1
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Fu CF, Li JL, Chen JW, Liang H, Zhao WR, He SY, Ma XW, Yang XF, Wang HL. Mechanism and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine extracts in sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1365639. [PMID: 39021837 PMCID: PMC11251979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1365639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex syndrome characterized by multi-organ dysfunction, due to the presence of harmful microorganisms in blood which could cause mortality. Complications associated with sepsis involve multiple organ dysfunction. The pathogenesis of sepsis remains intricate, with limited treatment options and high mortality rates. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has consistently demonstrated to have a potential on various disease management. Its complements include reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, regulating immune responses, and improving microcirculation. Traditional Chinese medicine can mitigate or even treat sepsis in a human system. This review examines progress on the use of TCM extracts for treating sepsis through different pharmacological action and its mechanisms. The potential targets of TCM extracts and active ingredients for the treatment of sepsis and its complications have been elucidated through molecular biology research, network pharmacology prediction, molecular docking analysis, and visualization analysis. Our aim is to provide a theoretical basis and empirical support for utilizing TCM in the treatment of sepsis and its complications while also serving as a reference for future research and development of sepsis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Fei Fu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Long Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | | | - Hao Liang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Wen-Rui Zhao
- Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Shi-Yu He
- Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ma
- Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - He-Lin Wang
- Donghuashi Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China
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2
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Fyntanidou B, Amaniti A, Soulioti E, Zagalioti SC, Gkarmiri S, Chorti A, Loukipoudi L, Ioannidis A, Dalakakis I, Menni AE, Shrewsbury AD, Kotzampassi K. Probiotics in Postoperative Pain Management. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1645. [PMID: 38138872 PMCID: PMC10745134 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative pain is the unpleasant sensory and emotional experience after surgery, its origin being both the inflammatory reaction induced by the surgical trauma on the abdominal wall and the splanchnic pain induced by the activation of nociceptors of the viscera, which are highly sensitive to distension, ischemia, and inflammation. Nowadays, it is well recognized that there is a close relationship between the gut microbiome and pain perception, and that microbiome is highly affected by both anesthesia and surgical manipulation. Thus, efforts to restore the disturbed microbiome via supplementation with beneficial bacteria, namely probiotics, seem to be effective. In this article, the knowledge gained mainly from experimental research on this topic is analyzed, the concluding message being that each probiotic strain works in its own way towards pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fyntanidou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (B.F.); (S.-C.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Aikaterini Amaniti
- Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (L.L.); (I.D.)
| | - Eleftheria Soulioti
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sofia-Chrysovalantou Zagalioti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (B.F.); (S.-C.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Sofia Gkarmiri
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (B.F.); (S.-C.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Angeliki Chorti
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.C.); (A.I.); (A.-E.M.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Lamprini Loukipoudi
- Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (L.L.); (I.D.)
| | - Aris Ioannidis
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.C.); (A.I.); (A.-E.M.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Ioannis Dalakakis
- Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (L.L.); (I.D.)
| | - Alexandra-Eleftheria Menni
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.C.); (A.I.); (A.-E.M.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Anne D. Shrewsbury
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.C.); (A.I.); (A.-E.M.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Katerina Kotzampassi
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.C.); (A.I.); (A.-E.M.); (A.D.S.)
