A novel deployment of smart cold chain system using 2G-RFID-Sys

Product visibility in the South African citrus cold chain: Examining the efficacy of temperature loggers

Product visibility is a challenge for many fruit cold chains. Most challenges arise because of technological constraints, which lead to the inability to predict whether fruit temperatures are still within the stipulated requirements. To ensure that the intricately linked cold chain for citrus fruit is well coordinated and offers the visibility of fruit temperature, technologies such as temperature data loggers are used to record and communicate temperature measurements. Concerns arise because temperature-monitoring loggers are not automated and therefore do not offer real-time temperature visibility. They require manual handling, which makes continuous access to temperature data impossible. Receiving real-time temperature data of citrus fruit during the different stages of the cold chain would enable exporters proactively to address issues linked to temperature as the citrus fruit moves along the supply chain. The aim of this study was to assess the potential value of using cellular loggers in contrast to conventional loggers to allow the real-time monitoring of citrus fruit in transit. At present, exporters cannot monitor the temperature conditions of their consignments during the critical phase of cold sterilisation at sea because conventional loggers do not provide visibility of temperature data. To determine the efficacy of cellular loggers, the researchers collected temperature data at the different stages of the cold chain. In addition, interviews were conducted with industry experts in the South African citrus cold chain to determine their experience with different loggers. These interviews identified that conventional (wired) loggers offer a low-cost option, but not real-time product visibility. Cellular loggers offer more real-time data than conventional loggers, but as they depend on cell-phone towers, they offer restricted real-time visibility, especially during the sea leg of the consignment. For this reason, the study recommends that the use of cellular temperature loggers be adopted during land-based stages of the citrus cold chain but not during the sea leg, despite exporters' concern about the limitations of conventional loggers.

Redefining food safety traceability system through blockchain: findings, challenges and open issues

In the last few decades, there has been an increase in food safety and traceability issues. To prevent accidents and misconduct, it became essential to establish Food Safety Traceability System (FSTS) to trace the food from producer to consumer. The traceability systems can help track food in supply chains from farms to retail. Numerous technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor networks, and data mining have been integrated into traditional food supply chain systems to remove unsafe food products from the chain. But, these are not adequate for the current supply chain market. The emerging technology of blockchain can overcome safety and tracking issues. This can be possible with the help of blockchain features like transparent, decentralized, distributed, and immutable. Most of the previous works missed the discussion of the systematic process and technology involved in implementing the FSTS using blockchain. In this paper, we have discussed an organized state of research of the existing FSTS using blockchain. This survey paper aims to outline a detailed analysis of blockchain technology, FSTS using blockchain, consensus algorithms, security attacks, and solutions. Several survey papers and solutions based on blockchain are included in this research paper. Also, this work discusses some of the open research issues related to FSTS.

Sustainable food cold chain logistics: From microenvironmental monitoring to global impact

Food cold chain logistics (FCCL) is a systematic engineering process involving the use of a low-temperature environment to maintain the quality and safety of perishable food and reduce food loss and waste (FLW). From a mechanism perspective, FCCL must balance resource costs for a required level of food quality and safety with the costs of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the context of global warming, the sustainability trade-off between FLW and environmental impact has recently become an important topic in research on efficient, green FCCL. This is mainly reflected in technological innovation, management optimization, and policy responses. With a focus on three levels (micro, meso, macro), this review analyzes current research areas and the gaps and challenges of FCCL in microenvironmental monitoring, life cycle assessment (LCA), and global impact. Future trends pertaining to FCCL in technology, management, and industry and sustainable development are also summarized. Future trends involving sustainable FCCL must be intelligent, systematic, and low carbon. Industry empowerment through next-generation information technologies (e.g., IoT, AI, big data, blockchain) will promote the multidimensional perception, real-time information transmission, and sustainable control of microenvironmental monitoring, as well as support LCA management transformation from fragmentation to system integration. From a macro level, due to the serious global loss of perishable food, the FCCL scale demand is growing greatly, causing a huge environmental burden. Global cooperation, low-carbon consensus, and appropriate policies will become the basis for promoting sustainable FCCL development.

A Smart and Secure Logistics System Based on IoT and Cloud Technologies

Recently, one of the hottest topics in the logistics sector has been the traceability of goods and the monitoring of their condition during transportation. Perishable goods, such as fresh goods, have specifically attracted attention of the researchers that have already proposed different solutions to guarantee quality and freshness of food through the whole cold chain. In this regard, the use of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabling technologies and its specific branch called edge computing is bringing different enhancements thereby achieving easy remote and real-time monitoring of transported goods. Due to the fast changes of the requirements and the difficulties that researchers can encounter in proposing new solutions, the fast prototype approach could contribute to rapidly enhance both the research and the commercial sector. In order to make easy the fast prototyping of solutions, different platforms and tools have been proposed in the last years, however it is difficult to guarantee end-to-end security at all the levels through such platforms. For this reason, based on the experiments reported in literature and aiming at providing support for fast-prototyping, end-to-end security in the logistics sector, the current work presents a solution that demonstrates how the advantages offered by the Azure Sphere platform, a dedicated hardware (i.e., microcontroller unit, the MT3620) device and Azure Sphere Security Service can be used to realize a fast prototype to trace fresh food conditions through its transportation. The proposed solution guarantees end-to-end security and can be exploited by future similar works also in other sectors.

