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Zheng A, Liu J, Wang M, Bu N, Liu D, Wei C. Footprint analysis of CO 2 in microbial community succession of raw milk and assessment of its quality. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1285653. [PMID: 38192649 PMCID: PMC10773745 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1285653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With the growing production of raw milk, interest has been increasing in its quality control. CO2, as a cold processing additive, has been studied to extend the cold storage period and improve the quality of raw milk. However, it is yet uncertain how representative microbial species and biomarkers can succeed one another at distinct critical periods during refrigeration. Therefore, the effects of CO2 treatment on the succession footprint of the microbial community and changes in quality during the period of raw milk chilling were examined by 16S rRNA analysis combined with electronic nose, and electronic tongue techniques. The results indicated that, the refrigeration time was shown to be prolonged by CO2 in a concentration-dependent way. And CO2 treatment was linked to substantial variations in beta and alpha diversity as well as the relative abundances of various microbial taxa (p < 0.01). The dominant bacterial phylum Proteobacteria was replaced with Firmicutes, while the major bacterial genera Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were replaced with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Lactobacillus. From the perspective of biomarkers enriched in CO2-treated sample, almost all of them belong to LAB, no introduction of harmful toxins has been found. The assessment of the quality of raw milk revealed that CO2 improved the quality of raw milk by lowering the acidity and the rate of protein and fat breakdown, and improved the flavor by reducing the generation of volatiles, and increasing umami, richness, milk flavor and sweetness, but reducing sourness. These findings offer a new theoretical foundation for the industrial use of CO2 in raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Zheng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Mengsong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ningxia Bu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dunhua Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chaokun Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Peng Z, Li Y, Yan L, Yang S, Yang D. Correlation Analysis of Microbial Contamination and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Raw Milk and Dairy Products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1825. [PMID: 36767192 PMCID: PMC9915017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination in raw milk and dairy products can detrimentally affect product quality and human health. In this study, the aerobic plate count, aerobic Bacillus abundance, thermophilic aerobic Bacillus abundance, and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in 435 raw milk, 451 pasteurized milk, and 617 sterilized milk samples collected from 13 Chinese provinces (or municipalities). Approximately 9.89% and 2.22% of raw milk and pasteurized milk samples exceeded the threshold values for the aerobic plate count, respectively. The proportions of aerobic Bacillus in raw milk, pasteurized milk, and sterilized milk were 54.02%, 14.41%, and 1.30%, respectively. The proportions of thermophilic aerobic Bacillus species were 7.36% in raw milk and 4.88% in pasteurized milk samples, and no bacteria were counted in sterilized milk. Approximately 36.18% of raw milk samples contained >500,000 mU/L of alkaline phosphatase activity, while 9.71% of pasteurized milk samples contained >350 mU/L. For raw milk, there was a positive correlation between the aerobic plate count, the aerobic Bacillus abundance, and the alkaline phosphatase activity, and there was a positive correlation between the aerobic Bacillus abundance, the thermophilic aerobic Bacillus count, and the alkaline phosphatase activity. For pasteurized milk, there was a positive correlation between the aerobic plate count, the aerobic Bacillus abundance, and the thermophilic aerobic Bacillus count; however, the alkaline phosphatase activity had a negative correlation with the aerobic plate count, the aerobic Bacillus abundance, and the thermophilic aerobic Bacillus abundance. These results facilitate the awareness of public health safety issues and the involvement of dairy product regulatory agencies in China.