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3
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Chen G, Zhang H, Jiang J, Chen S, Zhang H, Zhang G, Zheng C, Xu H. Metabolomics approach to growth-age discrimination in mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300445. [PMID: 37736007 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Mountain-cultivated ginseng is typically harvested after 10 years, while ginseng aged over 15 years is considered wild ginseng. This study aims to differentiate mountain-cultivated ginseng by age, as the fraudulent practice of selling low-aged cultivated ginseng disguised as high-aged one is damaging the market. In this study, LC-MS analyzed 98 ginseng samples, and multivariate statistical analysis identified patterns between samples to select influential components. Machine learning models were developed to identify ginseng samples of different ages. The untargeted metabolomic analysis clearly divided samples aged 4-20 years into three age groups. Twenty-two potential age-dependent biomarkers were discovered to differentiate the three sample groups. Three machine learning models were used to predict new samples, and the optimal model was selected. Some biomarkers could determine age phases according to the differentiation of mountain-cultivated ginseng samples. These biomarkers were thoroughly analyzed for variation trends. The machine learning models established using the screened biomarkers successfully predicted the age group of new samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Simin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Gongmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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4
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Chen J, Huang L, Liao X. Protective effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in the development of osteoarthritis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:465. [PMID: 37664679 PMCID: PMC10468808 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease. Traditional chinese medicine provides a resource for drug screening for OA treatment. Ginseng and the associated bioactive compound, ginsenosides, may reduce inflammation, which is considered a risk factor for the development of OA. Specifically, ginsenosides may exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress activities, and inhibit extracellular matrix degradation by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Notably, specific ginsenosides, such as compound K and Rk1, may physically interact with IκB kinase and inhibit the associated phosphorylation. Thus, ginsenosides exhibit potential as therapeutic candidates in the management of OA. However, the low water solubility limits the clinical applications of ginsenosides. Numerous effective strategies have been explored to improve bioavailability; however, further investigations are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ganzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
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5
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Kang KA, Piao MJ, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Yi JM, Hyun JW. Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1516. [PMID: 37627511 PMCID: PMC10451201 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM2.5-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM2.5-treated human keratinocyte cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed characteristics of cellular senescence, including flat and enlarged forms; however, KRG suppressed them in both cell types. Moreover, while cells exposed to PM2.5 showed a higher level of p16INK4A expression (a senescence inducer), KRG inhibited its expression. Epigenetically, KRG decreased the expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, a DNA demethylase induced by PM2.5, and increased the expression of DNA methyltransferases suppressed by PM2.5, resulting in the decreased methylation of the p16INK4A promoter region. Additionally, KRG decreased the expression of mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase, and histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) induced by PM2.5. Contrastingly, KRG increased the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a histone methyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase 1 reduced by PM2.5. Furthermore, KRG decreased TET1, MLL1, and HAT1 binding to the p16INK4A promoter, corresponding with the decreased mRNA expression of p16INK4A. These results suggest that KRG exerts protection against the PM2.5-induced senescence of skin keratinocytes via the epigenetic regulation of p16INK4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Yang SJ, Wang JJ, Cheng P, Chen LX, Hu JM, Zhu GQ. Ginsenoside Rg1 in neurological diseases: From bench to bedside. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:913-930. [PMID: 36380226 PMCID: PMC10104881 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used in China as a superior medicinal material for thousands of years that can nourish the five internal organs, calm the mind and benefit wisdom. Due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities, one of the active components of ginseng, ginsenoside Rg1, has been extensively investigated in the remedy of brain disorders, especially dementia and depression. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the action mechanisms of Rg1 ameliorating depression-like behaviors, including inhibition of hyperfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, regulation of synaptic plasticity and gut flora. Rg1 may alleviate Alzheimer's disease in the early phase, as well as in the middle-late phases through repairing dendrite, axon and microglia- and astrocyte-related inflammations. We also proposed that Rg1 could regulate memory state (the imbalance of working and aversive memory) caused by distinct stimuli. These laboratory studies would further the clinical trials on Rg1. From the prospective of drug development, we discussed the limitations of the present investigations and proposed our ideas to increase permeability and bioavailability of Rg1. Taken together, Rg1 has the potential to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, but a future in-depth investigation of the mechanisms is still required. In addition, drug development will benefit from the clinical trials in one specific neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jing-Ji Wang
- The Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230061, China.
