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Zhu L, Lai Y, Li X, Ma H, Gong F, Sun X, Cao A, Jiang T, Han Y, Pan Z. Molecular and epidemiological characterization of Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis in China. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106640. [PMID: 38614437 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens in bovine mastitis, which leads to substantial financial losses for the dairy industry. RESULTS In this study, S. aureus (n = 72) was isolated from 18 dairy farms in 15 provinces across China in 2021. The identification of these isolates at the species level was achieved by employing 16S rRNA sequencing. An isothermal amplification method for auxiliary detection of S. aureus was established, which can be employed not only for laboratory detection but also for point-of-care testing (POCT). Molecular characteristics of S. aureus mastitis in Chinese dairy cows were determined through MLST and spa typing. Finally, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and MRSA resistance genes were detected using MIC and PCR amplification techniques. 72 isolates were identified as 12 sequence types (STs) and 7 clonal complexes (CC). ST1/CC1 was the dominant prevalent accounting for 33.3 % of the total, and exhibiting a wide distribution range. In terms of spa types, t114 was the dominant type, accounting for 31.9 % of the total, followed by t529 as the second major type. Four S. aureus strains were classified as MRSA according to their levels of oxacillin resistance (MIC ≥4 μg/mL). Among these four MRSA strains, one of them was found to be mecA positive. However, the presence of drug-resistance genes mecA and mecC was not detected in the remaining three MRSA strains, indicating the possible existence of new resistance genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study investigated the prevalence of S. aureus mastitis in dairy cows in China, while also examined the molecular characteristics and MRSA strains. This information will help with the clinical monitoring, prevention, and control of S. aureus mastitis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Lai
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengju Gong
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqiang Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Aiqiao Cao
- Shenzhen Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yintao Han
- Shenzhen Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Institute of Quality & Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zihao Pan
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Liu H, Ji X, Wang H, Hou X, Sun H, Billington C, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang R. Genomic epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu, China: emerging broader host tropism strain clones ST59 and ST398. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266715. [PMID: 37808296 PMCID: PMC10556526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is highly pathogenic and can cause disease in both humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic epidemiology of S. aureus isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu Province, China, to identify predominant lineages and their associated genomic and phenotypic characteristics. In this study, we identified 117 S. aureus isolates collected from 1,062 samples in Jiangsu Province between 2021 and 2022. Based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 117 S. aureus isolates, molecular analyses indicated CC1-ST1 (26.50%, 31/117), CC97-ST97 (18.80%, 22/117), CC398-ST398 (10.26%, 12/117), CC8-ST630 (7.69%, 9/117) and CC59-ST59 (2.56%, 3/117) were the major lineages. The prevalence of mecA-positive strains was 11.11%. Four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) lineages were found, including MRSA-ST59-t172 (n = 3), OS-MRSA-ST398-t011 (n = 1), MRSA-ST630-t2196 (n = 2) and OS-MRSA-ST630-t2196 (n = 7). Phenotypic resistance to penicillin (30.77%, 36/117), ciprofloxacin (17.09%, 20/117) and erythromycin (15.38%, 18/117) was observed which corresponded with resistance genotypes. All of the isolates could produce biofilms, and 38.46% (45/117) of isolates had invasion rates in mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) of greater than 1%. Interestingly, most biofilm-producing and invading isolates harbored ebp-icaA-icaB-icaC-icaR-clfA-clfB-fnbA-fnbB-sdrC-sdrD-sdrE-map-can (27.35%, 32/117) and ebp-icaA-icaB-icaC-icaD-icaR-clfA-clfB-fnbA-fnbB-sdrC-sdrD-sdrE-map (33.33%, 39/117) adherence-associated gene patterns and belonged to lineages CC1 and CC97, respectively. Virulence factor assays showed that 47.01% of the isolates contained at least enterotoxin genes. Isolates harboring the immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes (sea, sak, chp, and scn) were predominantly categorized as STs 464, 398, and 59. IEC-positive ST398 and ST59 isolates contained a very high proportion of virulence genes located on prophages, whereas most IEC-negative ST398 clade isolates carried broad-spectrum drug resistance genes. Meanwhile, the IEC-positive ST398 clade showed a close genetic relationship with isolates from the pork supply chain and hospital surgical site infections. MRSA-ST59 strains showed the closest genetic relationship with an isolate from quick-frozen products. High-risk livestock-associated strains ST398 and MRSA-ST59 were detected in raw milk, indicating a potential public health risk of S. aureus transmission between livestock and humans. Our study highlights the necessity for S. aureus surveillance in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Heye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haichang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Morales-Ubaldo AL, Rivero-Perez N, Valladares-Carranza B, Velázquez-Ordoñez V, Delgadillo-Ruiz L, Zaragoza-Bastida A. Bovine mastitis, a worldwide impact disease: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and viable alternative approaches. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100306. [PMID: 37547227 PMCID: PMC10400929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is globally considered one of the most important diseases within dairy herds, mainly due to the associated economic losses. The most prevalent etiology are bacteria, classified into contagious and environmental, with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most common pathogens associated with mastitis cases. To date these pathogens are resistant to the most common active ingredients used for mastitis treatment. According to recent studies resistance to new antimicrobials has increased, which is why developing of alternative treatments is imperative. Therefore the present review aims to summarize the reports about bovine mastitis along 10 years, emphasizing bacterial etiology, its epidemiology, and the current situation of antimicrobial resistance, as well as the development of alternative treatments for this pathology. Analyzed data showed that the prevalence of major pathogens associated with bovine mastitis varied according to geographical region. Moreover, these pathogens are classified as multidrug-resistant, since the effectiveness of antimicrobials on them has decreased. To date, several studies have focused on the research of alternative treatments, among them vegetal extracts, essential oils, or peptides. Some other works have reported the application of nanotechnology and polymers against bacteria associated with bovine mastitis. Results demonstrated that these alternatives may be effective on bacteria associated with bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lizet Morales-Ubaldo
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Valladares-Carranza
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Lucía Delgadillo-Ruiz
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, CP. 98068, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Khanal S, Boonyayatra S, Awaiwanont N. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy farms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:947154. [PMID: 36561392 PMCID: PMC9763730 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.947154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic bacterium that causes many human and animal infections worldwide. MRSA infections are classified as priority infections owing to their high morbidity and mortality, with a significant risk of zoonotic transmission. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of MRSA in dairy cattle farms and its heterogeneity. Relevant studies were retrieved from three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The pooled prevalence of MRSA in dairy farms was estimated using a random-effects model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to assess the probable sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were also performed. A total of 94 articles were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of MRSA was estimated to be 3.81% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.61-5.20] with significantly high heterogeneity (I 2 = 96.6%, p = 0.00). For the subgroup analysis among continents, the prevalence was highest in Asia (4.89%; 95% CI = 2.88-7.35) and lowest in South America (1.33%, 95% CI = 0.00-5.49). As for the year of publication, MRSA prevalence was highest in reports published from 2015 to 2018 (4.36%, 95% CI = 2.41-6.80) and lowest in reports published before 2015 (2.65%, 95% CI = 0.75-5.52). As for sample type, the prevalence of MRSA in cattle milk (3.91%, 95% CI = 2.64-5.39) was higher than that in other sample types (1.19%, 95% CI = 0.05-3.24). These three factors were not significantly associated with the pooled prevalence of MRSA (p > 0.05). Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the prevalence of MRSA has been minimal and consistent in dairy cattle farms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijana Khanal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,*Correspondence: Sukolrat Boonyayatra
| | - Nattakarn Awaiwanont
