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Huang HW, Chen MJ. Exploring the Preventive and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Probiotics in Chronic Kidney Disease through the Gut-Kidney Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8347-8364. [PMID: 38571475 PMCID: PMC11036402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis contributes to deterioration of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Probiotics are a potential approach to modulate gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites to alleviate CKD progression. We aim to provide a comprehensive view of CKD-related gut dysbiosis and a critical perspective on probiotic function in CKD. First, this review addresses gut microbial alterations during CKD progression and the adverse effects associated with the changes in gut-derived metabolites. Second, we conduct a thorough examination of the latest clinical trials involving probiotic intervention to unravel critical pathways via the gut-kidney axis. Finally, we propose our viewpoints on limitations, further considerations, and future research prospects of probiotic adjuvant therapy in alleviating CKD progression. Enhancing our understanding of host-microbe interactions is crucial for gaining precise insights into the mechanisms through which probiotics exert their effects and identifying factors that influence the effectiveness of probiotics in developing strategies to optimize their use and enhance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wen Huang
- Department
of Animal Science and Technology, National
Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Section 3, Keelung Road, Taipei 10673, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Chen
- Department
of Animal Science and Technology, National
Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Section 3, Keelung Road, Taipei 10673, Taiwan
- Center
for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 81, Changxing Street, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
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Zhao H, Jiang F, Gu H, Gao H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Zhang T. Seasonal Variation of Gut Microbial Composition and Metabolism in Tibetan antelopes in Hoh Xil National Nature Reserve. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3569. [PMID: 38003186 PMCID: PMC10668778 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan antelope is an endangered species suffering from poaching and habitat fragmentation. The intestinal flora and metabolites play a crucial role in the physiological homeostasis of hosts, which are influenced by various environmental factors like seasonal variation. In this particular research, our main goal was to explore the alterations in the metabolism and gut microbiota of Tibetan antelopes between the cold season (XB) and warm season (DA), using untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene-sequencing analyses. The findings indicated that Tibetan antelopes had a higher alpha-diversity of intestinal microbes during the cold season than during the warm season. Principal co-ordinate analysis revealed notable seasonal discrepancies in the function and structure of intestinal microbes in Tibetan antelopes. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly increased during the cold season compared to during the warm season. Furthermore, the Tibetan antelope's primary metabolic functions of the intestinal micro-organisms were significantly higher during the cold season. The untargeted metabolomics analysis results showed a total of 532 metabolites that were significantly different between the cold season and warm season groups. These metabolites were found to be enriched in a total of 62 metabolic pathways. Among the most significant pathways of enrichment were the purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. The levels of related metabolites in those pathways were remarkably higher in the warm season compared to the cold season. The comprehensive analysis of 16S rRNA and the metabolome reveals there is a significant correlation between differential microbiota and differential metabolites. Therefore, the gut microbiota changes caused by seasonal changes influenced the metabolites as well. This research reveals the function of seasonal changes in the intestinal flora and metabolites in the adaptation of Tibetan antelopes to environmental fluctuations and supplies a theoretical basis for instructing the protection management of Tibetan antelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; (H.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; (H.Z.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; (H.Z.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; (H.Z.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; (H.Z.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; (H.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; (H.Z.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810001, China