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jia-Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Guo-Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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7
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Shoaib RM, Ahsan MZ, Akhtar U, Ahmad KA, Ali U, Deng MY, Li XY, Wang YX. Ginsenoside Rb1, a principal effective ingredient of Panax notoginseng, produces pain antihypersensitivity by spinal microglial dynorphin A expression. Neurosci Res 2023; 188:75-87. [PMID: 36368461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Chinese ginseng, Sanqi), one of the major ginseng species, has been traditionally used to alleviate different types of chronic pain. The raw P. notoginseng powder is commonly available in China as a non-prescription drug to treat various aliments including arthritic pain. However, strong scientific evidence is needed to illustrate its pain antihypersensitive effects, effective ingredients and mechanism of action. The oral P. notoginseng powder dose-dependently alleviated formalin-induced tonic hyperalgesia, and its total ginsenosides remarkably inhibited neuropathic pain hypersensitivity. Ginsenoside Rb1, the most abundant ginsenoside of P. notoginseng, dose-dependently produced neuropathic pain antihypersensitivity. Conversely, ginsenosides Rg1, Re and notoginseng R1, the other major saponins from P. notoginseng, failed to inhibit formalin-induced tonic pain or mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain. Ginsenoside Rb1 metabolites ginsenosides Rg3, Compound-K and protopanaxadiol also had similar antineuropathic pain efficacy to ginsenoside Rb1. Additionally, intrathecal ginsenoside Rb1 specifically stimulated dynorphin A expression which was colocalized with microglia but not neurons or astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn and primary cultured cells. Pretreatment with microglial metabolic inhibitor minocycline, dynorphin A antiserum and specific κ-opioid receptor antagonist GNTI completely blocked Rb1-induced mechanical antiallodynia in neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist Dex-21-mesylate (but not GPR30 estrogen receptor antagonist G15) also entirely attenuated ginsenoside Rb1-related antineuropathic pain effects. All these results, for the first time, show that P. notoginseng alleviates neuropathic pain and ginsenoside Rb1 is its principal effective ingredient. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits neuropathic pain by stimulation of spinal microglial dynorphin A expression following GR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Muhammad Shoaib
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Usman Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College, A Chartered University, Zahoor Elahi Road, Gulberg III, Lahore, Punjab 54600, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ali Ahmad
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Usman Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Men-Yan Deng
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Fu YY, Cen JK, Song HL, Song SY, Zhang ZJ, Lu HJ. Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain by inhibition of the miRNA21-TLR8-MAPK axis. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221126078. [PMID: 36039405 PMCID: PMC9478689 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides in Panax
ginseng. Although Rh2 is known to enhance immune cells activity for
treatment of cancer, its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects have yet
to be determined. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rh2 on spared
nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain and elucidated the potential
mechanisms. We found that various doses of Rh2 intrathecal injection
dose-dependently attenuated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal
hyperalgesia. Rh2 also inhibited microglia and astrocyte activation in the
spinal cord of a murine SNI model. Rh2 treatment inhibited SNI-induced increase
of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin
(IL)-1 and IL-6. Expression of miRNA-21, an endogenous ligand of Toll like
receptor (TLR)8 was also decreased. Rh2 treatment blocked the mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by inhibiting of phosphorylated
extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression. Finally, intrathecal injection
of TLR8 agonist VTX-2337 reversed the analgesic effect of Rh2. These results
indicated that Rh2 relieved SNI-induced neuropathic pain via inhibiting the
miRNA-21-TLR8-MAPK signaling pathway, thus providing a potential application of
Rh2 in pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Fu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Ke Cen
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao-Lin Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Song
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Zhi-jun Zhang, Department of Human Anatomy,
School of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China,
| | - Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Huan-Jun Lu, Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China,
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9
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Kim J, Phung HM, Lee S, Kim KT, Son TK, Kang KS, Lee S. Anti-skin-aging effects of tissue-cultured mountain-grown ginseng and quantitative HPLC/ELSD analysis of major ginsenosides. J Nat Med 2022; 76:811-820. [PMID: 35748997 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mountain-grown ginseng has free radical scavenging activity and suppresses inflammation. We evaluated the anti-skin-aging effects of tissue-cultured mountain-grown ginseng (TG) and its major ginsenosides. The effect of three extracts of TG and ginsenosides Rg1 (1), Rf (2), Rb1 (3), Re (4), and Rd (5) on the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and collagen type I alpha 1 (COLIA1) was compared with that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), as determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An analytical high-performance liquid chromatographic method with evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC/ELSD) was developed for the simultaneous determination of the major ginsenosides in TG obtained via supercritical fluid CO2 or ethanol extraction. TG residues obtained via supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (TG1) and TG not subject to extraction (TG3) suppressed MMP-1 secretion in TNF-α-stimulated HDFs. Major ginsenoside content was higher in the TG1 than in residues extracted with ethanol (TG2) and TG3; ginsenoside Rg1 (1) content was the highest among all TG residues. Among them, ginsenosides Rg1 (1) and Re (4) suppressed MMP-1 in TNF-α-stimulated HDFs, whereas ginsenosides Rb1 (3) and Rd (5) increased COLIA1. In conclusion, TG and its active ginsenosides may have anti-skin-aging effects. Ginsenoside Rg1 (1) may also be beneficial in ameliorating skin damage. HPLC/ELSD can identify major ginsenosides and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction can be applied during health supplement or drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juree Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea
