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Wang CR, McFarlane LO, Pukala TL. Exploring snake venoms beyond the primary sequence: From proteoforms to protein-protein interactions. Toxicon 2024; 247:107841. [PMID: 38950738 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation has been a long-standing global issue that is difficult to treat, largely owing to the flawed nature of current immunoglobulin-based antivenom therapy and the complexity of snake venoms as sophisticated mixtures of bioactive proteins and peptides. Comprehensive characterisation of venom compositions is essential to better understanding snake venom toxicity and inform effective and rationally designed antivenoms. Additionally, a greater understanding of snake venom composition will likely unearth novel biologically active proteins and peptides that have promising therapeutic or biotechnological applications. While a bottom-up proteomic workflow has been the main approach for cataloguing snake venom compositions at the toxin family level, it is unable to capture snake venom heterogeneity in the form of protein isoforms and higher-order protein interactions that are important in driving venom toxicity but remain underexplored. This review aims to highlight the importance of understanding snake venom heterogeneity beyond the primary sequence, in the form of post-translational modifications that give rise to different proteoforms and the myriad of higher-order protein complexes in snake venoms. We focus on current top-down proteomic workflows to identify snake venom proteoforms and further discuss alternative or novel separation, instrumentation, and data processing strategies that may improve proteoform identification. The current higher-order structural characterisation techniques implemented for snake venom proteins are also discussed; we emphasise the need for complementary and higher resolution structural bioanalytical techniques such as mass spectrometry-based approaches, X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy, to elucidate poorly characterised tertiary and quaternary protein structures. We envisage that the expansion of the snake venom characterisation "toolbox" with top-down proteomics and high-resolution protein structure determination techniques will be pivotal in advancing structural understanding of snake venoms towards the development of improved therapeutic and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruth Wang
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Lewis O McFarlane
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Tara L Pukala
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
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Kasai K, Nakano M, Ohishi M, Nakamura T, Miura T. Antimicrobial properties of L-amino acid oxidase: biochemical features and biomedical applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4819-4832. [PMID: 34106313 PMCID: PMC8188536 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Mucus layer that covers the body surface of various animal functions as a defense barrier against microbes, environmental xenobiotics, and predators. Previous studies have reported that L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), present in several animal fluids, has potent properties against pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. LAAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of specific L-amino acids with the generation of hydrogen peroxide and L-amino acid metabolites. Further, the generated hydrogen peroxide is involved in oxidation (direct effect) while the metabolites activate immune responses (indirect effect). Therefore, LAAO exhibits two different mechanisms of bioactivation. Previously, we described the selective, specific, and local oxidative and potent antibacterial actions of various LAAOs as potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on their biochemical features, enzymatic regulations, and biomedical applications with a view of describing their probable role as biochemical agents and biomarkers for microbial infections, cancer, and autoimmune-mediated diseases. We consider that LAAOs hold implications in biomedicine owing to their antimicrobial activity wherein they can be used in treatment of infectious diseases and as diagnostic biomarkers in the above-mentioned diseased conditions. Key points •Focus on biochemical features, enzymatic regulation, and biomedical applications of LAAOs. •Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, inflammatory regulation, and immune responses of LAAOs. •Potential biomedical application as an antimicrobial and anti-infection agent, and disease biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Toshiya Nakamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, 036-8564, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan.
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Metal coordination by L-amino acid oxidase derived from flounder Platichthys stellatus is structurally essential and regulates antibacterial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9645-9654. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hamed MB, El-Badry MO, Kandil EI, Borai IH, Fahmy AS. A contradictory action of procoagulant ficin by a fibrinolytic serine protease from Egyptian Ficus carica latex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:e00492. [PMID: 32642455 PMCID: PMC7334393 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We purified a serine protease from Ficus carica latex. Serine protease had a high tendency to hydrolyze fibrinogin. Serine protease inhibited blood coagulation.
