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Cheng R, Bai X, Guo J, Huang L, Zhao D, Liu Z, Zhang W. Hyperspectral discrimination of ginseng variety and age from Changbai Mountain area. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 307:123613. [PMID: 37976570 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and market value of Panax ginseng Meyer are significantly influenced by its diversity and age. Traditional identification methods are prone to subjective biases and necessitate the use of destructive sample processing, leading to the loss and wastage of ginseng. Consequently, non-destructive in-situ identification has emerged as a crucial subject of interest for both researchers and the ginseng industry. The advancement of technology and the expansion of research have introduced spectral technology and image processing technology as novel approaches and concepts for non-destructive in-situ identification. METHODS Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a methodology that combines conventional spectroscopy and imaging to acquire comprehensive spectral and spatial data from various samples. In this study, we investigated the use of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classifier algorithms, in conjunction with HSI classification technology, for quasi-Artificial Intelligence (quasi-AI) ginseng identification. To enhance the hyperspectral images prior to SVM classification, we compared the efficacy of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). RESULTS The classification of ginseng based on age was accomplished through the utilization of Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel SVM and SAM algorithm, which was trained on feature enhanced images. The classification of WMG, MCG, and GG is primarily based on age, with the endmember spectrum serving as the foundation for SAM and SVM. CONCLUSION The "endmember spectrum set" derived from the classification outcomes can serve as the "mutation point" for identifying ginseng of different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Cheng
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jianying Guo
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
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Zhang GM, Huang Q, Chen G, Yuan M, Zheng CW, Zhang HM, Xu HX. A novel method for age identification of mountain-cultivated ginseng. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1197-1205. [PMID: 37515361 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng, a slow-growing perennial herb, is the most praised and popular traditional medicinal herb. Mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG) both belong to Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. The market price and medical effects of this popular health product are closely related to its age. It is widely acknowledged that CG is typically harvested after 4-6 years of growth, but MCG is often collected after 10 years. Until now, the age identification of MCG or mountain wild ginseng (MWG) has remained a major challenge. In this study, we established a novel and rapid method for staining xylem vessels with phloroglucinol and identifying the "annual growth rings" of ginseng by utilizing a stereoscope, which serves as a reliable indicator of the age of MCG. Statistical analysis of the ring radius and the ring density of MCG aged from 1 to 20 years shows that the secondary xylem of MCG increases rapidly in the first 3 years but then gradually slows down from 4 to 10 years, and minor fluctuation is observed in the next 10 years. Meanwhile, the space between the growth rings (ring density) becomes increasingly small with age. This straightforward staining approach can reveal the age of MCG with remarkable clarity and can distinguish MCG from CG. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: A novel rapid staining method for Panax ginseng was established. The age of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) can be identified by microscopic techniques. MCG and cultivated ginseng (CG) can be discriminated by microstructure characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Rehmetulla A, Guo S, Kong X, Lü Z, Guan Y, Xu C, Sulaiman K, Wei G, Liu H. Machine learning based on structural and FTIR spectroscopic datasets for seed autoclassification. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11413-11419. [PMID: 35425064 PMCID: PMC9004588 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A single feature set is often unable to effectively classify complex biological samples due to their similar morphology and sizes. This paper proposes a protocol for the fast identification of seed medicinal materials based on micro-structural and infrared spectroscopic characteristics. Three different feature datasets, namely micro-CT, FTIR, and mixed datasets, were established via principal component analysis (PCA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and then used to train a back-propagation neural network. The mixed dataset consists of 34-dimensional micro-CT eigenvalues and 13-dimensional FTIR eigenvalues, optimized by PCA and CARS processing and then used to train a BP neural network. The results showed that the classification accuracy reached 89.5% for the micro-CT dataset and 93.3% for the FTIR dataset, and the classification accuracy of the mixed dataset achieved 99.2%, much higher than those of the traditional single feature datasets. This study provides a new protocol for multi-dimensional characteristic architecture with excellent performance for the classification and identification of Chinese medicinal materials. In machine learning, traditional single datasets often cause confusion between species, mixing features to form a mixed dataset will solve this challenge.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiu Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Aybek Rehmetulla
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnomedicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xin Kong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Zhiwei Lü
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yu Guan
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Cong Xu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Kaiser Sulaiman
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnomedicine, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Gongxiang Wei
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Huiqiang Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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Dai J, Zhang L, Zhang P, Shu H, Mao A, Li Y. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits grass carp reovirus replication in grass carp ovarian epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104174. [PMID: 32224212 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng exhibits multiple medicinal properties, including the improvement of immune function and enhancing disease resistance. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection of grass carp ovarian (CO) epithelial cells, in order to provide a baseline framework for future high-efficacy antiviral drug screening investigations. Ginsenoside Rg3 was added to GCRV-infected CO cells, and cells were cultured at 27 °C before cell proliferation was measured by MTT assays. Label-free real-time cellular analysis (RTCA) after 72 h of experimentation demonstrated that 100 μg/mL ginsenoside Rg3 treatment had the highest inhibitory effect on GCRV (among 1,10,100 μg/mL treatments). We then measured the capacity for cellular antioxidant ability. Cells treated with 1,10,100 μg/mL ginsenoside Rg3 exhibited increases in Total Antioxidant Capacity activity relative to controls, respectively. Furthermore, Antioxidant assay and reverse transcript quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that ginsenoside Rg3 were efficient to restrain the replication of GCRV in CO cells. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via RT-qPCR showed that treatment with ginsenoside Rg3 promoted expression of IRF-3 and IRF-7 increases, respectively. Moreover, expression of IFN-1 was induced, which then inhibition the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). In conclusion, we demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 promotes CO cell proliferation, inhibits GCRV activity, promotes CO cell immune activities, and thereby enhances the resistance of CO to GCRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Life Scienc, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Linbo Zhang
