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Sözeri Atik D, Palabiyik I, Tirpanci Sivri G, Uzun S, Koç Y, Çalışır K. Improving Cleaning Efficiency through the Measurement of Food Fouling Adhesive Strength. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22156-22165. [PMID: 38799312 PMCID: PMC11112590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impacts of factors, including textural properties, surface roughness, and contact angle, on the cleaning performance of food soils and develop a preliminary mathematical model to predict the cleaning score, depending on the soil-surface properties. The force required to remove soil from the surface was determined by a texture analyzer equipped with a newly designed probe. Potato puree and egg yolk soils showed high adhesive forces compared to other deposits. Margarine required the lowest force to detach from the surfaces. A soil-surface characteristic number (SSCN) was constructed from the results of contact angle, roughness, and textural analysis to predict the cleaning score depending on the soil-surface properties. The experimental work presented indicates that a higher SSCN was associated with lower cleaning scores for soil-surface combinations. Furthermore, a predictive model was developed to define the relationship between cleaning scores and SSCN. The applicability of the model was validated by measuring the cleaning performance of caramel and pudding soils on glass, porcelain, and stainless-steel household surfaces by using an automatic method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SSCN approach can be improved in further studies to predict cleaning scores of soil-surface combinations in the experimental rig or automatic dishwasher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Sözeri Atik
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Palabiyik
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Goksel Tirpanci Sivri
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Suzan Uzun
- Department
of Food Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık
Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Koç
- ARÇELİK
A.Ş. R&D Center, İstanbul 34445, Turkey
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2
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Miller LA, Buckingham-Meyer K, Goeres DM. Simulated aging of draught beer line tubing increases biofilm contamination. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 415:110630. [PMID: 38401380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Craft brewing is continually gaining popularity in the United States. Craft brewers are committed to producing a wide variety of products and have a vested interest in product quality. Therefore, these brewers have the expectation that the beer poured at the tap will match the quality product that left the brewery. The presence of biofilm in draught lines is hypothesized as a contributing factor when this expectation is not achieved. Clean in place strategies based on the Sinner's Circle of Cleaning are used to remediate organic and inorganic accumulation in beer draught lines, including controlling biofilm accumulation. A study was conducted to determine if repeated exposure to chemical cleaning of vinyl beer tubing impacted biofilm growth, kill/removal, and subsequent regrowth of a mixed species biofilm. The tubing was conditioned to simulate one, two, and five years of use. The data collected demonstrates a clear trend between simulated age of the tubing and biofilm accumulation on the surface. Bacterial log densities ranged from 5.6 Log10(CFU/cm2) for the new tubing to 6.6 Log10(CFU/cm2) for tubing aged to simulate five years of use. The counts for the yeast were similar. Caustic cleaning of the tubing, regardless of starting biofilm coverage, left less than 2.75 Log10(CFU/cm2) viable bacteria and yeast cells remaining on the tubing surface. This demonstrated the effectiveness of the caustic at controlling biofilm accumulation in the simulated beer draught line. The biofilm that accumulated in the five-year aged tubing was able to recover more quickly, reaching 3.6 Log10(CFU/cm2) within 24 h indicating the treatment did not fully eradicate the biofilm, suggesting that the strong chemistry used in this study would cease to be as effective over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Miller
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States of America
| | - Kelli Buckingham-Meyer
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States of America
| | - Darla M Goeres
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States of America.