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Public Health Centre for Asia Pacific, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Detection of Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Gene, and Drug Resistance Gene of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Mastitis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0047122. [PMID: 35758746 PMCID: PMC9431281 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00471-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial therapy plays an important role in mastitis control caused by Staphylococcus aureus but has become less effective due to widespread drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to detect antibiotic resistance, drug resistance gene, and virulence gene of S. aureus strains. In this study, 2,962 milk samples were collected from 43 dairy farms located in 16 provinces of China and cultured for isolation of S. aureus. Antibiotic resistance, capsular polysaccharide, spa typing, virulence genes, and drug resistance genes of the strains were analyzed. Of 2,962 samples, 298 strains were isolated and identified as S. aureus. The strains exhibited high percentages of resistance to penicillin G (91.95%). Moreover, all strains showed resistance to more than one antimicrobial agent but were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The results indicate that type 8 was the dominant capsular polysaccharide serotype and t459 was the dominant spa type. The most prevalent virulence gene was clfA (98%). The resistance genes of several antibiotics were detected, among which the blaZ gene (92.95%) was the highest. In conclusion, we present the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of S. aureus in this study which are of importance for mastitis control. IMPORTANCE Bovine mastitis is a serious disease associated with both high incidence and economic loss, posing a major challenge to the dairy industry worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens to cause bovine mastitis, and antimicrobial therapy plays an important role in mastitis control caused by S. aureus but has become less effective due to widespread drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to detect antibiotic resistance, drug resistance gene, and virulence gene of S. aureus strains, which would be helpful to mastitis control.
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Yan L, Yang Y, Ma X, Wei L, Wan X, Zhang Z, Ding J, Peng J, Liu G, Gou H, Wang C, Zhang X. Effect of Two Different Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains on the Physiological Properties of MAC-T Cells and Their Transcriptome Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:818928. [PMID: 35812882 PMCID: PMC9263607 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.818928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the main pathogens causing mastitis in dairy cows. The current work mainly focuses on the pathway of apoptosis induction in MAC-T cells caused by S. aureus infection or other factors. However, the physiological characteristics of S. aureus infected MAC-T cells and the resulting mRNA expression profile remain unknown particularly in the case of diverse drug resistant strains. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains were used to infect MAC-T cells to investigate this issue. The adhesion, invasion and apoptosis ability of MRSA-infected group and MSSA-infected group was assessed over time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h). After 8 h, the RNA sequencing was conducted on the MRSA-infected and the MSSA-infected with uninfected MAC-T cells as controls. The results showed that the adhesion and invasion ability of MRSA-infected and MSSA-infected to MAC-T cells increased and then decreased with infection time, peaking at 8 h. The adhesion and invasion rates of the MSSA-infected were substantially lower than those of the MRSA-infected, and the invasion rate of the MSSA-infected group was nearly non-existent. Then the apoptosis rate of MAC-T cells increased as the infection time increased. The transcriptome analysis revealed 549 differentially expressed mRNAs and 390 differentially expressed mRNAs in MRSA-infected and MSSA-infected MAC-T cells, respectively, compared to the uninfected MAC-T cells. According to GO analysis, these differentially expressed genes were involved in immune response, inflammation, apoptosis, and other processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated the following pathways were linked to adhesion, invasion inflammation and apoptosis, including AMPK, FOXO, HIF-1, IL-17, JAK-STAT, MAPK, mTOR, NF-κB, p53, PI3K-Akt, TNF, Toll-like receptor, Rap1, RAS, prion disease, the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells pathway. We found 86 DEGs from 41 KEGG-enriched pathways associated with adhesion, invasion, apoptosis, and inflammation, all of which were implicated in MAC-T cells resistance to MRSA and MSSA infection. This study offers helpful data toward understanding the effect of different drug-resistant S. aureus on dairy cow mammary epithelial cells and aid in the prevention of mastitis in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuze Yang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Xuerui Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jucai Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huitian Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Wang
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Xiaoli Zhang
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El-Ashker M, Monecke S, Gwida M, Saad T, El-Gohary A, Mohamed A, Reißig A, Frankenfeld K, Gary D, Müller E, Ehricht R. Molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureusclones isolated from healthy dairy animals and their caretakers in Egypt. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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