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Rameshrad M, Naraki K, Memariani Z, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Panax ginseng as a medical food against chemical toxic agents: molecular and cellular mechanisms. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:8395-8419. [PMID: 38861010 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different types of toxic agents, which may directly induce organ malfunction or indirectly alter gene expression, leading to carcinogenic and teratogenic effects, and eventually death. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is the most valuable of all medicinal herbs. Nevertheless, specific data on the antidotal mechanisms of this golden herb are currently unavailable. Based on the findings of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, this review focused on the probable protective mechanisms of ginseng and its major components, such as protopanaxadiols, protopanaxatriols, and pentacyclic ginsenosides against various chemical toxic agents. Relevant articles from 2000 to 2023 were gathered from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. This literature review shows that P. ginseng and its main components have protective and antidotal effects against the deteriorative effects of pesticides, pharmaceutical agents, including acetaminophen, doxorubicin, isoproterenol, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, and gentamicin, ethanol, and some chemical agents. These improvements occur through multi-functional mechanisms. They exhibit antioxidant activity, induce anti-inflammatory action, and block intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. However, relevant clinical trials are necessary to validate the mentioned effects and translate the knowledge from basic science to human benefit, fulfilling the fundamental goal of all toxicologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rameshrad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Karim Naraki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Kundakci YE, Bilir A, Atay E, Vurmaz A, Firat F, Arikan ES. Protective Effects of Different Doses of Ginsenoside-Rb1 Experimental Cataract Model That in Chick Embryos. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:817-825. [PMID: 37260421 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2221415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been increased interest in phytochemical antioxidants to prevent protein damage and aggregate formation in cataract treatment. In this study, the protective effect of different doses of Rb1 (GRb1), one of the ginsenosides of Panax Ginseng, in the experimental cataract model formed in chick embryos was investigated. METHODS Five different experimental groups were formed with 100 SPF fertilized eggs: Control (0.9% NaCl to physiological saline), hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium (HC), low dose (HC + L-GRb1 (1 mg/kg)), medium dose (HC+). M-GRb1 (2.5 mg/kg)), and high dose (HC + H-GRb1 (5 mg/kg)). All solutions were given to air sack at 15 days of incubation. On the 17th day, the bulbous oculi of the chick embryos were dissected. Cataract formations of the lenses, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS) levels, Caspase-3 H-score, and TUNEL index were determined. In addition, crystalline alpha A (CRYAA) gene expression was evaluated. RESULTS Cataracts were observed in the control, HC, HC + L-GRb1, HC + M-GRb1, and HC + H-GRb1 groups with a frequency of 0%, 100%, 75%, 56.25%, and 100%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the control and HC groups in terms of TAS, TOS, MDA, GSH, Caspase-3 H-score, and TUNEL index (p < .05). When the therapeutic effect of the GRb1 groups was evaluated, the HC group showed significant differences with the HC + L-GRb1 and HC + M-GRb1 groups in almost all parameters (p < .05), while there was no statistical difference with the HC + H-GRb1 group (p > .05). In addition, gene expression levels differed between the groups, although not statistically significant (p > .05). CONCLUSION 1 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg GRb1 applications show therapeutic properties on the HC-induced cataract model. This effect is more pronounced at 2.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Kundakci
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Bilir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Emre Atay
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Vurmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Fatma Firat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Evrim Suna Arikan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Kang KA, Piao MJ, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Yi JM, Hyun JW. Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1516. [PMID: 37627511 PMCID: PMC10451201 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM2.5-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM2.5-treated human keratinocyte cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed characteristics of cellular senescence, including flat and enlarged forms; however, KRG suppressed them in both cell types. Moreover, while cells exposed to PM2.5 showed a higher level of p16INK4A expression (a senescence inducer), KRG inhibited its expression. Epigenetically, KRG decreased the expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, a DNA demethylase induced by PM2.5, and increased the expression of DNA methyltransferases suppressed by PM2.5, resulting in the decreased methylation of the p16INK4A promoter region. Additionally, KRG decreased the expression of mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase, and histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) induced by PM2.5. Contrastingly, KRG increased the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a histone methyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase 1 reduced by PM2.5. Furthermore, KRG decreased TET1, MLL1, and HAT1 binding to the p16INK4A promoter, corresponding with the decreased mRNA expression of p16INK4A. These results suggest that KRG exerts protection against the PM2.5-induced senescence of skin keratinocytes via the epigenetic regulation of p16INK4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Xie Y, Wang C. Herb-drug interactions between Panax notoginseng or its biologically active compounds and therapeutic drugs: A comprehensive pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116156. [PMID: 36754189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbs, along with the use of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) to combat diseases, are increasing in popularity worldwide. HDIs have two effects: favorable interactions that tend to improve therapeutic outcomes and/or minimize the toxic effects of drugs, and unfavorable interactions aggravating the condition of patients. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a medicinal plant that has long been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to reduce swelling, relieve pain, clear blood stasis, and stop bleeding. Numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of intricate pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between P. notoginseng and conventional drugs. However, these HDIs have not been systematically summarized. AIM OF THE REVIEW To collect the available literature on the combined applications of P. notoginseng and drugs published from 2005 to 2022 and summarize the molecular mechanisms of interactions to circumvent the potential risks of combination therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This work was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. The search terms included "notoginseng", "Sanqi", "drug interaction," "synergy/synergistic", "combination/combine", "enzyme", "CYP", and "transporter". RESULTS P. notoginseng and its bioactive ingredients interact synergistically with numerous drugs, including anticancer, antiplatelet, and antimicrobial agents, to surmount drug resistance and side effects. This review elaborates on the molecular mechanisms of the PD processed involved. P. notoginseng shapes the PK processes of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of other drugs by regulating metabolic enzymes and transporters, mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. This effect is a red flag for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Notably, amphipathic saponins in P. notoginseng act as auxiliary materials in drug delivery systems to enhance drug solubility and absorption and represent a new entry point for studying interactions. CONCLUSION This article provides a comprehensive overview of HDIs by analyzing the results of the in vivo and in vitro studies on P. notoginseng and its bioactive components. The knowledge presented here offers a scientific guideline for investigating the clinical importance of combination therapies. Physicians and patients need information on possible interactions between P. notoginseng and other drugs, and this review can help them make scientific predictions regarding the consequences of combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Jin L, Shen N, Wen X, Wang W, Lim SW, Yang CW. CTLA4-Ig protects tacrolimus-induced oxidative stress via inhibiting the AKT/FOXO3 signaling pathway in rats. Korean J Intern Med 2023; 38:393-405. [PMID: 37157174 PMCID: PMC10175874 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2022.