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Bjarnason A, Majumder A. A Novel Simulated Moving Plug Flow Crystallizer (SM-PFC) for Addressing the Encrustation Problem: Simulation-Based Studies on Cooling Crystallization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:5051-5064. [PMID: 37014370 PMCID: PMC10064315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The plug flow crystallizer (PFC) is a promising candidate in the move toward adoption of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry. However, a major concern for the smooth running of PFCs is the encrustation or fouling which can result in blockage of the crystallizer or unplanned shutdown of the process. In order to address this problem, simulation studies are carried out to explore the feasibility of a novel simulated-moving PFC (SM-PFC) configuration that can run uninterrupted in the presence of heavy fouling without compromising the desired critical quality attributes of the product crystals. The key concept of the SM-PFC lies in the arrangement of the crystallizer segments where a fouled segment is isolated, while a clean segment is simultaneously brought online avoiding fouling-related issues and maintaining uninterrupted operation. The inlet and outlet ports are also changed appropriately so that the whole operation mimics the movement of the PFC. The simulation results suggest that the proposed PFC configuration could be a potential mitigating approach for the encrustation problem enabling continuous operation of the crystallizer in the presence of heavy fouling while maintaining the product specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bjarnason
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, U.K
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2
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Bowler AL, Pound MP, Watson NJ. A review of ultrasonic sensing and machine learning methods to monitor industrial processes. ULTRASONICS 2022; 124:106776. [PMID: 35653984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Supervised machine learning techniques are increasingly being combined with ultrasonic sensor measurements owing to their strong performance. These techniques also offer advantages over calibration procedures of more complex fitting, improved generalisation, reduced development time, ability for continuous retraining, and the correlation of sensor data to important process information. However, their implementation requires expertise to extract and select appropriate features from the sensor measurements as model inputs, select the type of machine learning algorithm to use, and find a suitable set of model hyperparameters. The aim of this article is to facilitate implementation of machine learning techniques in combination with ultrasonic measurements for in-line and on-line monitoring of industrial processes and other similar applications. The article first reviews the use of ultrasonic sensors for monitoring processes, before reviewing the combination of ultrasonic measurements and machine learning. We include literature from other sectors such as structural health monitoring. This review covers feature extraction, feature selection, algorithm choice, hyperparameter selection, data augmentation, domain adaptation, semi-supervised learning and machine learning interpretability. Finally, recommendations for applying machine learning to the reviewed processes are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Bowler
- Food, Water, Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael P Pound
- School of Computer Science, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Nicholas J Watson
- Food, Water, Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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3
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Effect of oscillatory flow conditions on crystalliser fouling investigated through non-invasive imaging. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Böttcher A, Petri J, Langhoff A, Scholl S, Augustin W, Hohlen A, Johannsmann D. Fouling Pathways in Emulsion Polymerization Differentiated with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Integrated into the Reactor Wall. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Böttcher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold‐Sommerfeld‐Str. 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Judith Petri
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold‐Sommerfeld‐Str. 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold‐Sommerfeld‐Str. 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Stephan Scholl
- Institute of Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering Technische Universität Braunschweig Langer Kamp 7 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Wolfgang Augustin
- Institute of Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering Technische Universität Braunschweig Langer Kamp 7 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Annika Hohlen
- Institute of Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering Technische Universität Braunschweig Langer Kamp 7 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold‐Sommerfeld‐Str. 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
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5
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Gopalakrishnan K, Sharma A, Emanuel N, Prabhakar PK, Kumar R. Sensors for Non‐Destructive Quality Evaluation of Food. Food Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119792130.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Escrig J, Woolley E, Simeone A, Watson N. Monitoring the cleaning of food fouling in pipes using ultrasonic measurements and machine learning. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Escrig JE, Simeone A, Woolley E, Rangappa S, Rady A, Watson N. Ultrasonic measurements and machine learning for monitoring the removal of surface fouling during clean-in-place processes. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Simeone A, Woolley E, Escrig J, Watson NJ. Intelligent Industrial Cleaning: A Multi-Sensor Approach Utilising Machine Learning-Based Regression. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3642. [PMID: 32610576 PMCID: PMC7374345 DOI: 10.3390/s20133642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effectively cleaning equipment is essential for the safe production of food but requires a significant amount of time and resources such as water, energy, and chemicals. To optimize the cleaning of food production equipment, there is the need for innovative technologies to monitor the removal of fouling from equipment surfaces. In this work, optical and ultrasonic sensors are used to monitor the fouling removal of food materials with different physicochemical properties from a benchtop rig. Tailored signal and image processing procedures are developed to monitor the cleaning process, and a neural network regression model is developed to predict the amount of fouling remaining on the surface. The results show that the three dissimilar food fouling materials investigated were removed from the test section via different cleaning mechanisms, and the neural network models were able to predict the area and volume of fouling present during cleaning with accuracies as high as 98% and 97%, respectively. This work demonstrates that sensors and machine learning methods can be effectively combined to monitor cleaning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Simeone
- Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Elliot Woolley
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Josep Escrig
- i2CAT Foundation, Calle Gran Capita, 2 -4 Edifici Nexus (Campus Nord Upc), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Nicholas James Watson
- Food, Water, Waste, Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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9
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10
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Olufade AO, Simonson CJ. Characterization of the Evolution of Crystallization Fouling in Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:17188-17198. [PMID: 31458338 PMCID: PMC6643970 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs) are promising in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning applications because they are able to use semipermeable membranes to transfer heat and moisture between air and liquid desiccant streams. However, the development of crystallization fouling in membranes may pose a great risk to the long-term performance of LAMEEs. The main aim of this paper is to characterize the evolution of crystallization fouling in membranes through the use of both noninvasive and invasive methods. Noninvasive methods are used to study the development of fouling in the LAMEE by monitoring the changes in moisture flux through the membrane and overall moisture-transfer resistance of the LAMEE. On the other hand, invasive methods are implemented to characterize fouled membranes by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to depict the morphology of crystal deposits and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to identify the composition of the deposits. Experiments are performed by using air to dehydrate MgCl2(aq) at two operating conditions of low and high fouling rates. The results show that the moisture flux decreases and the moisture-transfer resistance increases more considerably during the test at the high fouling rate than in the test at the low fouling rate. SEM micrographs show that cake crystal deposits cover the membrane surface in the test at the high fouling rate, whereas only few crystal particles are observed on the membrane in the test at the low fouling rate. Furthermore, the crystal deposits undergo more structural changes in the tests at the high fouling rate than in the tests at the low fouling rate, possibly because of the higher moisture transfer rate through the membrane in the tests at the high fouling rate. Finally, the SEM-EDX analysis confirms that the crystal deposits primarily consist of Mg, Cl, and O elements.
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11
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Sivathanu AK, Subramanian S, Ramalingam P. Detection of Ash Fouling in Thermal Power Plant. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-018-0734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Úbeda MA, Hussein WB, Hussein MA, Hinrichs J, Becker TM. Erratum: Acoustic Sensing and Signal Processing Techniques for Monitoring Milk Fouling Cleaning Operations. Eng Life Sci 2018. [PMID: 32633731 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400235.].
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14
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Aboonajmi M, Jahangiri M, Hassan-Beygi SR. A Review on Application of Acoustic Analysis in Quality Evaluation of Agro-food Products. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aboonajmi
- Department of Agro-technology; College of Abouraihan; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Jahangiri
- Department of Agro-technology; College of Abouraihan; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
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15
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Funes E, Allouche Y, Beltrán G, Jiménez A. A Review: Artificial Neural Networks as Tool for Control Food Industry Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jst.2015.51004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Krause D, Hussein WB, Hussein MA, Becker T. Ultrasonic sensor for predicting sugar concentration using multivariate calibration. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1703-1712. [PMID: 24679511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a multivariate regression method for the prediction of maltose concentration in aqueous solutions. For this purpose, time and frequency domain of ultrasonic signals are analyzed. It is shown, that the prediction of concentration at different temperatures is possible by using several multivariate regression models for individual temperature points. Combining these models by a linear approximation of each coefficient over temperature results in a unified solution, which takes temperature effects into account. The benefit of the proposed method is the low processing time required for analyzing online signals as well as the non-invasive sensor setup which can be used in pipelines. Also the ultrasonic signal sections used in the presented investigation were extracted out of buffer reflections which remain primarily unaffected by bubble and particle interferences. Model calibration was performed in order to investigate the feasibility of online monitoring in fermentation processes. The temperature range investigated was from 10 °C to 21 °C. This range fits to fermentation processes used in the brewing industry. This paper describes the processing of ultrasonic signals for regression, the model evaluation as well as the input variable selection. The statistical approach used for creating the final prediction solution was partial least squares (PLS) regression validated by cross validation. The overall minimum root mean squared error achieved was 0.64 g/100 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Krause
