Crespo AT, Guerrero MP, Riballo MJ. Contributions to ultrasound monitoring of the process of milk curdling. ULTRASONICS 2017; 76:192-199. [PMID: 28110138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound evaluation permits the state of milk being curdled to be determined quickly and cheaply, thus satisfying the demands faced by today's dairy product producers. This paper describes the non-invasive ultrasonic method of in situ monitoring the changing physical properties of milk during the renneting process. The basic objectives of the study were, on the one hand, to confirm the usefulness of conventional non-destructive ultrasonic testing (time-of-flight and attenuation of the ultrasound waves) in monitoring the process in the case of ewe's milk, and, on the other, to include other ultrasound parameters which have not previously been considered in studies on this topic, in particular, parameters provided by the Fast Fourier Transform technique. The experimental study was carried out in a dairy industry environment on four 52-l samples of raw milk in which were immersed 500kHz ultrasound transducers. Other physicochemical parameters of the raw milk (pH, dry matter, protein, Gerber fat test, and lactose) were measured, as also were the pH and temperature of the curdled samples simultaneously with the ultrasound tests. Another contribution of this study is the linear correlation analysis of the aforementioned ultrasound parameters and the physicochemical properties of the curdled milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jiménez
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Montaña Rufo
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paniagua
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Abel T Crespo
- Department of Food Technology, Centro Tecnológico Agroalimentario Extremadura (CTAEX), Apdo. Correos 435, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - M Patricia Guerrero
- Department of Food Technology, Centro Tecnológico Agroalimentario Extremadura (CTAEX), Apdo. Correos 435, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - M José Riballo
- Department of Food Technology, Centro Tecnológico Agroalimentario Extremadura (CTAEX), Apdo. Correos 435, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
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Woods DC, Bolton JS, Rhoads JF. Bounded inhomogeneous wave profiles for increased surface wave excitation efficiency at fluid-solid interfaces. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:2779. [PMID: 28464622 DOI: 10.1121/1.4979595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Though the ultrasonic excitation of surface waves in solids is generally realized through the use of a contact transducer, remote excitation would enable standoff testing in applications such as the nondestructive evaluation of structures. With respect to the optimal incident wave profile, bounded inhomogeneous waves, which include an exponentially decaying term, have been shown to improve the surface wave excitation efficiency as compared to Gaussian and square waves. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of varying the incident wave spatial decay rate, as applied to both lossless fluid-solid interfaces and to solids with viscoelastic losses included. The Fourier method is used to decompose the incident profile and subsequently compute the reflected wave profile. It is shown that inhomogeneous plane wave theory predicts, to a close approximation, the location of the minimum in the local reflection coefficient with respect to the decay rate for bounded incident waves. Moreover, plane wave theory gives a reasonable indication of the decay rate that maximizes the surface wave excitation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Woods
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - J Stuart Bolton
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Rhoads
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Lucas EJ, Hales A, McBryde D, Yun X, Quarini GL. Noninvasive Ultrasonic Monitoring of Ice Pigging in Pipes Containing Liquid Food Materials. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J.K. Lucas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TR UK
| | - Alastair Hales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TR UK
| | - Daniel McBryde
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TR UK
| | - Xiao Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TR UK
| | - Giuseppe L. Quarini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TR UK
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Chen Q, Zhang C, Zhao J, Ouyang Q. Recent advances in emerging imaging techniques for non-destructive detection of food quality and safety. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Korostynska O, Mason A, Al-Shamma’a AI. Monitoring Pollutants in Wastewater: Traditional Lab Based versus Modern Real-Time Approaches. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chandrapala J, Oliver C, Kentish S, Ashokkumar M. Ultrasonics in food processing – Food quality assurance and food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ting CH, Kuo FJ, Lien CC, Sheng CT. Use of ultrasound for characterising the gelation process in heat induced tofu curd. J FOOD ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pallav P, Diamond GG, Hutchins DA, Green RJ, Gan TH. A near-infrared (NIR) technique for imaging food materials. J Food Sci 2009; 74:E23-33. [PMID: 19200093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The results of imaging experiments in food materials are presented, using near-infrared wavelengths. The technique uses a modulated source and a lock-in amplifier detection circuit to give a high sensitivity to changes in through-transmission signal levels. This is shown to lead to a set of images, whereby the internal content of various foods can be imaged. Examples are presented of the detection of foreign bodies, both metallic and nonmetallic, to illustrate the imaging performance.
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Pallav P, Hutchins DA, Gan TH. Air-coupled ultrasonic evaluation of food materials. ULTRASONICS 2009; 49:244-253. [PMID: 18973911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This research was performed with the aim of detecting foreign bodies and additives within food products, and to measure selected acoustic properties, without contact to the sample. This would allow use in manufacturing plants on production lines, where contacting the product for ultrasonic inspection would not be feasible. Images of internal structure are reported. The air-coupled system uses capacitive devices which are able to provide sufficient bandwidth for many measurements, including the detection of foreign bodies in cheese, the detection of deliberate additives to chocolate, the detection of fill level and content of metallic food cans, and measurements of frozen dough products. The approach demonstrates that ultrasound has the potential for application to many industrial food packaging environments where non-metallic objects within food need to be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pallav
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Kuo FJ, Sheng CT, Ting CH. Evaluation of ultrasonic propagation to measure sugar content and viscosity of reconstituted orange juice. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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