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although the conversion from tacrolimus (TAC) to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig) is effective in reducing TAC-induced nephrotoxicity, it remains unclear whether CTLA4-Ig has a direct effect on TAC-induced renal injury. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CTLA4-Ig on TAC-induced renal injury in terms of oxidative stress. METHODS In vitro study was performed to assess the effect of CTLA4-Ig on TAC-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and the protein kinase B (AKT)/forkhead transcription factor (FOXO) 3 pathway in human kidney 2 cells. In the in vivo study, the effect of CTLA4-Ig on TAC-induced renal injury was evaluated using renal function, histopathology, markers of oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) and metabolites (4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase), and activation of the AKT/FOXO3 pathway with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). RESULTS CTLA4-Ig significantly decreased cell death, ROS, and apoptosis caused by TAC. TAC treatment increased apoptotic cell death and apoptosis-related proteins (increased Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2), but it was reversed by CTLA4-Ig treatment. The activation of p-AKT and p-FOXO3 by TAC decreased with CTLA4-Ig treatment. TAC-induced renal dysfunction and oxidative marker levels were significantly improved by CTLA4-Ig in vivo. Concomitant IGF-1 treatment abolished the effects of CTLA4-Ig. CONCLUSION CTLA4-Ig has a direct protective effect on TAC-induced renal injury via the inhibition of AKT/FOXO3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Nephrology, Air Force Medical Center,Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sun Woo Lim
- Transplant Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Transplant Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Azouz AA, Omar HA, Hersi F, Ali FEM, Hussein Elkelawy AMM. Impact of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus nephrotoxicity: Modulation of uric acid/ERK/p38 MAPK and Nrf2/SOD3/GCLC signaling pathways. Life Sci 2022; 288:120154. [PMID: 34800514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is an effective and widely used immunosuppressant after organ transplantation to reduce graft rejection. However, its nephrotoxic effect could compel the patients to treatment discontinuation. The beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the kidney and other organs have been investigated in several studies, but its role in tacrolimus nephrotoxicity still needs to be elucidated. Our study was designed to investigate effects of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus-induced renal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered xanthenone (2 mg/kg) concurrently with tacrolimus (1 mg/kg) for 3 weeks, then blood and kidney tissue samples were collected for biochemical and molecular investigations. KEY FINDINGS Co-administration of xanthenone significantly improved renal functions in tacrolimus-treated rats, where serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels were close to those of the normal control. Besides, xanthenone reduced renal angiotensin (ANG) II content, while elevated ANG (1-7). Relative protein expressions of p-ERK/ERK and p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK inflammatory signals were downregulated upon xanthenone administration with tacrolimus. In addition, xanthenone reinforced antioxidant defense against tacrolimus by enhancing protein expression of the transcription factor Nrf2 with subsequently increased mRNA expressions of the antioxidants SOD3 and GCLC. SIGNIFICANCE These protective effects of xanthenone could be attributed to ANG II degradation to ANG (1-7) by ACE2 activation resulting in regulated inflammatory and oxidative responses in the kidney. Therefore, administration of xanthenone along with tacrolimus could be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the adverse effects and increase the tolerability to tacrolimus immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Azouz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Hany A Omar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatema Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Hosseini A, Rajabian A, Forouzanfar F, Farzadnia M, Boroushaki MT. Pomegranate seed oil protects against tacrolimus-induced toxicity in the heart and kidney by modulation of oxidative stress in rats. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 12:439-448. [PMID: 35782771 PMCID: PMC9121255 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2022.19703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical use of tacrolimus is limited due to its side effects. This research investigated the protective activities of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) against TAC toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The groups are included normal (1 ml of corn oil), TAC (2 mg/kg), and co-treatment of PSO (0.4 and 0.8 ml/kg) and TAC. All administrations were carried out intraperitoneally for 14 days. After the last injection, blood was collected from the heart. RESULTS TAC increased creatinine and urea. Increased malondialdehyde, reduced thiol content and superoxide dismutase. The elevation of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine kinase-MB and creatinine phosphokinase that confirmed cardiac toxicity. PSO reduced TAC toxicity. PSO decreased TAC-induced pathology injury. CONCLUSION PSO reduced TAC toxicity in renal and heart via scavenging free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadnia
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taher Boroushaki
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Corresponding Author: Tel: +9838002261, Fax: +98-38828567,
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Lee D, Lee SR, Park BJ, Song JH, Kim JK, Ko Y, Kang KS, Kim KH. Identification of Renoprotective Phytosterols from Mulberry ( Morus alba) Fruit against Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity in LLC-PK1 Kidney Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2481. [PMID: 34834844 PMCID: PMC8623081 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of bioactive compounds from the fruit of the mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) against cisplatin-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 pig kidney epithelial cells. Morus alba fruit is a well-known edible fruit commonly used in traditional folk medicine. Chemical investigation of M. alba fruit resulted in the isolation and identification of six phytosterols (1-6). Their structures were determined as 7-ketositosterol (1), stigmast-4-en-3β-ol-6-one (2), (3β,6α)-stigmast-4-ene-3,6-diol (3), stigmast-4-ene-3β,6β-diol (4), 7β-hydroxysitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucoside (5), and 7α-hydroxysitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucoside (6) by analyzing their physical and spectroscopic data as well as liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data. All compounds displayed protective effects against cisplatin-induced LLC-PK1 cell damage, improving cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity to more than 80% of the control value. Compound 1 displayed the best effect at a relatively low concentration by inhibiting the percentage of apoptotic cells following cisplatin treatment. Its molecular mechanisms were identified using Western blot assays. Treatment of LLC-PK1 cells with compound 1 decreased the upregulated phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) following cisplatin treatment. In addition, compound 1 significantly suppressed cleaved caspase-3 in cisplatin-induced LLC-PK1 cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that cisplatin-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by compound 1 in LLC-PK1 cells, thereby supporting the potential of 7-ketositosterol (1) as an adjuvant candidate for treating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Bang Ju Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Jeju Institute of Korean Medicine, Jeju 63309, Korea;