| | - Hung Manh Phung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | | | - Tae Kwon Son
- Department of Farm Management, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.,Apple Bio Co. Ltd, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea. .,BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea. .,Natural Product Institute of Science and Technology, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
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10
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Yang F, Li J, Lan Y, Lei Y, Zeng F, Huang X, Luo X, Liu R. Potential application of ginseng in sepsis. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:353-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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11
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Li MX, Wei QQ, Lu HJ. Progress on the Elucidation of the Antinociceptive Effect of Ginseng and Ginsenosides in Chronic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821940. [PMID: 35264958 PMCID: PMC8899510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a traditional Oriental herbal drug widely used in East Asia. Its main active ingredients are ginsenosides whose constituents are known to have various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antinociception, and neuroprotection. The analgesic effects of ginsenosides, such as Rg1, Rg2, and Rb1, as well as compound K, are well known and the analgesic mechanism of action in inflammatory pain models is thought to be the down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α IL-1β, and IL-6). Several studies have also demonstrated that ginsenosides regulate neuropathic pain through the modulation of estrogen receptors. Recently, an increasing number of pathways have emerged in relation to the antinociceptive effect of ginseng and ginsenosides. Therefore, this review presents our current understanding of the effectiveness of ginseng in chronic pain and how its active constituents regulate nociceptive responses and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xian Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qian-Qi Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Xizang, China
| | - Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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12
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Kim J, Lee YH, Wang J, Kim YK, Kwon IK. Isolation and characterization of ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles with sucrose cushioning followed by ultracentrifugation. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-04943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGinseng is a traditional medicine that has been used for millennia. Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has multiple pharmacological properties. To determine the efficacy of ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GDEs), GDEs should be isolated and characterized. GDEs from P. ginseng were isolated via sequential centrifugation using 68 and 27% of sucrose cushioning followed by ultracentrifugation. The size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology of GDEs were evaluated using DLS, NTA, and TEM. GDEs were quantified by measuring the total RNA and protein concentration. The stability of the freeze-dried GDEs was evaluated for 90 days. Uniform and reproducible GDEs were successfully isolated with high yield and purity. GDEs were found to be spherical with an average diameter of 105.8 nm and a negative surface charge of − 20.7 mV. Substantial amounts of nanoparticles of GDEs were counted using NTA, with a concentration of 2.05 × 1013 particles/mL. According to the evaluation of their protein and total RNA concentration, the freeze-dried GDEs were stable for up to 60 days at room temperature. The results suggest the utility of a brief isolation protocol using sucrose double fractionation, which can be used for the mass production of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles. In addition, the stability of GDEs was maintained even after freeze-drying and storage for 60 days. This method has potential for application in the research for plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles, where cost-effective exosome isolation with high yield and purity is an important step.
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Hossain MA, Kim JH. Possibility as role of ginseng and ginsenosides on inhibiting the heart disease of COVID-19: A systematic review. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:321-330. [PMID: 35068945 PMCID: PMC8767974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus has been spreading rapidly around the world since it broke out in China in 2019. Respiratory diseases caused by coronavirus infection cause various diseases ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infections to severe pneumonia and cardiovascular complications, leading to death. In this regard, natural products are being studied to prevent various diseases caused by COVID-19. In current review, we would like to present mechanisms related to the inhibition of heart disease in ginseng and ginsenoside against SARS-CoV-2. In many previous studies, ginseng and ginsenoside are known to have antioxidant, blood flow improvement, improvement of vascular and heart function, blood pressure control, suppression of myocardial infarction and heart failure, and antiarrhythmia. Therefore, ginseng and ginsenoside have a possibility to suppress cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19. Many of research provide evidence for ginseng and ginsenoside as treatments for the risk of cardiovascular complications. However, in this review, more specific contents on the proposition of the efficacy of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented. Therefore, we hope that researches to reduce cardiovascular complications of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented to reduce mortality for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Corresponding College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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15