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Dai C, Chen X, Qian S, Fan Y, Li L, Yuan J. Dysbiosis of intestinal homeostasis contribute to Whitmania pigra edema disease. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1940-1956. [PMID: 37410351 PMCID: PMC10527190 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitmania pigra is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, W. pigra is being threatened by an edema disease with unknown causes (WPE). In this study, a comprehensive exploration of virome, microbiome, and metabolome aberrations in the intestine of W. pigra was performed to address the aetiology of WPE. Virome analysis indicated that eukaryotic viruses did not contribute to WPE, whereas an expansion of Caudovirales was observed in WPE. Compared to the control, the microbial richness and diversity in diseased W. pigra decreased remarkably. Nine genera, including Aeromonas, Anaerotruncus, Vibrio, Proteocatella, Acinetobacter, and Brachyspira were overrepresented in WPE, whereas eleven genera, including Bifidobacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacillus and AF12, were enriched in healthy individuals. Furthermore, certain metabolites, especially amino acids, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids, were found to be linked to intestinal microbiota alterations in WPE. An integration of the microbiome and metabolome in WPE found that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota or metabolites caused WPE. Notably, W. pigra accepted intestinal microbiota transplantation from WPE donors developed WPE clinical signs eventually, and the dysbiotic intestinal microbiota can be recharacterized in this recipient W. pigra. Strikingly, pathological features of metanephridium and uraemic toxin enrichment in the gut indicated a putative interconnection between the gut and metanephridium in WPE, which represents the prototype of the gut-kidney axis in mammals. These finding exemplify the conservation of "microecological Koch's postulates" from annelids to insects and other vertebrates, which provides a direction of prevention and treatment for WPE and opens a new insight into the pathogenesis of aquatic animal diseases from an ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijiao Dai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
| | - Shiyu Qian
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
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Zhai J, Sun X, Lu R, Hu X, Huang Z. Bibliometric Analysis of Global Trends in Research on Seasonal Variations in Gut Microbiota from 2012 to 2022. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2125. [PMID: 37630685 PMCID: PMC10458723 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasons are the important influencing factor for gut microbiota, which in turn affects the ecology and evolution of the host. The seasonal variation in gut microbiota has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers and professionals worldwide. However, studies of seasonal variations in gut microbiota have not been systematically analyzed by bibliometrics or visual analysis. This study is based on 271 publications from 2012 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection database (WOSCC) to analyze hot spots and trends in this field. The collaborations between different countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords were bibliometrically analyzed using Excel, CiteSpace (Version 6.2. R4), and VOSviewer (version 1.6.19) software. The number of publications has been increasing rapidly and shows a general upward trend. China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences are the country and institution contributing the most, respectively. The research hotspots and trends mainly include the diversity of gut microbiota communities in different seasons, the relationship between diet and gut microbiota in seasonal changes, and the relationship between gut microbiota and evolutionary adaptation in seasonal changes. This is the first bibliometric and visualization analysis of seasonal variations in gut microbiota, which may advance this field and lay the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhai
- Natural Reserve Planning and Research Institute, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Rui Lu
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xueqin Hu
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Natural Reserve Planning and Research Institute, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Growing evidence show the importance of gut/kidney axis in renal diseases. Advances in gut microbiome sequencing, associated metabolites, detection of gut permeability and inflammation provide new therapeutic strategies targeting gut for kidney diseases and particularly for Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN). RECENT FINDINGS The diversity and composition of gut flora have been recently deeply explored in kidney diseases. Modulation and depletion of microbiota in animal models allowed the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between gut, immune system and kidney. New clinical trials in order to positively modulate microbiota result in improvement of gastrointestinal disorders and inflammation in patients suffering with kidney diseases. SUMMARY The investigation of gut alterations in kidney diseases open new therapeutic strategies. In IgAN, targeted treatments for intestinal inflammation and modifications of gut microbiota seem promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato C Monteiro
- INSERM UMR1149, Center of Research on Inflammation CRI, CNRS ERL8252
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris University
- Immunology Department, Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, DHU Apollo, Paris
| | - Laureline Berthelot
- Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology CRTI, UMR1064, INSERM, Nantes University, Nantes, France