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Yuri Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Zhou S, Lu S, Guo S, Zhao L, Han Z, Li Z. Protective Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 Nanoparticles Against Contrast-Induced Nephropathy by Inhibiting High Mobility Group Box 1 Gene/Toll-Like Receptor 4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:2085-2098. [PMID: 34706808 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the progress made in the widespread application of interventional radiology procedures, there has been an increasing number of patients who suffer from cardiovascular diseases and go through imaging and interventional treatment with iodine contrast medium (ICM) year by year. In turn, there has been an increasing amount of concern over acute kidney injury (AKI) brought about by ICM. As evidenced by numerous studies, the initiation of inflammatory response plays a critical role in the development of ICM-induced AKI. Correspondingly, the strategy of targeting renal inflammatory response and cytokine release could provide an effective solution to mitigating the ICM-induced AKI. Moreover, Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) constitutes one of the major active components of ginseng and features a wide range of vital biological functions. Judging from the research findings, GRb1 could impose antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on cardiovascular diseases, in addition to lung, liver and kidney diseases. However, reports on whether GRb1 could impose a protective effect against contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) are absent. In this study, we have examined the therapeutic effects imposed by GRb1 as well as the potential molecular mechanism by establishing an in vivo and in vitro model of CIN. In addition, we have set up a mouse model of CIN through sequential intravenous injection of indomethacin, N(ω)-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and iopromide. To further enhance the bioavailability of GRb1, we have encapsulated GRb1 with polyethylene glycol (PEG)/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanocarriers to generate GRb1 nanoparticles (NPs) conducting the in vivo experiments. During the in vitro experiments, we have adopted GRb1 to treat NRK-52E cells or cells transfected with the high mobility group box 1 gene (HMGB1) overexpression plasmid. As shown by the in vivo experimental results, GRb1 NPs could evidently improve the renal dysfunction in CIN, diminish the extent of apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells, and reduce the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-1β). In addition, GRb1 NPs are found to be capable of preventing the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling pathway triggered by contrast medium. The in vitro experimental results have exactly confirmed the findings of the in vivo experiments. In the meantime, through the observation of the in vitro assays, overexpression of HMGB1 can partially counteract the beneficial effects imposed by GRb1. Judging from our research data, GRb1 could impose a protective effect against CIN by inhibiting inflammatory response via HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, whereas HMGB1 constitutes a critical molecular target of GRb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China
| | - Shan Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China
| | - Sen Guo
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China
| | - Luosha Zhao
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China
| | - Zhanying Han
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China
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El Hennawy HM, Faifi ASA, El Nazer W, Mahedy A, Kamal A, Al Faifi IS, Abdulmalik H, Safar O, Zaitoun MF, Fahmy AE. Calcineurin Inhibitors Nephrotoxicity Prevention Strategies With Stress on Belatacept-Based Rescue Immunotherapy: A Review of the Current Evidence. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:1532-1540. [PMID: 34020797 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A traditional narrative review was performed to evaluate clinical studies that have examined the clinical implications, risk factors, and prevention of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) nephrotoxicity with stress on a belatacept-based rescue regimen. METHODS The Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO (Academic Search Ultimate), ProQuest (Central), and Excerpta Medical databases and Google scholar were searched using the keywords (CNI AND Nephrotoxicity prevention) OR ("Calcineurin inhibitor" AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Tacrolimus AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Ciclosporin AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (cyclosporine AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Belatacept) OR (CNI Conversion) for the period from 1990 to 2020. Fifty-five related articles and reviews were found. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity could help in the individualization of therapy for and prevention of CNI nephrotoxicity. Identification of high-risk patients for CNI nephrotoxicity before renal transplantation enables better use and selection of immunosuppression with reduced adverse effects and, eventually, successful treatment of the kidney recipients. Belatacept conversion is a good and safe option in patients with deteriorating renal function attributed to CNI nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El Hennawy
- Transplant Surgery Section, Surgery Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S Al Faifi
- Transplant Surgery Section, Surgery Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weam El Nazer
- Nephrology Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mahedy
- Nephrology Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Nephrology Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim S Al Faifi
- Department of Family Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana Abdulmalik
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Safar
- Department of Urology, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad F Zaitoun
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Fahmy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
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12