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Liao J, Zhang F, Qing W, Yu R, Hu Z. Mechanism of Incisional Pain: Novel Finding on Long Noncoding RNA XIST/miR-340-5p/RAB1A Axis. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211049056. [PMID: 34806436 PMCID: PMC8613904 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211049056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) XIST on postoperative pain and inflammation of plantar incision pain (PIP) in rats and its underlying mechanisms. PIP rat models were established by plantar incision. Rats in the sham group were subjected to povidone-iodine scrubbing, and no incision was made. To explore the role of XIST/miR-340-5p/RAB1A in postoperative pain and inflammation, PIP rats were separately or simultaneously injected with lentivirus containing sh-NC, sh-XIST, mimic NC, miR-340-5p mimic, inhibitor NC, miR-340-5p inhibitor, pcDNA3.1, or pcDNA3.1-RAB1A through an intrathecal catheter. The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) values of rats in each group were assessed to evaluate the pain behavior. RT-qPCR and Western blot were utilized to determine the levels of XIST, miR-340-5p, RAB1A, and NF-κB pathway-related proteins (p-IκBα, IκBα, p-p65, and p65). The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in rat spinal dorsal horn tissues were inspected by ELISA. H and E staining was applied to observe the pathological changes of neurons in the spinal dorsal horn, TUNEL staining to detect neuronal apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry to measure RAB1A level. Plantar incision surgery caused decreased PWT and PWL values, enhanced levels of XIST, RAB1A, and inflammatory cytokines, along with an increased proportion of apoptotic neurons. The pain sensitivity and inflammation of rats were motivated after plantar incision surgery. Intrathecal injection of sh-XIST or miR-340-5p mimic ameliorated the pain and inflammation of PIP rats, while silencing of miR-340-5p or overexpression of RAB1A partly reversed the effect of sh-XIST on PIP rats. XIST targeted miR-340-5p and miR-340-5p negatively regulated RAB1A. The XIST/miR-340-5p/RAB1A axis activated the NF-κB signaling pathway. LncRNA XIST aggravates inflammatory response and postoperative pain of PIP rats by activating the NF-κB pathway via the miR-340-5p/RAB1A axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, 504354Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, 504354Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiang Qing
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, 504354Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Rili Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, 504354Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, 504354Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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16
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Lee HR, Jung JM, Seo JY, Chang SE, Song Y. Anti-melanogenic property of ginsenoside Rf from Panax ginseng via inhibition of CREB/MITF pathway in melanocytes and ex vivo human skin. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:555-564. [PMID: 34803425 PMCID: PMC8587488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides of Panax ginseng are used to enhance skin health and beauty. The present study aimed to investigate the potential use of ginsenoside Rf (Rf) from Panax ginseng as a new anti-pigmentation agent. Methods The anti-melanogenic effects of Rf were explored. The transcriptional activity of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) and the expression levels of tyrosinase, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and tyrosinase-related proteins (Tyrps) were evaluated in melanocytes and UV-irradiated ex vivo human skin. Results Rf significantly inhibited Forskolin (FSK) or UV-stimulated melanogenesis. Consistently, cellular tyrosinase activity and levels of MITF, tyrosinase, and Tyrps were downregulated. Furthermore, Rf suppressed MITF promoter activity, which was stimulated by FSK or CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 3 (CRTC3) overexpression. Increased CREB phosphorylation and protein kinase A (PKA) activity induced by FSK were also mitigated in the presence of Rf. Conclusion Rf can be used as a reliable anti-pigmentation agent, which has a scientifically confirmed and reproducible action mechanism, via inhibition of CREB/MITF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Ri Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Min Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Republic of Korea
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Ahn S, Simu SY, Yang DC, Jang M, Um BH. Effects of Ginsenoside Rf on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1950128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Ahn
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Shakina Yesmin Simu
- College of pharmacy, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Food Standard Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hun Um
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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Zhang L, Hu Q, Jin H, Yang Y, Yang Y, Yang R, Shen Z, Chen P. Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on second-degree burn wound healing and FGF-2/PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β pathway modulation. Chin Med 2021; 16:45. [PMID: 34147112 PMCID: PMC8214283 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (P. notoginseng) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used therapeutically for cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases and traumatic injuries as well as for external and internal bleeding due to injury. Ginsenoside Rb1, a crucial monomeric active constituent extracted from P. notoginseng, has attracted widespread attention because of its potential anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic, and cell growth-promoting effects. In this study, the therapeutic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on second-degree burn in rats and the potential underlying mechanisms were explored. Methods A rat model of second-degree burn injury was established, and skin wound healing was monitored at different time points after ginsenoside Rb1 treatment. HE staining was performed to identify burn severity, and biological tissues were biopsied on days 0, 7, 14, and 24 after treatment. Skin wound healing at different time points was monitored by macroscopic observation. Furthermore, IHC, WB, and RT-PCR were utilized to determine the protein and mRNA expression levels of PDGF-BB, PDGFR-β, and FGF-2 in wound tissues after treatment. Results HE staining showed that after 24 days of ginsenoside Rb1 treatment, skin tissue morphology was significant improved. Macroscopic observation demonstrated that in ginsenoside Rb1-treated rats, the scab removal time and fur growth time were decreased, and the wound healing rate was increased. Collectively, the results of IHC, WB and RT-PCR showed that PDGF-BB, PDGFR-β, and FGF-2 expressions peaked earlier in ginsenoside Rb1-treated rats than in model rats, consistent with the macroscopic observations. Conclusion Collectively, these findings indicated that ginsenoside Rb1 promotes burn wound healing via a mechanism possibly associated with upregulation of FGF-2/PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β gene and protein expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China
| | - Qin Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China
| | - Haonan Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China
| | - Yongzhao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China
| | - Renhua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China.