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Jiang F, Gao H, Qin W, Song P, Wang H, Zhang J, Liu D, Wang D, Zhang T. Marked Seasonal Variation in Structure and Function of Gut Microbiota in Forest and Alpine Musk Deer. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:699797. [PMID: 34552569 PMCID: PMC8450597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.699797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Musk deer (Moschus spp.) is a globally endangered species due to excessive hunting and habitat fragmentation. Captive breeding of musk deer can efficiently relieve the hunting pressure and contribute to the conservation of the wild population and musk supply. However, its effect on the gut microbiota of musk deer is unclear. Recent studies have indicated that gut microbiota is associated with host health and its environmental adaption, influenced by many factors. Herein, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used based on 262 fecal samples from forest musk deer (M. berezovskii) (FMD) and 90 samples from alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster) (AMD). We sought to determine whether seasonal variation can affect the structure and function of gut microbiota in musk deer. The results demonstrated that FMD and AMD had higher α-diversity of gut microbiota in the cold season than in the warm season, suggesting that season change can affect gut microbiota diversity in musk deer. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also revealed significant seasonal differences in the structure and function of gut microbiota in AMD and FMD. Particularly, phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes significantly dominated the 352 fecal samples from captive FMD and AMD. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes were significantly decreased in summer than in spring and substantially increased in winter than in summer. In contrast, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes showed opposite results. Furthermore, dominant bacterial genera and main metabolic functions of gut microbiota in musk deer showed significant seasonal differences. Overall, the abundance of main gut microbiota metabolic functions in FMD was significantly higher in the cold season. WGCNA analysis indicated that OTU6606, OTU5027, OTU7522, and OTU3787 were at the core of the network and significantly related with the seasonal variation. These results indicated that the structure and function in the gut microbiota of captive musk deer vary with seasons, which is beneficial to the environmental adaptation and the digestion and metabolism of food. This study provides valuable insights into the healthy captive breeding of musk deer and future reintroduction programs to recover wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Wen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haijing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Daoxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
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7
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Wang X, Yang S, Li S, Zhao L, Hao Y, Qin J, Zhang L, Zhang C, Bian W, Zuo L, Gao X, Zhu B, Lei XG, Gu Z, Cui W, Xu X, Li Z, Zhu B, Li Y, Chen S, Guo H, Zhang H, Sun J, Zhang M, Hui Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Sun B, Wang L, Qiu Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Liu W, Xue R, Wu H, Shao D, Li J, Zhou Y, Li S, Yang R, Pedersen OB, Yu Z, Ehrlich SD, Ren F. Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents. Gut 2020; 69:2131-2142. [PMID: 32241904 PMCID: PMC7677483 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with renal failure suffer from symptoms caused by uraemic toxins, possibly of gut microbial origin, as deduced from studies in animals. The aim of the study is to characterise relationships between the intestinal microbiome composition, uraemic toxins and renal failure symptoms in human end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DESIGN Characterisation of gut microbiome, serum and faecal metabolome and human phenotypes in a cohort of 223 patients with ESRD and 69 healthy controls. Multidimensional data integration to reveal links between these datasets and the use of chronic kidney disease (CKD) rodent models to test the effects of intestinal microbiome on toxin accumulation and disease severity. RESULTS A group of microbial species enriched in ESRD correlates tightly to patient clinical variables and encode functions involved in toxin and secondary bile acids synthesis; the relative abundance of the microbial functions correlates with the serum or faecal concentrations of these metabolites. Microbiota from patients transplanted to renal injured germ-free mice or antibiotic-treated rats induce higher production of serum uraemic toxins and aggravated renal fibrosis and oxidative stress more than microbiota from controls. Two of the species, Eggerthella lenta and Fusobacterium nucleatum, increase uraemic toxins production and promote renal disease development in a CKD rat model. A probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis decreases abundance of these species, reduces levels of toxins and the severity of the disease in rats. CONCLUSION Aberrant gut microbiota in patients with ESRD sculpts a detrimental metabolome aggravating clinical outcomes, suggesting that the gut microbiota will be a promising target for diminishing uraemic toxicity in those patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03010696).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Oncology, Beijing University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weijing Bian
- Renal Division, Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiping Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Southern Medical University, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Benzhong Zhu
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Hui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Longjiao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglu Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqian Liu
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - DongHua Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Oluf Borbye Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kobenhavns Universitet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China .,State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich
- Metagenopolis, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MGP, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France .,Dental Institute, King's College London, London, London, UK
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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