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Gao C, Liu C, Chen Y, Wang Q, Hao Z. Protective effects of natural products against drug-induced nephrotoxicity: A review in recent years. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112255. [PMID: 33989732 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) is a major cause of kidney damage and is associated with high mortality and morbidity, which limits the clinical use of certain therapeutic or diagnostic agents, such as antineoplastic drugs, antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and contrast agents. However, in recent years, a number of studies have shown that many natural products (NPs), including phytochemicals, various plants extracts, herbal formulas, and NPs derived from animals, confer protective effects against DIN through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, such as inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and necroptosis, regulation of autophagy, maintenance of cell polarity, etc., by regulating multiple signaling pathways and novel molecular targets. In this review, we summarize and discuss the protective effects and mechanisms underlying the action of NPs against DIN found in recent years, which will contribute to the development of promising renal protective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Ibrahim SAT, Eltahawy NF, Abdalla AM, Khalaf HM. Protective effects of selenium in tacrolimus-induced lung toxicity: potential role of heme oxygenase 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1069-1078. [PMID: 33887167 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of selenium (Sel) administration against tacrolimus (Tac) - induced lung toxicity and to assess the relation between heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and these effects. The study was conducted on 36 Wistar male albino rats equally divided into four groups: (i) normal control; (ii) Sel (0.1 mg/kg per day p.o. for four weeks); (iii) TAC 3 mg/mL as single oral dose on 27th day; and (iv) Tac + Sel. Lung tissues, lung homogenate, and bronchoalveolar lavage of the sacrificed animals were investigated biochemically and histopathologically, by immunohistochemistry or by PCR. The Tac group showed significantly lower expression of HO-1. Administration of Sel was associated with increased HO-1 expression. Oxidative (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, myeloperoxidase, and glutathione peroxidase activity) and nitrosative stress (nitric oxide) markers and markers of inflammation (interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10) showed changes corresponding to HO-1 levels in rat groups. Tac group showed the highest expression of caspase-3. Sel exerted a protective role against Tac-induced lung toxicity.
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In Vitro Studies to Assess the α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Insulin Secretion Effect of Isorhamnetin 3-O-Glucoside and Quercetin 3-O-Glucoside Isolated from Salicornia herbacea. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of ethanolic extract of Salicornia herbacea (ESH), isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (I3G), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Q3G), quercetin, and isorhamnetin on α-glucosidase activity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in insulin-secreting rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells. A portion of the ethyl acetate fraction of ESH was chromatographed on a silica gel by a gradient elution with chloroform and methanol to provide Q3G and I3G. ESH, Q3G, and quercetin inhibited α-glucosidase activity, and quercetin (IC50 value was 29.47 ± 3.36 μM) inhibited the activity more effectively than Q3G. We further demonstrated that ESH, Q3G, quercetin, I3G, and isorhamnetin promote GSIS in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells without inducing cytotoxicity. Among them, I3G was the most effective in enhancing GSIS. I3G enhanced the phosphorylation of total extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and activated pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), which are associated with insulin secretion and β-cell function. As components of ESH, Q3G has the potential to regulate blood glucose by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, and I3G enhances the insulin secretion, but its bioavailability should be considered in determining biological importance.
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15
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Lee YH, Yoon SY, Baek J, Kim SJ, Yu JS, Kang H, Kang KS, Chung SJ, Kim KH. Metabolite Profile of Cucurbitane-Type Triterpenoids of Bitter Melon (Fruit of Momordica charantia) and Their Inhibitory Activity against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Relevant to Insulin Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1816-1830. [PMID: 33406828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative analysis of cucurbitane-type triterpenoids of bitter melon (fruit of Momordica charantia L.) using ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed 27 promising cucurbitane-type triterpenoids, and LC/MS-guided chemical analysis of M. charantia fruit extract led to the isolation and structural characterization of 22 cucurbitane-type triterpenoids (1-22), including 8 new cucurbitane-type triterpenoidal saponins, yeojoosides A-H (1-8). The structures of the new compounds (1-8) were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Their absolute configurations were assigned by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism calculations, chemical reactions, and DP4+ analysis using gauge-including atomic orbital NMR chemical shift calculations. All isolated compounds (1-22) were examined for inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatases relevant to insulin resistance. Nine compounds (7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, and 21) showed selective inhibitory effects of over 70% against PTPN2. The present results suggested that these compounds would be potential antidiabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hoon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Yoon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju 62396, Korea
| | - Jiyun Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Gao P, Du X, Liu L, Xu H, Liu M, Guan X, Zhang C. Astragaloside IV Alleviates Tacrolimus-Induced Chronic Nephrotoxicity via p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:610102. [PMID: 33536919 PMCID: PMC7848072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.610102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus-induced chronic nephrotoxicity (TIN) hinders its long-term use in patients. However, there are no drugs available in the clinic to relieve it at present. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a saponin extract of the Astragalus which is widely used in the treatment of kidney disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AS-IV on TIN and its underlying mechanism. Herein, C57BL/6 mice were treated with tacrolimus and/or AS-IV for 4 weeks, and then the renal function, fibrosis, oxidative stress and p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway were evaluated to ascertain the contribution of AS-IV and p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway to TIN. Our results demonstrated that AS-IV significantly improved renal function and alleviated tubulointerstitial fibrosis compared with the model group. The expression of fibrosis-related proteins, including TGF-β1, Collagen I and α-SMA, were also decreased by AS-IV. Furthermore, AS-IV relieved the inhibition of tacrolimus on antioxidant enzymes. The data in HK-2 cells also proved that AS-IV reduced tacrolimus-induced cell death and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, AS-IV markedly promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the renal protective effects of AS-IV were abolished by Nrf2 inhibitor. Further researches showed that phosphorylated p62 was significantly increased after AS-IV pretreatment. Moreover, AS-IV failed to increase nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and subsequent anti-oxidative stress in HK-2 cells transfected with p62 siRNA. Collectively, these findings indicate that AS-IV relieve TIN by enhancing p62 phosphorylation, thereby increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and then alleviating ROS accumulation and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maochang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinlei Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Lee J, Nguyen QN, Park JY, Lee S, Hwang GS, Yamabe N, Choi S, Kang KS. Protective Effect of Shikimic Acid against Cisplatin-Induced Renal Injury: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1681. [PMID: 33271750 PMCID: PMC7759863 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect of cisplatin, which is one of the most frequently used drugs for cancer treatment. This study aimed to assess the renoprotective effect of Artemisia absinthium extract and its bioactive compound (shikimic acid) against cisplatin-induced renal injury. An in vitro assay was performed in kidney tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) with 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL A. absinthium extract and 25 and 50 µM shikimic acid, and cytotoxicity was induced by 25 µM cisplatin. BALB/c mice (6 weeks old) were injected with 16 mg/kg cisplatin once and orally administered 25 and 50 mg/kg shikimic acid daily for 4 days. The results showed that the A. absinthium extract reversed the decrease in renal cell viability induced by cisplatin, whereas it decreased the reactive oxidative stress accumulation and apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells. Shikimic acid also reversed the effect on cell viability but decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis in renal cells compared with the levels in the cisplatin-treated group. Furthermore, shikimic acid protected against kidney injury in cisplatin-treated mice by reducing serum creatinine levels. The protective effect of shikimic acid against cisplatin-mediated kidney injury was confirmed by the recovery of histological kidney injury in cisplatin-treated mice. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on the nephroprotective effect of A. absinthium extract and its mechanism of action against cisplatin-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.L.), (Q.N.N.); (G.S.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Quynh Nhu Nguyen
