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Liu DY, Phillips L, Wilson DM, Fulton KM, Twine SM, Wong A, Linington RG. Collateral sensitivity profiling in drug-resistant Escherichia coli identifies natural products suppressing cephalosporin resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1976. [PMID: 37031190 PMCID: PMC10082850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance presents serious health challenges to the management of infectious diseases, a problem that is further exacerbated by slowing rates of antimicrobial drug discovery in recent years. The phenomenon of collateral sensitivity (CS), whereby resistance to one drug is accompanied by increased sensitivity to another, provides new opportunities to address both these challenges. Here, we present a high-throughput screening platform termed Collateral Sensitivity Profiling (CSP) to map the difference in bioactivity of large chemical libraries across 29 drug-resistant strains of E. coli. CSP screening of 80 commercial antimicrobials demonstrated multiple CS interactions. Further screening of a 6195-member natural product library revealed extensive CS relationships in nature. In particular, we report the isolation of known and new analogues of borrelidin A with potent CS activities against cephalosporin-resistant strains. Co-dosing ceftazidime with borrelidin A slows broader cephalosporin resistance with no recognizable resistance to borrelidin A itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., V5A 1S6, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Phillips
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., K1S 5B6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Darryl M Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., V5A 1S6, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M Fulton
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., K1N 5A2, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Susan M Twine
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., K1S 5B6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr., K1N 5A2, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Wong
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., K1S 5B6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Texas A&M AgriLife, 1500 Research Parkway, 77845, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Roger G Linington
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., V5A 1S6, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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2
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Multidrug-Resistant Proteus mirabilis Strain with Cointegrate Plasmid. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111775. [PMID: 33198099 PMCID: PMC7696407 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a component of the normal intestinal microflora of humans and animals, but can cause urinary tract infections and even sepsis in hospital settings. In recent years, the number of multidrug-resistant P. mirabilis isolates, including the ones producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), is increasing worldwide. However, the number of investigations dedicated to this species, especially, whole-genome sequencing, is much lower in comparison to the members of the ESKAPE pathogens group. This study presents a detailed analysis of clinical multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing P. mirabilis isolate using short- and long-read whole-genome sequencing, which allowed us to reveal possible horizontal gene transfer between Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. mirabilis plasmids and to locate the CRISPR-Cas system in the genome together with its probable phage targets, as well as multiple virulence genes. We believe that the data presented will contribute to the understanding of antibiotic resistance acquisition and virulence mechanisms for this important pathogen.
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Girlich D, Bonnin RA, Dortet L, Naas T. Genetics of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Proteus spp. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:256. [PMID: 32153540 PMCID: PMC7046756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteus spp. are commensal Enterobacterales of the human digestive tract. At the same time, P. mirabilis is commonly involved in urinary tract infections (UTI). P. mirabilis is naturally resistant to several antibiotics including colistin and shows reduced susceptibility to imipenem. However higher levels of resistance to imipenem commonly occur in P. mirabilis isolates consecutively to the loss of porins, reduced expression of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) PBP1a, PBP2, or acquisition of several antibiotic resistance genes, including carbapenemase genes. In addition, resistance to non-β-lactams is also frequently reported including molecules used for treating UTI infections (e.g., fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans). Emergence and spread of multidrug resistant P. mirabilis isolates, including those producing ESBLs, AmpC cephalosporinases and carbapenemases, are being more and more frequently reported. This review covers Proteus spp. with a focus on the different genetic mechanisms involved in the acquisition of resistance genes to multiple antibiotic classes turning P. mirabilis into a dreadful pandrug resistant bacteria and resulting in difficult to treat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Girlich
- EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Associated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Evolution and Ecology of Resistance to Antibiotics Unit, Institut Pasteur - APHP - Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Rémy A Bonnin
- EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Associated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Evolution and Ecology of Resistance to Antibiotics Unit, Institut Pasteur - APHP - Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dortet
- EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Associated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Evolution and Ecology of Resistance to Antibiotics Unit, Institut Pasteur - APHP - Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Naas
- EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Associated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Evolution and Ecology of Resistance to Antibiotics Unit, Institut Pasteur - APHP - Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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Kocsis B, Szmolka A, Szabo O, Gulyas D, Kristóf K, Göcző I, Szabo D. Ciprofloxacin Promoted qnrD Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis of qnrD Harboring Plasmids. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 25:501-508. [PMID: 30461351 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morganella morganii SE10MM harboring quinolone resistance determinant qnrD was investigated in our study. An entirely sequenced novel 2,662 bp qnrD-plasmid pSE10MM was identified and deposited at GenBank under accession number KU160530. Nucleic acid sequence of pSE10MM showed 94-97% similarity to previously detected qnrD-plasmids of Proteus mirabilis strains. Phylogenetic analysis by Geneious 9.0.5 showed clusters of plasmids with possible common origin. Initial expression of qnrD gene was found 12.5 normalized to rpoB housekeeping gene. Subsequently, a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (1 mg/L) ciprofloxacin exposure resulted in a fold change of 30.06 at 24 hours. In contrast, qnrD-plasmid pSE10MM copy number increased in time from 1.1 to 6.63. Chromosomal mutations of gyrA with S83I, gyrB with S463A, and parC with S80I amino acid substitutions were detected, but no other mutations have occurred as a consequence of ciprofloxacin exposure. Elevated expression of qnrD correlated with that of recA in M. morganii during ciprofloxacin exposure, which indicates SOS-dependent regulation of qnrD. Protective effect of QnrD plays a role in fluoroquinolone-resistant strain even in the presence of chromosomal mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Kocsis
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ama Szmolka
- 2 Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szabo
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Gulyas
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kristóf
- 3 Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Göcző
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Wimalasena SHMP, Pathirana HNKS, Shin GW, De Silva BCJ, Hossain S, Heo GJ. Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Determinants in Tribe Proteeae Isolated from Pet Turtles with High Prevalence of qnrD and Novel gyrB Mutations. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 25:611-618. [PMID: 30427748 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has challenged significantly in both veterinary and human medicine. In this study, we analyzed the potential risk of pet turtles harboring tribe Proteeae as a source of quinolone-resistant determinants, including plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and target gene alterations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of 54 Proteeae isolates against ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and nalidixic acid was examined. The PMQR genes and QRDR alterations were identified using conventional PCR assays and sequencing. Four isolates were resistant to all quinolones tested in this study. Nine isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and showed either intermediate resistance or susceptibility to other tested quinolones. All isolates resistant to one or more tested quinolones harbored mutations in gyrB and some also had gyrA and parC mutations. Of 54, 12 Proteeae isolates displayed the novel E466D, N440T, Q411S, and F417L mutations in gyrB. Among the PMQR genes, 41 (76%) isolates harbored the qnrD gene with the highest prevalence, whereas aac(6')Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrA, and qnrB genes were detected in 28 (52%), 9 (17.0%), 7 (13.0%), and 1 (1.9%) study isolates, respectively. The QRDR analysis of selected mutants revealed that increasing quinolone selective pressure led to a predominance of gyrA mutants. All results indicate that a healthy pet turtle can play as a potential reservoir for quinolone-resistant Proteeae, which it might cause public health risk on pet owners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gee-Wook Shin
- 2 Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | - Sabrina Hossain
- 1 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- 1 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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6
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Pathirana HNKS, Shin GW, Wimalasena SHMP, Hossain S, De Silva BCJ, Dahanayake PS, Heo GJ. Incidence of antibiogram, antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 and 2 integrons in tribe Proteeae with IMP27 gene for the first time in Providencia sp. isolated from pet turtles. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:620-627. [PMID: 30238643 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteeae is a tribe which consists of three genera: Proteus, Providencia and Morganella. The objective of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence genotype and class 1 and 2 integrons in Proteeae isolated from pet turtles and to determine the impact of antibiotic resistance on virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Integron-positive isolates were used to detect their gene cassette array. Sixty four Proteeae were isolated and all were resistant to macrolides (100%). Among 64 isolates 56, 52, 36 and 25 were resistant to nitrofurans, β-lactams, tetracycline and aminoglycoside respectively. Sixteen (25%) isolates were positive for intI1 while 14 (21·87%) were positive for integrase 2 (intI2). Eleven (17·18%) isolates were positive for class 1 variable region while 7 (10·93%) were positive for class 2 variable region. IMP27, a novel metallo β-lactamase gene was found in Providencia isolates. Proteus sp. were positive for every tested virulence genes and UreC gene was detected in 48·44% followed by zapA (17·19%), mrpA (17·19%) and hlyA (14·06%) genes. In this study, integron associated-antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in Proteeae isolates in a considerable range representing clear threats to public health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this study, multidrug-resistant Proteeae isolates had several antibiotic resistance genes. Integrons are important contributors to the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. We could detect both class 1 and 2 integrons and several gene cassette arrays in class 1 integron. The gene cassette arrays of the Class 2 integrons contained IMP27-dfrA1-aadA1-catB2-ybeA-ybgA in two isolates. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report detection of IMP27 in Providencia rettgeri isolates. All results indicate that healthy pet turtles act as potential reservoirs for Proteeae species with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N K S Pathirana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - G W Shin