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China.
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Zhang JL, Li WX, Li Y, Wong MS, Wang YJ, Zhang Y. Therapeutic options of TCM for organ injuries associated with COVID-19 and the underlying mechanism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153297. [PMID: 32798019 PMCID: PMC7405862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading rapidly throughout China and in other countries since the end of 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that the epidemic is a public health emergency of international concerns. The timely and appropriate measures for treating COVID-19 in China, which are inseparable from the contribution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have won much praise of the world. PURPOSE This review aimed to summarize and discuss the essential role of TCM in protecting tissues from injuries associated with COVID-19, and accordingly to clarify the possible action mechanisms of TCM from the perspectives of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. METHODS Electronic databases such as Pubmed, ResearchGate, Science Direct, Web of Science, medRixv and Wiley were used to search scientific literatures. RESULTS The present review found that traditional Chinese herbs commonly used for the clinical treatment of organ damages caused by COVID-19, such as Scutellaria baicalensis, Salvia miltiorrhizaSalvia miltiorrhiza, and ginseng, could act on multiple signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. CONCLUSION TCM could protect COVID-19 patients from tissue injuries, a protection that might be, at least partially, attributed to the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of the TCM under investigation. This review provides evidence and support for clinical treatment and novel drug research using TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
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20
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Paving the Road Toward Exploiting the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenosides: An Emphasis on Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:137-160. [PMID: 33861443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis and autophagy strongly contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. Along with these lines, modulation of cell death mechanisms to combat cancer cells and elimination of resistance to apoptosis is of great interest. It appears that modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with specific agents would be beneficial in the treatment of several disorders. Interestingly, it has been suggested that herbal natural products may be suitable candidates for the modulation of these processes due to few side effects and significant therapeutic potential. Ginsenosides are derivatives of ginseng and exert modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy and ER stress. Ginsenosides act as smart phytochemicals that confer their effects by up-regulating ATG proteins and converting LC3-I to -II, which results in maturation of autophagosomes. Not only do ginsenosides promote autophagy but they also possess protective and therapeutic properties due to their capacity to modulate ER stress and up- and down-regulate and/or dephosphorylate UPR transducers such as IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Thus, it would appear that ginsenosides are promising agents to potentially restore tissue malfunction and possibly eliminate cancer.