- College of Life Scienc, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Health Monitoring and Inspection Center of Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Hong Shu
- Tuberculosis Infection Hospital in Changchun, Jilin, 130113, China
| | - Anting Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Yue J, Zuo Z, Huang H, Wang Y. Application of Identification and Evaluation Techniques for Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plant of Genus Panax: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:373-398. [PMID: 32166968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1736506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genus Panax, as worldwide medicinal plants, has a medical history for thousands of years. Most of the entire genus are traditional ethnobotanical medicine in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos, which have given rise to international attention and use. This paper reviewed more than 210 articles and related books on the research of Panax medicinal plants and their Chinese patent medicines published in the last 30 years. The purpose was to review and summarize the species classification, geographical distribution, and ethnic minorities medicinal records of the genus Panax, and further to review the analytical tools and data analysis methods for the authentication and quality assessment of Panax medicinal materials and Chinese patent medicines. Five main technologies applied in the identification and evaluation of Panax have been introduced and summarized. Chromatography was the most widely used one. Further research and development of molecular identification technology had the potential to become a mainstream identification technology. In addition, some novel, controversial, and worthy methods including electronic noses, electronic eyes, and DNA barcoding were also introduced. At the same time, more than 80% of the researches were carried out by a combination of chemometric pattern-recognition technologies and multi-analysis technologies. All the technologies and methods applied can provide strong support and guarantee for the identification and evaluation of genus Panax, and also conduce to excellent reference value for the development and in-depth research of new technologies in Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yue
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hengyu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Kandpal LM, Lee J, Bae H, Kim MS, Baek I, Cho BK. Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectral Imaging for Nondestructive Measurement of Internal Disorder in Korean Ginseng. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20010273. [PMID: 31947811 PMCID: PMC6983111 DOI: 10.3390/s20010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The grading of ginseng (Panax ginseng) including the evaluation of internal quality attributes is essential in the ginseng industry for quality control. Assessment for inner whitening, a major internal disorder, must be conducted when identifying high quality ginseng. Conventional methods for detecting inner whitening in ginseng root samples use manual inspection, which is time-consuming and inaccurate. This study develops an internal quality measurement technique using near-infrared transmittance spectral imaging to evaluate inner whitening in ginseng samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used on ginseng hypercube data to evaluate the developed technique. The transmittance spectra and spectral images of ginseng samples exhibiting inner whitening showed weak intensity characteristics compared to normal ginseng in the region of 900-1050 nm and 1150-1400 nm respectively, owing to the presence of whitish internal tissues that have higher optical density. On the basis of the multivariate analysis method, even a simple waveband ratio image has the great potential to quickly detect inner whitening in ginseng samples, since these ratio images show a significant difference between whitened and non-whitened regions. Therefore, it is possible to develop an efficient and rapid spectral imaging system for the real-time detection of inner whitening in ginseng using minimal spectral wavebands. This novel strategy for the rapid, cost-effective, non-destructive detection of ginseng's inner quality can be a key component for the automation of ginseng grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Mohan Kandpal
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Jayoung Lee
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Hyungjin Bae
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Moon S. Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.S.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Insuck Baek
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.S.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 341-34, Korea; (L.M.K.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6715
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Jaiswal Y, Weber D, Yerke A, Xue Y, Lehman D, Williams T, Xiao T, Haddad D, Williams L. A substitute variety for agronomically and medicinally important Serenoa repens (saw palmetto). Sci Rep 2019; 9:4709. [PMID: 30886216 PMCID: PMC6423146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) berries are one of the most consumed medicinal herbs in the United States and the wild green variety is used in the initial therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), globally. Use of saw palmetto is approved by the German Commission E, and several clinical trials are underway for evaluation of its efficacy. Exploitation of its habitats and over foraging imperil this plant, which only grows in the wild. This is the first study, to propose the use of the S. repens forma glauca (silver variety) as a qualitative substitute for the wild variety, to support its conservation. We compared tissue microstructures and lipid and water distribution through spatial imaging and examined metabolite distribution of three tissue domains and whole berries. This combined approach of 3D imaging and metabolomics provides a new strategy for studying phenotypic traits and metabolite synthesis of closely related plant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogini Jaiswal
- Center for Excellence in Post Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, The North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Daniel Weber
- Fraunhofer Development Centre X-ray Technology EZRT, a Division of Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Department Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Imaging MRB, Am Hubland D-97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Yerke
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223, USA
| | - Yanling Xue
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Danielle Lehman
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Campus Box 8204, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Taufika Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Campus Box 8204, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Daniel Haddad
- Fraunhofer Development Centre X-ray Technology EZRT, a Division of Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Department Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Imaging MRB, Am Hubland D-97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Leonard Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, The North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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