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.L.), (Q.N.N.); (G.S.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea;
| | - Sullim Lee
- College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.L.), (Q.N.N.); (G.S.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.L.), (Q.N.N.); (G.S.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Sungyoul Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.L.), (Q.N.N.); (G.S.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (J.L.), (Q.N.N.); (G.S.H.); (N.Y.)
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Diketoacetonylphenalenone, Derived from Hawaiian Volcanic Soil-Associated Fungus Penicillium herquei FT729, Regulates T Cell Activation via Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225374. [PMID: 33212980 PMCID: PMC7698495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunological responses, controlling excessive T cell activity is critical for immunological homeostasis maintenance. Diketoacetonylphenalenone, derived from Hawaiian volcanic soil-associated fungus Penicillium herquei FT729, possesses moderate anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells but its immunosuppressive effect on T cell activation is unknown. In the present study, diketoacetonylphenalenone (up to 40 μM) did not show cytotoxicity in T cells. Western blot analysis showed treatment with diketoacetonylphenalenone did not alter the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Pretreatment with diketoacetonylphenalenone suppressed the interleukin-2 production in activated T cells induced by T cell receptor-mediated stimulation and PMA/A23187. The CFSE-proliferation assay revealed the inhibitory effect of diketoacetonylphenalenone on the proliferation of T cells. The expression of surface molecules on activated T cells was also reduced. We discovered the suppression of the TAK1-IKKα-NF-κB pathway by pretreatment with diketoacetonylphenalenone abrogated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in activated T cells. These results suggest that diketoacetonylphenalenone effectively downregulates T cell activity via the MAPK pathway and provides insight into the therapeutic potential of immunosuppressive reagents.
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Lee D, Yu JS, Huang P, Qader M, Manavalan A, Wu X, Kim JC, Pang C, Cao S, Kang KS, Kim KH. Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Hawaiian Noni ( Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Juice. Molecules 2020; 25:E4968. [PMID: 33121016 PMCID: PMC7662328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit juice has been used in Polynesia as a traditional folk medicine and is very popular worldwide as a functional food supplement. In this study, compounds present in Hawaiian Noni fruit juice, with anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were identified. Five compounds were isolated using a bioassay-driven technique and phytochemical analysis of noni fruit juice: asperulosidic acid (1), rutin (2), nonioside A (3), (2E,4E,7Z)-deca-2,4,7-trienoate-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), and tricetin (5). The structures of these five compounds were determined via NMR spectroscopy and LC/MS. In an anti-inflammatory assay, compounds 1-5 inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is a proinflammatory mediator, in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds 1-5 were investigated. Parallel to the inhibition of NO production, treatment with compounds 1-5 downregulated the expression of IKKα/β, I-κBα, and NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with compounds 1-5 downregulated the expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Thus, these data demonstrated that compounds 1-5 present in noni fruit juice, exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity; these active compounds may contribute preventively and therapeutically against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Peng Huang
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (P.H.); (M.Q.); (A.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Mallique Qader
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (P.H.); (M.Q.); (A.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (P.H.); (M.Q.); (A.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (P.H.); (M.Q.); (A.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea;
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (P.H.); (M.Q.); (A.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
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Phung HM, Lee S, Hwang JH, Kang KS. Preventive Effect of Muscone against Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1444. [PMID: 33076219 PMCID: PMC7602442 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, one of the most common antitumor agents, is widely applied to treat various cancerous diseases and is included in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines. Cisplatin therapy is used to treat 10-20% of all cancerous cases, and its cure rate is especially high in testicular cancer (over 90%). However, a major side effect of this anticancer drug is nephrotoxicity, limiting treatment effect and reducing the quality of life in cancer patients. Muscone, an odoriferous constituent of musk, was confirmed to inhibit cisplatin-induced LLC-PK1 kidney proximal tubule cell death in a dose-dependent manner. In term of renal protective mechanism, muscone inhibited cisplatin oxidative toxicity by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and stimulating HO-1 expression. Muscone also exerted anti-inflammation effect through inhibition of p38 phosphorylation. Furthermore, muscone mitigated cisplatin-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by inhibiting pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression, and cleaved caspase-3, 7, and 8; and increase of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 level. In addition, the anti-apoptotic effect of muscone also was enhanced by preventing p53 expression and its phosphorylation. Our study showed that muscone may be a potential protective agent against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Phung
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Ji Hye Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
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Lee S, Kim SB, Lee J, Park J, Choi S, Hwang GS, Choi HS, Kang KS. Evaluation of Anti-Colitis Effect of KM1608 and Biodistribution of Dehydrocostus Lactone in Mice Using Bioimaging Analysis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091175. [PMID: 32927852 PMCID: PMC7570101 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disorder modulated by numerous factors. Recent failures of drugs targeting single factors suggest that multitargeting drugs could be useful for the treatment of IBD. Natural medicines may be an alternative option for the treatment of IBD, owing to the complex nature of the disease. However, most natural medicines have poor in vitro and in vivo translational potential because of inadequate pharmacokinetic study. KM1608, a mixture of the medicinal plants Aucklandia lappa, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale, was examined for its anti-colitis effects and biodistribution using bioimaging. Dehydrocostus lactone, as a marker compound, was analyzed to assess the biodistribution of KM1608. KM1608 significantly attenuated the disease activity of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice and suppressed inflammatory mediators such as myeloperoxidase, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and the Th2-type cytokine IL-4 in the colon. Optical fluorescence imaging revealed that KM1608 was distributed in the intestinal area as a target organ. Collectively, our findings suggest that KM1608 is a potential therapeutic formulation for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullim Lee