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An C, Yang K, Zhu J, Guo W, Lu C, Zhu X. Qualitative identification of mature milk adulteration in bovine colostrum using noise-reduced dielectric spectra and linear model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:7313-7322. [PMID: 35763549 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid and accurate identification of colostrum, a strong non-homogeneous food, remains a challenge. In the present study, the dielectric spectra including the dielectric constant (ε') and loss factor (ε″) of 154 colostrum samples adulterated with 0-50% mature milk were measured from 20 to 4500 MHz. RESULTS The results showed that the noise-reducing spectral preprocessing, including Savitzky-Golay (S-G), second derivative (SD), and S-G + SD, was significantly better than scattering-eliminating, including standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and SNV + MSC. The combination of S-G and SD was the best. Principal component analysis results demonstrated that dielectric spectroscopy is less susceptible to the inhomogeneity of colostrum and can be used to identify doped colostrum. The identification performance of linear models was better than that of non-linear models. The established linear discriminant analysis model based on full spectra had the best accuracy rates of 99.14% and 97.37% in the calibration and validation sets, respectively. Confirmatory tests on samples from different sources confirmed the satisfactory robustness of the proposed model. CONCLUSION We found that the main unfavorable effect on the identification based on dielectric spectroscopy was noise interference, rather than scattering effect caused by inhomogeneity of colostrum. The satisfactory results undoubtedly cast light on rapid detection of strongly non-homogeneous foods based on dielectric spectroscopy. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing An
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ke Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jieliang Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Guangzhou Institute of Industrial Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Agricultural Equipment Engineering Technology, Yangling, China
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Yang K, An C, Zhu J, Guo W, Lu C, Zhu X. Comparison of near-infrared and dielectric spectra for quantitative identification of bovine colostrum adulterated with mature milk. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8638-8649. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lu SY, Wang SH, Zhang YD. SAFNet: A deep spatial attention network with classifier fusion for breast cancer detection. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105812. [PMID: 35834967 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a top dangerous killer for women. An accurate early diagnosis of breast cancer is the primary step for treatment. A novel breast cancer detection model called SAFNet is proposed based on ultrasound images and deep learning. We employ a pre-trained ResNet-18 embedded with the spatial attention mechanism as the backbone model. Three randomized network models are trained for prediction in the SAFNet, which are fused by majority voting to produce more accurate results. A public ultrasound image dataset is utilized to evaluate the generalization ability of our SAFNet using 5-fold cross-validation. The simulation experiments reveal that the SAFNet can produce higher classification results compared with four existing breast cancer classification methods. Therefore, our SAFNet is an accurate tool to detect breast cancer that can be applied in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Lu
- School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Shui-Hua Wang
- School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Yu-Dong Zhang
- School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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Zhu Z, Zhu X, Guo W. Quantitatively determining the somatic cell count of raw milk using dielectric spectra and support vector regression. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:772-781. [PMID: 34600709 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potential of dielectric spectroscopy in quantitatively determining the somatic cell count (SCC) of raw milk, the dielectric spectra of 301 raw milk samples at different SCC were collected using coaxial probe technology in the frequency range of 20 to 4,500 MHz. Standard normal variate, Mahalanobis distance, and joint x-y distances sample division were used to pretreat spectra, detect outliers, and divide samples, respectively. Principal component analysis and variable importance in projection (VIP) methods were used to reduce data dimension and select characteristic variables (CVR), respectively. The full spectra, 16 principal components obtained by principal component analysis, and 86 CVR selected by VIP were used as inputs, respectively, to establish different support vector regression models. The results showed that the nonlinear support vector regression models based on the full spectra and selected CVR using VIP had the best prediction performance, with the standard error of prediction and residual predictive deviation of 0.19 log SCC/mL and 2.37, respectively. The study provided a novel method for online or in situ detection of the SCC of raw milk in production, processing, and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhuo Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Shaanxi Research Center of Agricultural Equipment Engineering Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Liang W, Zhu Z, Yang B, Zhu X, Guo W. Detecting melamine‐adulterated raw milk by using near‐infrared transmission spectroscopy. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Liang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Zhuozhuo Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Yangling Shaanxi China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service Yangling Shaanxi China
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Zhu Z, Zhu X, Kong F, Guo W. Quantitatively determining the total bacterial count of raw goat milk using dielectric spectra. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7895-7903. [PMID: 31279560 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate dielectric spectra as a means of quantitatively determining total bacterial count (TBC) of raw goat milk. The dielectric spectra, including dielectric constant (ε') spectra and dielectric loss factor (ε″) spectra, and TBC of 154 raw goat milk samples were measured using network analyzer and plate count methods, respectively. Owing to the poor linear relationship between TBC in logarithm and permittivities at a single frequency, chemometrics was used to reduce noise, identify outliers, select effective variables, and divide sample sets. Several linear models, such as multiple linear regression, ridge regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, were established to determine TBC based on the effective spectra of ε', ε″, and their combination (ε'+ε″). The results indicated that the models built using the spectra of ε'+ε″ and ε' had excellent TBC prediction performance. The best model was multiple linear regression based on ε'+ε″ spectra with the residual predictive deviation of 3.26. This study shows that the dielectric spectra had great potential to quantitatively and rapidly determine TBC of raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhuo Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fanrong Kong
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenchuan Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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