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - S H M P Wimalasena
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - S Hossain
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - B C J De Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - P S Dahanayake
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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Pathirana HNKS, Shin GW, Wimalasena SHMP, De Silva BCJ, Hossain S, Heo GJ. PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF QUINOLONE RESISTANCE GENES IN PROTEUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM PET TURTLES. J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from companion animals in Europe (ComPath II study). Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Dasgupta N, Paul D, Dhar(Chanda) D, Ingti B, Bhattacharjee D, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. An insight into selection specificity of quinolone resistance determinants within Enterobacteriaceae family. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Schultz E, Baucheron S, Lupo A, Saras E, Cloeckaert A, Doublet B, Madec JY, Haenni M. Complete sequences of qnrD-carrying plasmids in Proteus spp. collected from French animals. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:306-307. [PMID: 28818573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eliette Schultz
- Université Lyon 1-ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France; ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Baucheron
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnese Lupo
- Université Lyon 1-ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Saras
- Université Lyon 1-ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Axel Cloeckaert
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Benoît Doublet
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Université Lyon 1-ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Université Lyon 1-ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France.
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qnrE1, a Member of a New Family of Plasmid-Located Quinolone Resistance Genes, Originated from the Chromosome of Enterobacter Species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02555-16. [PMID: 28193666 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02555-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
qnrE1, found in a clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, was undetectable by PCR assays used for the six qnr families. qnrE1 was located on a conjugative plasmid (ca. 185 kb) and differed from qnrB alleles by 25%. Phylogenetic reconstructions of qnr genes and proteins and analysis of the qnrE1 surroundings showed that this gene belongs to a new qnr family and was likely mobilized by ISEcp1 from the chromosome of Enterobacter spp. to plasmids of K. pneumoniae.
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12
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Albornoz E, Lucero C, Romero G, Quiroga MP, Rapoport M, Guerriero L, Andres P, Rodriguez C, Galas M, Centrón D, Corso A, Petroni A. Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Clinical Enterobacteria from Argentina. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:177-187. [PMID: 27728774 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This first nationwide study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in phenotypically unselected (consecutive) clinical enterobacteria. We studied 1,058 isolates that had been consecutively collected in 66 hospitals of the WHONET-Argentina Resistance Surveillance Network. Overall, 26% of isolates were nonsusceptible to at least one of the three quinolones tested (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin). The overall prevalence of PMQR genes was 8.1% (4.6% for aac(6')-Ib-cr; 3.9% for qnr genes; and 0.4% for oqxA and oqxB, which were not previously reported in enterobacteria other than Klebsiella spp. from Argentina). The PMQR prevalence was highly variable among the enterobacterial species or when the different genes were considered. The prevalent PMQR genes were located in class 1 integrons [qnrB2, qnrB10, and aac(6')-Ib-cr]; in the ColE1-type plasmid pPAB19-1 or Tn2012-like transposons (qnrB19); and in Tn6238 or bracketed by IS26 and blaOXA-1 [aac(6')-Ib-cr]. The mutations associated with quinolone resistance that were located in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR mutations) of gyrA, parC, and gyrB were also investigated. The occurrence of QRDR mutations was significantly associated with the presence of PMQR genes: At least one QRDR mutation was present in 82% of the PMQR-harboring isolates but in only 23% of those without PMQR genes (p < 0.0001, Fisher's Test). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the prevalence of PMQR genes in consecutive clinical enterobacteria where all the genes currently known have been screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Albornoz
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celeste Lucero
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Genara Romero
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Quiroga
- 2 Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Rapoport
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonor Guerriero
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Andres
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Rodriguez
- 2 Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Galas
- 3 Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Centrón
- 2 Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Corso
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Petroni
- 1 Servicio Antimicrobianos, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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