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Group of Bio-Process Analysis, TU Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - W B Hussein
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Group of Bio-Process Analysis, TU Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M A Hussein
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Group of Bio-Process Analysis, TU Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - T Becker
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Group of Bio-Process Analysis, TU Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
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17
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Wallhäußer E, Sprunk M, Sayed A, Nöbel S, Hussein M, Hinrichs J, Becker T. Kontinuierliche Detektion von Milchfouling mittels einer Kombination von Ultraschall und Klassifzierungsmethoden. CHEM-ING-TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201200165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Wallhäußer E, Hussein W, Hussein M, Hinrichs J, Becker T. Detection of dairy fouling: Combining ultrasonic measurements and classification methods. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Wallhäußer
- (Bio-)Process Technology and Process Analysis; Life Science Engineering; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Freising; Germany
| | - W.B. Hussein
- (Bio-)Process Technology and Process Analysis; Life Science Engineering; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Freising; Germany
| | - M.A. Hussein
- (Bio-)Process Technology and Process Analysis; Life Science Engineering; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Freising; Germany
| | - J. Hinrichs
- Animal Foodstuff Technology; Institute for Foodscience and Biotechnology; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - T. Becker
- (Bio-)Process Technology and Process Analysis; Life Science Engineering; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Freising; Germany
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19
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Determination of cleaning end of dairy protein fouling using an online system combining ultrasonic and classification methods. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-1041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Wallhäusser E, Hussein MA, Becker T. Investigating and understanding fouling in a planar setup using ultrasonic methods. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:094904. [PMID: 23020405 DOI: 10.1063/1.4753992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fouling is an unwanted deposit on heat transfer surfaces and occurs regularly in foodstuff heat exchangers. Fouling causes high costs because cleaning of heat exchangers has to be carried out and cleaning success cannot easily be monitored. Thus, used cleaning cycles in foodstuff industry are usually too long leading to high costs. In this paper, a setup is described with which it is possible, first, to produce dairy protein fouling similar to the one found in industrial heat exchangers and, second, to detect the presence and absence of such fouling using an ultrasonic based measuring method. The developed setup resembles a planar heat exchanger in which fouling can be made and cleaned reproducible. Fouling presence, absence, and cleaning progress can be monitored by using an ultrasonic detection unit. The setup is described theoretically based on electrical and mechanical lumped circuits to derive the wave equation and the transfer function to perform a sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity analysis was done to determine influencing quantities and showed that fouling is measurable. Also, first experimental results are compared with results from sensitivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wallhäusser
- (Bio-)Process Technology and Process Analysis, Life Science Engineering, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Wallhäußer E, Hussein M, Becker T. Detection methods of fouling in heat exchangers in the food industry. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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van Dinther A, Schroën C, Vergeldt F, van der Sman R, Boom R. Suspension flow in microfluidic devices--a review of experimental techniques focussing on concentration and velocity gradients. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 173:23-34. [PMID: 22405541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are an emerging technology for processing suspensions in e.g. medical applications, pharmaceutics and food. Compared to larger scales, particles will be more influenced by migration in microfluidic devices, and this may even be used to facilitate segregation and separation. In order to get most out of these completely new technologies, methods to experimentally measure (or compute) particle migration are needed to gain sufficient insights for rational design. However, the currently available methods only allow limited access to particle behaviour. In this review we compare experimental methods to investigate migration phenomena that can occur in microfluidic systems when operated with natural suspensions, having typical particle diameters of 0.1 to 10 μm. The methods are used to monitor concentration and velocity profiles of bidisperse and polydisperse suspensions, which are notoriously difficult to measure due to the small dimensions of channels and particles. Various methods have been proposed in literature: tomography, ultrasound, and optical analysis, and here we review and evaluate them on general dimensionless numbers related to process conditions and channel dimensions. Besides, eleven practical criteria chosen such that they can also be used for various applications, are used to evaluate the performance of the methods. We found that NMR and CSLM, although expensive, are the most promising techniques to investigate flowing suspensions in microfluidic devices, where one may be preferred over the other depending on the size, concentration and nature of the suspension, the dimensions of the channel, and the information that has to be obtained. The paper concludes with an outlook on future developments of measurement techniques.
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Fryer PJ, Robbins PT, Asteriadou K. Current knowledge in hygienic design: can we minimize fouling and speed cleaning? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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