- College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Sang-Back Kim
- Kolmar Korea R&D Complex, Kolmar, Korea Co. Ltd, 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06500, Korea; (S.-B.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Jaemin Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (J.L.); (S.C.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Jimin Park
- Kolmar Korea R&D Complex, Kolmar, Korea Co. Ltd, 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06500, Korea; (S.-B.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Sungyoul Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (J.L.); (S.C.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (J.L.); (S.C.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Han-Seok Choi
- Kolmar Korea R&D Complex, Kolmar, Korea Co. Ltd, 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06500, Korea; (S.-B.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.-S.C.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3459-5753 (H.-S.C.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (J.L.); (S.C.); (G.S.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.-S.C.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3459-5753 (H.-S.C.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
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Zhang J, Liu L, Li F, Wang Z, Zhao J. Treatment with catalpol protects against cisplatin-induced renal injury through Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3025-3032. [PMID: 32855669 PMCID: PMC7444339 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) is one of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment, but it often leads to nephrotoxicity. It is well known that catalpol exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, thus the present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of catalpol on CP-induced kidney injury in rats, in addition to determining the underlying mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg catalpol for two days, injected with 20 mg/kg cisplatin and catalpol on day 3 and sacrificed on day 4. The histological analysis of isolated kidney tissues was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, cleaved caspase-3 expression levels were analyzed using western blotting and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the tissues, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were evaluated using ELISAs. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NF-κB and inhibitory κB (IκB) were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. The results revealed that the treatment with catalpol prevented the histopathological injury and renal dysfunction caused by CP. In addition, catalpol significantly suppressed the CP-induced apoptosis of tubular cells, inhibited the CP-induced upregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and iNOS and promoted the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1 and IκB in the kidney tissues were increased, whereas the expression levels of Keap1 and NF-κB were significantly decreased following the treatment with catalpol. In conclusion, these results suggested that catalpol may inhibit CP-induced renal injury and suppress the associated inflammatory response through activating the Nrf2 and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Furong Li
- Department of Nephrology, The key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Zongqian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis and Ginseng: Ginseng Mixtures and Individual Constituents Commonly Display Hormesis Dose Responses, Especially for Neuroprotective Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E2719. [PMID: 32545419 PMCID: PMC7321326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that ginseng mixtures and individual ginseng chemical constituents commonly induce hormetic dose responses in numerous biological models for endpoints of biomedical and clinical relevance, typically providing a mechanistic framework. The principal focus of ginseng hormesis-related research has been directed toward enhancing neuroprotection against conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, stroke damage, as well as enhancing spinal cord and peripheral neuronal damage repair and reducing pain. Ginseng was also shown to reduce symptoms of diabetes, prevent cardiovascular system damage, protect the kidney from toxicities due to immune suppressant drugs, and prevent corneal damage, amongst other examples. These findings complement similar hormetic-based chemoprotective reports for other widely used dietary-type supplements such as curcumin, ginkgo biloba, and green tea. These findings, which provide further support for the generality of the hormetic dose response in the biomedical literature, have potentially important public health and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Lee D, Lee YH, Lee KH, Lee BS, Alishir A, Ko YJ, Kang KS, Kim KH. Aviculin Isolated from Lespedeza cuneata Induce Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells through Mitochondria-Mediated Caspase Activation Pathway. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071708. [PMID: 32276430 PMCID: PMC7180549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of breast cancer has increased. However, there are many impediments to the development of safe and effective anticancer drugs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aviculin isolated from Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don. (Fabaceae) on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and determine the underlying mechanism. Using the bioassay-guided isolation by water soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1)-based Ez-Cytox assay, nine compounds (four lignan glycosides (1-4), three flavonoid glycosides (5-7), and two phenolic compounds (8 and 9)) were isolated from the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of the L. cuneata methanolic extract. Of these, aviculin (2), a lignan glycoside, was the only compound that reduced metabolic activity on MCF-7 cells below 50% (IC50: 75.47 ± 2.23 μM). The underlying mechanism was analyzed using the annexin V Alexa Fluor 488 binding assay and Western blotting. Aviculin (2) was found to induce apoptotic cell death through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, as indicated by the increased expression of initiator caspase-9, executioner caspase-7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Aviculin (2)-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These findings demonstrated that aviculin (2) could induce breast cancer cell apoptosis through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and it can therefore be considered an excellent candidate for herbal treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Yong Hoon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (K.H.L.); (B.S.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Kwang Ho Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (K.H.L.); (B.S.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Bum Soo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (K.H.L.); (B.S.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Akida Alishir
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (K.H.L.); (B.S.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.S.K.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.); +82-31-290-7700 (K.H.K.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (K.H.L.); (B.S.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.K.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.); +82-31-290-7700 (K.H.K.)