Ficus carica is one of the most popular and edible plants. Its trees emanate latex of high medical importance. The well-studied procoagulant effect of ficin is a hallmark of this latex which protrudes an interesting question of how can the plant control this effect? In the present work, we purified and characterized a serine protease (FPIII) with fibrinolytic activity from F. carica latex and study the anticoagulant character of the latex. FPIII was inhibited by PMSF and its molecular weight was 48 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of FPIII were detected at 8.5 and 60 °C, respectively. The activation energy of FPIII was 7 kcal/mol and was thermal stable up to 60 °C. FPIII tended to hydrolyze different protein substrates and showed a good catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km). The anticoagulant effects and fibrinogenolytic activities of latex crude extract and FPIII were detected, which controls the procoagulant effect of ficin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B Hamed
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokii, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O El-Badry
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokii, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman I Kandil
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H Borai
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf S Fahmy
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokii, Cairo, Egypt
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Nielsen VG. Characterization of L-amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Crotalus adamanteus Venom: Procoagulant and Anticoagulant Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194853. [PMID: 31574907 PMCID: PMC6801523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom enzymes of the L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) class are responsible for tissue hemorrhage, edema, and derangement of platelet function. However, what role, if any, these flavoenzymes play in altering plasmatic coagulation have not been well defined. Using coagulation kinetomic analyses (thrombelastograph-based), it was determined that the LAAO derived from Crotalus adamanteus venom displayed a procoagulant activity associated with weak clot strength (no factor XIII activation) similar to thrombin-like enzymes. The procoagulant activity was not modified in the presence of reduced glutathione, demonstrating that the procoagulant activity was likely due to deamination, and not hydrogen peroxide generation by the LAAO. Further, unlike the raw venom of the same species, the purified LAAO was not inhibited by carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2). Lastly, exposure of the enzyme to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) resulted in the LAAO expressing anticoagulant activity, preventing contact activation generated thrombin from forming a clot. In sum, this investigation for the first time characterized the LAAO of a snake venom as both a fibrinogen polymerizing and an anticoagulant enzyme acting via oxidative deamination and not proteolysis as is the case with thrombin-like enzymes (e.g., serine proteases). Using this thrombelastographic approach, future investigation of purified enzymes can define their biochemical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance G Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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Wiezel GA, Rustiguel JK, Morgenstern D, Zoccal KF, Faccioli LH, Nonato MC, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Insights into the structure, function and stability of bordonein-L, the first L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Biochimie 2019; 163:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Salama WH, Abdel-Aty AM, Fahmy AS. Rosemary leaves extract: Anti-snake action against Egyptian Cerastes cerastes venom. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:465-475. [PMID: 30302327 PMCID: PMC6174259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity caused by viper bites is very dangerous and the anti-venom therapy couldn't treat the local injures such as hemorrhage, edema, necrosis and inflammation of bitten tissues. Searching for safe and effective anti-venom compounds from natural sources is very important. This study was designed to explore the neutralizing ability of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves aqueous extract (RMAE) against Egyptian Cerastes cerastes (Cc) viper venom toxicity. The RMAE contained a considerable amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents with 3,300 and 800 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The RMAE showed a considerable variation of phenolic acids by using HPLC technique. Rosmarinic acid is the major component of the RMAE which recorded 400 mg/100 g dry weight and 64% of all the identified compounds. In vitro, the RMAE neutralized the enzymatic activities of proteases, l-amino acid oxidases, and phospholipases A2 of the Cc venom dose-dependently. In addition, the RMAE effectively neutralized the gelatinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, hemolytic and procoagulant activities of Cc venom. In vivo, the RMAE markedly reduced lethality, hemorrhage, edema, muscle and liver toxicities induced by Cc venom. In conclusion, the venom neutralizing property of the RMAE gives a new prospect for efficient treatment of the lethal viper bites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azza M. Abdel-Aty
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Feliciano PR, Rustiguel JK, Soares ROS, Sampaio SV, Cristina Nonato M. Crystal structure and molecular dynamics studies of L-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops atrox. Toxicon 2017; 128:50-59. [PMID: 28137621 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are dimeric flavoproteins that catalyze the deamination of L-amino acid to α-keto acid, producing ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. In this study, we report the crystal structure and molecular dynamics simulations of LAAO from the venom of Bothrops atrox (BatroxLAAO). BatroxLAAO presents several biological and pharmacological properties with promising biomedical applications. BatroxLAAO structure contains the highly conserved structural pattern of LAAOs comprising a FAD-binding domain, substrate-binding domain and helical domain, and a dimeric arrangement that can be stabilized by zinc. Also, molecular dynamics results show an asymmetric behavior, and a direct communication between FAD- and substrate-binding domains of counterpart subunits. These findings shed light on the structural role of dimerization to catalytic mechanism of SV-LAAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Feliciano
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joane K Rustiguel
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo O S Soares
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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