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Letourneau J, Carrion VM, Jiang S, Osborne OW, Holmes ZC, Fox A, Epstein P, Tan CY, Kirtley M, Surana NK, David LA. Interplay between particle size and microbial ecology in the gut microbiome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591376. [PMID: 38712077 PMCID: PMC11071529 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Physical particles can serve as critical abiotic factors that structure the ecology of microbial communities. For non-human vertebrate gut microbiomes, fecal particle size (FPS) has been known to be shaped by chewing efficiency and diet. However, little is known about what drives FPS in the human gut. Here, we analyzed FPS by laser diffraction across a total of 76 individuals and found FPS to be strongly individualized. Surprisingly, a behavioral intervention with 41 volunteers designed to increase chewing efficiency did not impact FPS. Dietary patterns could also not be associated with FPS. Instead, we found evidence that mammalian and human gut microbiomes shaped FPS. Fecal samples from germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice exhibited increased FPS relative to colonized mice. In humans, markers of longer transit time were correlated with smaller FPS. Gut microbiota diversity and composition were also associated with FPS. Finally, ex vivo culture experiments using human fecal microbiota from distinct donors showed that differences in microbiota community composition can drive variation in particle size. Together, our results support an ecological model in which the human gut microbiome plays a key role in reducing the size of food particles during digestion, and that the microbiomes of individuals vary in this capacity. These new insights also suggest FPS in humans to be governed by processes beyond those found in other mammals and emphasize the importance of gut microbiota in shaping their own abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Letourneau
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Verónica M Carrion
- Duke Office of Clinical Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sharon Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olivia W Osborne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Zachary C Holmes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Aiden Fox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Piper Epstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Chin Yee Tan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Michelle Kirtley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Neeraj K Surana
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lawrence A David
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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Abdel-Gawwad EA, Atito E, Osman M, Emam ANM, Baraka Y, Abdullah AAB, Helal MA. Evaluating the Impact of Various Treatment Modalities on the Chewing Efficiency of Anterior Disc Displacements of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Cases: A Comparative Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2024; 14:136-143. [PMID: 38827358 PMCID: PMC11141894 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_151_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Internal disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is identified by an anomaly between the condylar-disc assembly, which, in many cases, may lead to discomfort and malfunction of the chewing function. The study's objective was to assess the effects of four distinct treatment approaches on temporomandibular disorder cases with anterior disc displacements focusing on their chewing efficiency. Materials and Methods One hundred participants suffering from reducible TMJ disc displacement were selected for enrollment in the study. Subjects were divided equally into four groups: group I patients were treated with behavioral therapy; group II patients were treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT); group III patients were treated with anterior repositioning splints; and group IV patients were treated with flat plane splints. Chewing efficiency was assessed utilizing the fractional sieving method and a synthetic food substitute was created using silicon impression material. The statistical analysis encompassed comparisons of chewing efficiency between groups and between baseline and posttreatment within each group, employing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t tests, respectively. Results Using the paired t test, a significant difference in chewing efficiency values as expressed by the median particle size was observed between the baseline and 6-month values in all groups (P < 0.05), except for group I where no significant change was noted over the 6 months (P > 0.05). The one-way ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference among groups following therapies (P ˂ 0.05). The post hoc Tukey test was employed for pairwise comparisons and revealed statistically significant variances in the main values of chewing efficiency among all groups at a 95% confidence level (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion The study's results suggest that occlusal splints and LLLT are more effective in improving chewing efficiency than behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehap Atito
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University (Boys Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Osman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University (Boys Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Naser M Emam
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Najran University, , Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Baraka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Deraya University, Al-Menia, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Ahmed Helal
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University (Boys Branch), Cairo, Egypt
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Letourneau J, Carrion VM, Zeng J, Jiang S, Osborne OW, Holmes ZC, Fox A, Epstein P, Tan CY, Kirtley M, Surana NK, David LA. Interplay between particle size and microbial ecology in the gut microbiome. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae168. [PMID: 39214074 PMCID: PMC11406467 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Physical particles can serve as critical abiotic factors that structure the ecology of microbial communities. For non-human vertebrate gut microbiomes, fecal particle size (FPS) has been known to be shaped by chewing efficiency and diet. However, little is known about what drives FPS in the human gut. Here, we analyzed FPS by laser diffraction across a total of 76 individuals and found FPS to be strongly individualized. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, a behavioral intervention with 41 volunteers designed to increase chewing efficiency did not impact FPS. Dietary patterns could also not be associated with FPS. Instead, we found evidence that human and mouse gut microbiomes shaped FPS. Fecal samples from germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice exhibited increased FPS relative to colonized mice. In humans, markers of longer transit time were correlated with smaller FPS. Gut microbiota diversity and composition were also associated with FPS. Finally, ex vivo culture experiments using human fecal microbiota from distinct donors showed that differences in microbiota community composition can drive variation in particle size. Together, our results support an ecological model in which the human gut microbiome plays a key role in reducing the size of food particles during digestion. This finding has important implications for our understanding of energy extraction and subsequent uptake in gastrointestinal tract. FPS may therefore be viewed as an informative functional readout, providing new insights into the metabolic state of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Letourneau
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Verónica M Carrion
- Duke Office of Clinical Research, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Sharon Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Olivia W Osborne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Zachary C Holmes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Aiden Fox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Piper Epstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Chin Yee Tan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Michelle Kirtley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Neeraj K Surana
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Lawrence A David
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Cui Z, van der Glas HW, Chen J. A breakage index for characterizing in vitro nut fragmentation and predicting human oral fragmentation. J Texture Stud 2023. [PMID: 37730241 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Breakage of food influences eating experience and sensory perception. The aims of the study were to identify an appropriate breakage index and to develop an in vitro method for predicting the ease of oral breakage of nuts. Kernels of five types of nuts were fragmented in vitro using a texture analyzer and 12 subjects therefore performed molar bites. In addition, peanuts were differently roasted (over 0, 15, 25, and 35 min) to vary texture within the same nut type. Projected particle areas were determined using imaging. Two Breakage Indices were compared (1) BI-I, the difference, after and before fragmentation, in square root values of ratios between total projected area and volume [Agrawal et al., 1997, Archives of Oral Biology, 42(1), 1-9], and (2) BI-II, the ratio of the total projected area after and before fragmentation. BI-II gives a stronger linear regression than BI-I between in vivo and in vitro index values for different types of nuts; Pearson's r = 0.834 versus 0.499 (12 subjects with all data pooled). Using BI-II, a subject's regression result in fragmentation tests with differently roasted peanuts was as strong as when testing different nut types: Pearson's r = 0.984 versus 0.964. Since the range of the in vitro BI-II values was 5.5 times smaller in the peanut tests, the finding of a similarly strong regression indicates a high sensitivity of BI-II to detect differences in food texture. BI-II is useful for food industry to determine how easily solid foods break down and thereby compare the potential of flavor release between foods during chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Cui
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hilbert W van der Glas
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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Orientation simulation and image experiment for flexible biomass particle in wedge fluidization channel. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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