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Ratan ZA, Haidere MF, Hong YH, Park SH, Lee JO, Lee J, Cho JY. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:199-210. [PMID: 33841000 PMCID: PMC8020288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as a traditional herb in Asian countries for thousands of years. It contains a large number of active ingredients including steroidal saponins, protopanaxadiols, and protopanaxatriols, collectively known as ginsenosides. In the last few decades, the antioxidative and anticancer effects of ginseng, in addition to its effects on improving immunity, energy and sexuality, and combating cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurological diseases, have been studied in both basic and clinical research. Ginseng could be a valuable resource for future drug development; however, further higher quality evidence is required. Moreover, ginseng may have drug interactions although the available evidence suggests it is a relatively safe product. This article reviews the bioactive compounds, global distribution, and therapeutic potential of plants in the genus Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Faisal Haidere
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oog Lee
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Bio-Inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Effect of Herbal Formulation on Immune Response Enhancement in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030424. [PMID: 32182890 PMCID: PMC7175197 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response is a necessary self-defense mechanism that protects the host from infectious organisms. Many medicinal plants are popularly used in Asian folk medicine to increase body resistance. An herbal formulation named KM1608 was prepared from three medicinal plants: Saussurea lappa, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale. In this study, we evaluated the immune stimulatory effect of KM1608 on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Network pharmacological analyses were used to predict potential immune response pathways of major compounds from KM1608. The cytotoxicity and immuno-stimulating effect of KM1608 were determined using cell viability and nitric oxide assays. The underlying mechanism of immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results of network pharmacological analysis suggested that major compounds from KM1608 possess anticancer potential via immune signaling pathways. After treatment with KM1608 at 25–100 µg/mL for 24 h, the level of nitric oxide was increased in the dose-dependent manner. The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that KM1608 stimulates the expression of immune cytokines (interferon (IFN)-α, -β, IL-1β, -6, IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) in macrophages. KM1608 extract is a potential agent for immune response enhancement.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Tetrahydrocurcumin against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress in Hippocampal HT22 Cells. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010144. [PMID: 31905820 PMCID: PMC6983265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, glutamate is a major excitable neurotransmitter responsible for many cellular functions. However, excessive levels of glutamate induce neuronal cell death via oxidative stress during acute brain injuries as well as chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a major secondary metabolite of curcumin, and its possible mechanism against glutamate-induced cell death. We prepared THC using curcumin isolated from Curcuma longa (turmeric) and demonstrated the protective effect of THC against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. THC abrogated glutamate-induced HT22 cell death and showed a strong antioxidant effect. THC also significantly reduced intracellular calcium ion increased by glutamate. Additionally, THC significantly reduced the accumulation of intracellular oxidative stress induced by glutamate. Furthermore, THC significantly diminished apoptotic cell death indicated by annexin V-positive in HT22 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2, and p38 by glutamate was significantly diminished by treatment with THC. In conclusion, THC is a potent neuroprotectant against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death by inhibiting the accumulation of oxidative stress and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Ren S, Leng J, Xu XY, Jiang S, Wang YP, Yan XT, Liu Z, Chen C, Wang Z, Li W. Ginsenoside Rb1, A Major Saponin from Panax ginseng, Exerts Protective Effects Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1815-1831. [PMID: 31786947 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) induced by acetaminophen (APAP) is the main cause of drug-induced liver injury. Previous reports indicated liver failure could be alleviated by saponins (ginsenosides) from Panax ginseng against APAP-induced inflammatory responses in vivo. However, validation towards ginsenoside Rb1 as a major and marker saponin may protect liver from APAP-induced ALI and its mechanisms are poorly elucidated. In this study, the protective effects and the latent mechanisms of Rb1 action against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated. Rb1 was administered orally with 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg daily for 1 week before a single injection of APAP (250mg/kg, i.p.) 1h after the last treatment of Rb1. Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferases (ALT/AST), liver glutathione (GSH) depletion, as well as the inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were analyzed to indicate the underlying protective effects of Rb1 against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity with significant inflammatory responses. Histological examination further proved Rb1's protective effects. Importantly, Rb1 mitigated the changes in the phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt, as well as its downstream factor NF-κB. In conclusion, experimental data clearly demonstrated that Rb1 exhibited a remarkable liver protective effect against APAP-induced ALI, partly through regulating MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jing Leng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Yue Xu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Yan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
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29
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So HM, Yu JS, Khan Z, Subedi L, Ko YJ, Lee IK, Park WS, Chung SJ, Ahn MJ, Kim SY, Kim KH. Chemical constituents of the root bark of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica and their potential biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103145. [PMID: 31357073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The root bark of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Ulmaceae), commonly known as yugeunpi, has been used as a traditional Korean medicine for the treatment of gastroenteric and inflammatory disorders. As part of continuing projects to discover bioactive natural products from traditional medicinal plants with pharmacological potential, phytochemical investigation of the root bark of this plant was carried out. This led to the successful isolation of a new chromane derivative (1) and 22 known compounds: catechin derivatives (2-5), megastigmane glycoside (6), dihydrochalcone glycosides (7 and 8), flavanone glycosides (9 and 10), coumarins (11 and 12), lignan derivatives (13-17), and phenolic compounds (18-23). The structure of the new compound (1) was determined with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESIMS, and its absolute configurations were achieved by chemical reactions and the gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR chemical shifts calculations. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their potential biological activities including neuro-protective, anti-neuroinflammatory, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities. Among the isolates, compounds 1, 8, and 20 displayed stronger potency by causing a greater increase in the production and the activity of nerve growth factor (NGF) in C6 glioma cells (147.04 ± 4.87, 206.27 ± 6.70, and 143.70 ± 0.88%, respectively), whereas compounds 11, 14, and 19 inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglial cells (IC50 of 18.72, 12.31, and, 21.40 µM, respectively). In addition, compounds 1, 11, 18, and 20 showed anti-H. pylori activity with MIC values of 25 or 50 µM against two strains of H. pylori 51 and 43504. These findings provide scientific evidence that supports the traditional usage of U. davidiana var. japonica root bark in the treatment of gastroenteric and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Min So