A critical review on intelligent and active packaging in the food industry: Research and development

The emergence of many new food products on the market with need of consumers to constantly monitor their quality until consuming, in addition to the necessity for reducing food corruption during preservation time, have led to the development of some modern packaging technologies such as intelligent packaging (IP) and active packaging (AP). The benefits of IP are detecting defects, quality monitoring and tracking the packaged food products to control the storage conditions from the production stage to the consumption stage by using various sensors and indicators such as time-temperature indicators (TTIs), gas indicators, humidity sensors, optical, calorimetric and electrochemical biosensors. While, AP helps to increase the shelf-life of products by using absorbing and diffusion systems for various materials like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ethanol. However, there are some important issues over these emerging technologies including cost, marketability, consumer acceptance, safety and organoleptic quality of the food and emphatically environmental safety concerns. Therefore, future researches should be conducted to solve these problems and to prompt applications of IP and AP in the food industry. This paper reviews the latest innovations in these advanced packaging technologies and their applications in food industry. The IP systems namely indicators, barcoding techniques, radio frequency identification systems, sensors and biosensor are reviewed and then the latest innovations in AP methods including scavengers, diffusion systems and antimicrobial packaging are reviewed in detail.

Monitoring of Temperature in Retail Refrigerated Cabinets Applying IoT Over Open-Source Hardware and Software

The control of refrigeration in the food chain is fundamental at all stages, with special emphasis on the retail stage. The implementation of information and communication technologies (IoT, open-source hardware and software, cloud computing, etc.) is representing a revolution in the operational paradigm of food control. This paper presents a low-cost IoT solution, based on free hardware and software, for monitoring the temperature in refrigerated retail cabinets. Specifically, the use of the ESP-8266-Wi-Fi microcontroller with DS18B20 temperature sensors is proposed. The ThingSpeak IoT platform is used to store and process data in the cloud. The solution presented is robust, affordable, and flexible, allowing to extend the scope of supervising other relevant parameters in the operating process (light control, energy efficiency, consumer presence, etc.).

Improving Intelligence and Efficiency of Salt Lake Production by Applying a Decision Support System Based on IOT for Brine Pump Management

At present, due to their geographical distribution, environmental conditions and traditional monitoring technologies, the manual inspection of brine pumps in Qinghai Saline Lake can not be effectively carried out in real time, so the pumps have a high failure rate. This has seriously affected the chemical production of this saline lake. The paper designed a remote real-time monitoring terminal and a decision support system based on LoRa technology, GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) remote communication technology and remote-control technology. The system integrated the liquid-level sensing model and the decision support model for brine pump management. The system monitored and analyzed the voltage, current, and liquid-level parameters in real time to determine the operating status or failure of the brine pump. The ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) method was used to establish the correlation models between the dynamic monitoring information and the brine pump failure, which is the core of the decision support model. The remote controller was implemented to display and control the running status of the brine pumps when the maintenance personnel received the warning information. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) language and a MySQL database were implemented to realize the data display, management and decision support system.

Hierarchical network modeling with multidimensional information for aquatic safety management in the cold chain

The cold-chain information has characterized by the loss and dispersion according to the different collecting methods. The description for the quality decay factors of aquatic products can be defined as the multidimensional information. A series of nodes with multidimensional information are assembled to be hierarchies aiming at describing the environment conditions and locations in the supply chain. Each of the single hierarchy levels constitutes a sequence of node information in a network, which is applied as internal information analysis. The cross-layer information structure is defined as "bridge" information which is able to record the information transmissions among every hierarchy from the point of view of the whole chain. The study has established a novel structured modeling to describe the cold chain of aquatic products based on a network-hierarchy framework. An organized and sustainable transmission process can be built and recorded by the multidimensional attributes for the whole course of cold chain of aquatic products. In addition, seamless connections among every hierarchy are attainable by the environmental information records continuously to monitor the quality of aquatic products. The quality assessments and shelf life predictions are estimated properly as the risk control in order to monitor and trace the safety of aquatic products under the supply chain perspective.

Redução de perdas nas cadeias de frutas e hortaliças pela análise da vida útil dinâmica

Resumo A estimativa do crescimento populacional mundial de nove bilhões de pessoas, em 2050, estabelece um grande desafio para os próximos anos, considerando os problemas atuais de insegurança alimentar e o fornecimento de alimentos saudáveis, num mundo, predominantemente, de pessoas vivendo em regiões urbanas. A importância da dieta na saúde é indiscutível, sendo que, a cada dia que passa, o consumidor está mais consciente de que a saúde está diretamente relacionada a uma dieta balanceada e segura. As tecnologias aplicadas na pós-colheita de frutas e hortaliças que continuam com seu metabolismo ativo buscam manter a qualidade através dos parâmetros aparência, textura, sabor, valor nutritivo e segurança alimentar, bem como reduzir perdas qualitativas e quantitativas entre a colheita e o consumo. A combinação de tecnologias, como resfriamento rápido, refrigeração e utilização de embalagens com atmosferas modificadas ativas e passivas, aplicadas na pós-colheita, precisa estar aliada a uma adequada gestão de temperatura para cada produto, em toda a cadeia de distribuição. Assim, conforme o histórico de temperatura desde a colheita até os locais de vendas no varejo, a estimativa da vida útil torna-se uma variável altamente dinâmica. Tecnologias de RFID (Radio Frequency Identification - Identificação por Rádio Frequência) integradas a sensores podem revolucionar o transporte e o manuseio de produtos perecíveis, por meio de leituras precisas e contínuas das condições do ambiente de conservação durante a logística, interpretadas por modelos matemáticos que estimam a vida útil restante. Esta revisão descreve como a tecnologia, por meio de chips RFID integrados a sensores e associados ao uso de modelamentos matemáticos, pode ser incorporada na gestão de Centros de Distribuição, alterando a ênfase, a partir do clássico FIFO (First In, First Out - Primeiro a Entrar, Primeiro a Sair), para uma estratégia de FEFO (First Expired, First Out - Primeiro Expirado, Primeiro a Sair). Desta maneira, com o melhor conhecimento da vida útil dos produtos, espera-se menor perda, além de melhor conservação dos produtos.