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Bakshani CR, Cuskin F, Lant NJ, Yau HCL, Willats WGT, Grant Burgess J. Analysis of glycans in a Burnt-on/Baked-on (BoBo) model food soil using Microarray Polymer Profiling (MAPP) and immunofluorescence microscopy. Food Chem 2023; 410:135379. [PMID: 36621331 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Burning of food materials during cooking can increase the difficulty in removal from solid surfaces, forming residual food soils. Using molecular probe-based technologies, the aim of this work was to elucidate the composition and relative abundance of glycans within a Burnt-On/Baked-On (BoBo) model food soil and investigate enzyme systems that may facilitate soil breakdown. Microarray Polymer Profiling identified xylan, arabinoxylan, mixed-linkage glucan and mannan as target substrates for the enzymatic cleaning of BoBo residues from surfaces. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that burning resulted in extensive structural modifications and degradation of the three-dimensional architecture of constituent polysaccharide matrices. Results from high-throughput enzyme screening indicate that inclusion of xylan depolymerising enzymes in automatic dishwashing detergents may improve cleaning of recalcitrant, plant glycan-rich BoBo soils. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the composition and removal chemistry of complex, multi-component food soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie R Bakshani
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Fiona Cuskin
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Neil J Lant
- Procter & Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS, UK
| | - Hamish C L Yau
- Procter & Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - J Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Gottschalk N, Augustin W, Scholl S, Ian Wilson D, Mercadé-Prieto R. Model food soils for investigating cleaning: a review. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Flushing and removal of a viscoplastic fluid from pipes. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Quantification method for cleaning-in-place procedures in micro structured equipment. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Elucidating the cleaning of complex food soil layers by in-situ measurements. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fernandes R, Tsai JH, Wilson D. Comparison of models for predicting cleaning of viscoplastic soil layers by impinging coherent turbulent water jets. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tsai JH, Fernandes R, Wilson D. Measurements and modelling of the ‘millimanipulation’ device to study the removal of soft solid layers from solid substrates. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Escrig J, Woolley E, Simeone A, Watson N. Monitoring the cleaning of food fouling in pipes using ultrasonic measurements and machine learning. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Escrig JE, Simeone A, Woolley E, Rangappa S, Rady A, Watson N. Ultrasonic measurements and machine learning for monitoring the removal of surface fouling during clean-in-place processes. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Simeone A, Woolley E, Escrig J, Watson NJ. Intelligent Industrial Cleaning: A Multi-Sensor Approach Utilising Machine Learning-Based Regression. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3642. [PMID: 32610576 PMCID: PMC7374345 DOI: 10.3390/s20133642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effectively cleaning equipment is essential for the safe production of food but requires a significant amount of time and resources such as water, energy, and chemicals. To optimize the cleaning of food production equipment, there is the need for innovative technologies to monitor the removal of fouling from equipment surfaces. In this work, optical and ultrasonic sensors are used to monitor the fouling removal of food materials with different physicochemical properties from a benchtop rig. Tailored signal and image processing procedures are developed to monitor the cleaning process, and a neural network regression model is developed to predict the amount of fouling remaining on the surface. The results show that the three dissimilar food fouling materials investigated were removed from the test section via different cleaning mechanisms, and the neural network models were able to predict the area and volume of fouling present during cleaning with accuracies as high as 98% and 97%, respectively. This work demonstrates that sensors and machine learning methods can be effectively combined to monitor cleaning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Simeone
- Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Elliot Woolley
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Josep Escrig
- i2CAT Foundation, Calle Gran Capita, 2 -4 Edifici Nexus (Campus Nord Upc), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Nicholas James Watson
- Food, Water, Waste, Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Yavrukova VI, Shandurkov DN, Marinova KG, Kralchevsky PA, Ung YW, Petkov JT. Cleaning Ability of Mixed Solutions of Sulfonated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika I. Yavrukova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacySofia University Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar N. Shandurkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacySofia University Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
| | - Krastanka G. Marinova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacySofia University Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
| | - Peter A. Kralchevsky
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacySofia University Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
| | - Yee W. Ung
- KLK OLEO, KL‐Kepong Oleomas Sdn Bhd, Menara KLK, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara Petaling Jaya 47810 Selangor Dalur Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jordan T. Petkov
- KLK OLEO, KL‐Kepong Oleomas Sdn Bhd, Menara KLK, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara Petaling Jaya 47810 Selangor Dalur Ehsan Malaysia
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Fernandes R, Oevermann D, Wilson D. Cleaning insoluble viscoplastic soil layers using static and moving coherent impinging water jets. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Cleaning of toothpaste from vessel walls by impinging liquid jets and their falling films: Quantitative modelling of soaking effects. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tsai J, Cuckston GL, Hallmark B, Wilson DI. Fluid‐dynamic gauging for studying the initial swelling of soft solid layers. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jheng‐Han Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
| | - Georgina L. Cuckston
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
| | - Bart Hallmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
| | - D. Ian Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge UK
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18
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Use of α-amylase/silica particle suspensions to optimize cleaning in a simulated cleaning-in-place system. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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