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Zarha Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kyun Lee
- Research Center, Natural Medicine Research Team, Richwood Trading Company, LTD, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Lee D, Lee SR, Kang KS, Ko Y, Pang C, Yamabe N, Kim KH. Betulinic Acid Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation through Induction of Apoptosis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E257. [PMID: 31277238 PMCID: PMC6681197 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide in women, and the most malignant cancer among the different gynecological cancers. In this study, we explored potentially anticancer compounds from Cornus walteri (Cornaceae), the MeOH extract of which has been reported to show considerable cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines. Phytochemical investigations of the MeOH extract of the stem and stem bark of C. walteri by extensive application of chromatographic techniques resulted in the isolation of 14 compounds (1-14). The isolated compounds were evaluated for inhibitory effects on the viability of A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. An 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to assess the anticancer effects of compounds 1-14 on A2780 cells, which showed that compound 11 (betulinic acid) reduced the viability of these cells in a concentration-dependent manner and had an half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 44.47 μM at 24 h. Nuclear staining and image-based cytometric assay were carried out to detect the induction of apoptosis by betulinic acid. Betulinic acid significantly increased the condensation of nuclei and the percentage of apoptotic cells in a concentration-dependent manner in A2780 cells. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of apoptosis. The results indicated that the expression levels of cleaved caspase-8, -3, -9, and Bax were increased in A2780 cells treated with betulinic acid, whereas those of Bcl-2 were decreased. Thus, we provide the experimental evidence that betulinic acid can induce apoptosis in A2780 cells through both mitochondria-dependent and -independent pathways and suggest the potential use of betulinic acid in the development of novel chemotherapeutics for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Yuri Ko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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Lee TK, Lee D, Lee SR, Ko YJ, Sung Kang K, Chung SJ, Kim KH. Sesquiterpenes from Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes and their cytotoxicity against human gastric cancer AGS cells. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:117-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang Y, Chi X, Wang Z, Bi S, Wang Y, Shi F, Hu S, Wang H. Protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on PME-Induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:108970. [PMID: 31103823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyxin E (PME) plays an important role in fighting against Gram-negative bacterial infections; however, it causes nephrotoxicity, which limits its clinical use. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of a plant extract Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on PME-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. In vivo studies showed that PNS significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (CRE) and number of apoptotic cells in kidney, as well as renal histopathological damage which increased in the presence of PME, and suppressed PME-induced oxidative stress in kidney, as shown by the up-regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the down-regulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, PNS inhibited the expression of Bax, while increased the expression of Bcl-2 compared to the PME-treated group. In vitro studies showed that PNS decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA levels, increased glutathione (GSH) levels, and enhanced the activity of SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in murine renal tubular epithelial cells (TCMK-1 cells). In addition, PNS enhanced cell viability and the expression of Bcl-2, restored the mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited the expression of Bax, inhibited the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and reduce apoptotic rate in PME-treated TCMK-1 cells. PNS could reduce PME-induced nephrotoxicity. The protective effects could result from inhibition of oxidative stress, and prevention of cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. These findings highlight the potential of PNS as a safe adjunct for ameliorating the nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zizengchen Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Shicheng Bi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yuemin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Fushan Shi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Songhua Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. -
| | - Huanan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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Park C, Kwon DH, Hwang SJ, Han MH, Jeong JW, Hong SH, Cha HJ, Hong SH, Kim GY, Lee HJ, Kim S, Kim HS, Choi YH. Protective Effects of Nargenicin A1 against Tacrolimus-Induced Oxidative Stress in Hirame Natural Embryo Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061044. [PMID: 30909475 PMCID: PMC6466173 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus is widely used as an immunosuppressant to reduce the risk of rejection after organ transplantation, but its cytotoxicity is problematic. Nargenicin A1 is an antibiotic extracted from Nocardia argentinensis and is known to have antioxidant activity, though its mode of action is unknown. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of nargenicin A1 on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by tacrolimus in hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells. We found that reduced HINAE cell survival by tacrolimus was due to the induction of DNA damage and apoptosis, both of which were prevented by co-treating nargenicin A1 or N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, with tacrolimus. In addition, apoptosis induction by tacrolimus was accompanied by increases in ROS generation and decreases in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and these changes were significantly attenuated in the presence of nargenicin A1, which further indicated tacrolimus-induced apoptosis involved an oxidative stress-associated mechanism. Furthermore, nargenicin A1 suppressed tacrolimus-induced B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) down-regulation, Bax up-regulation, and caspase-3 activation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that nargenicin A1 protects HINAE cells against tacrolimus-induced DNA damage and apoptosis, at least in part, by scavenging ROS and thus suppressing the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea.
| | - Da Hye Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
| | - Su Jung Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Min Ho Han
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea.
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 17104, Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
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