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21
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Ginsenoside Rg1 prevent and treat inflammatory diseases: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Ratan ZA, Haidere MF, Hong YH, Park SH, Lee JO, Lee J, Cho JY. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:199-210. [PMID: 33841000 PMCID: PMC8020288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as a traditional herb in Asian countries for thousands of years. It contains a large number of active ingredients including steroidal saponins, protopanaxadiols, and protopanaxatriols, collectively known as ginsenosides. In the last few decades, the antioxidative and anticancer effects of ginseng, in addition to its effects on improving immunity, energy and sexuality, and combating cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurological diseases, have been studied in both basic and clinical research. Ginseng could be a valuable resource for future drug development; however, further higher quality evidence is required. Moreover, ginseng may have drug interactions although the available evidence suggests it is a relatively safe product. This article reviews the bioactive compounds, global distribution, and therapeutic potential of plants in the genus Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Faisal Haidere
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oog Lee
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Bio-Inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Im DS. Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Panax ginseng. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030444. [PMID: 32183094 PMCID: PMC7175368 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is a famous medicinal plant used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) are the main class of active constituents of ginseng. The anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts were proven with purified ginsenosides, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and Rh2, as well as compound K. The negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and enzyme expressions (iNOS and COX-2) was found as the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenosides in M1-polarized macrophages and microglia. Recently, another action mechanism emerged explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of ginseng. This is a pro-resolution of inflammation derived by M2-polarized macrophages. Direct and indirect evidence supports how several ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg3, Rb1, and Rg1) induce the M2 polarization of macrophages and microglia, and how these M2-polarized cells contribute to the suppression of inflammation progression and promotion of inflammation resolution. In this review, the new action mechanism of ginseng anti-inflammation is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9377; Fax: +82-2-961-9580
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Analgesic effect and related amino acids regulation of ginsenoside Rg3 in mouse pain models. Life Sci 2019; 239:117083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Kim JY, Kim JH, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Jung YJ, Lee HY, Kim HJ, Kim SY. Antiepileptic and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of red ginseng in an intrahippocampal kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated by electroencephalography. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2019; 35:192-198. [PMID: 31620593 PMCID: PMC6784711 DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2018.35.2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation can lower the seizure threshold and have influence on epileptogenesis. The components of red ginseng (RG) have anti-inflammatory effects. The abundance of peripherally derived immune cells in resected epileptic tissue suggests that the immune system is a potential target for anti-epileptogenic therapies. The present study used continuous electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of RG in intrahippocampal kainic acid (IHKA) animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods Prolonged status epilepticus (SE) was induced in 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice via stereotaxic injection of kainic acid (KA, 150 nL; 1 mg/mL) into the right CA3/dorsal hippocampus. The animals were implanted electrodes and monitored for spontaneous seizures. Following the IHKA injections, one group received treatments of RG (250 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks (RG group, n=7) while another group received valproic acid (VPA, 30 mg/kg/day) (VPA group, n=7). Laboratory findings and pathological results were assessed at D29 and continuous (24 h/week) EEG monitoring was used to evaluate high-voltage sharp waves on D7, D14, D21, and D28. Results At D29, there were no differences between the groups in liver function test but RG group had higher blood urea nitrogen levels. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that RG reduced the infiltration of immune cells into the brain and EEG analyses showed that it had anticonvulsant effects. Conclusion Repeated treatments with RG after IHKA-induced SE decreased immune cell infiltration into the brain and resulted in a marked decrease in electrographic seizures. RG had anticonvulsant effects that were similar to those of VPA without serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee Jaung Kim
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sae Yoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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26
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Kim YS, Oh YC. Targeted production of desired minor ginsenosides based on the hydrolytic selectivity of β-glucosidase and their enhanced anti-neuroinflammatory activity. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Identification of 20(R, S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(R, S)-protopanaxatriol for potential selective modulation of glucocorticoid receptor. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Antidepressant effects of ginsenoside Rf on behavioral change in the glial degeneration model of depression by reversing glial loss. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:603-610. [PMID: 32617040 PMCID: PMC7322760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disease that shows astrocyte pathology. Ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf) is a saponin found in Panax ginseng which has been used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate antidepressant properties of G-Rf when introduced into the L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-AAA)–infused mice model which is representative of a major depressive disorder that features diminished astrocytes in the brain. Methods L-AAA was infused into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice to induce decrease of astrocytes. Mice were orally administered G-Rf (20 mg/kg) as well as vehicle only or imipramine (20 mg/kg) as controls. Depression-like behavior of mice was evaluated using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). We observed recovery of astroglial impairment and increased proliferative cells in the PFC and its accompanied change in the hippocampus by Western blot and immunohistochemistry to assess the effect of G-Rf. Results After injection of L-AAA into the PFC, mice showed increased immobility time in FST and TST and loss of astrocytes without significant neuronal change in the PFC. G-Rf–treated mice displayed significantly more decreased immobility time in FST and TST than did vehicle-treated mice, and their immobility time almost recovered to those of the sham mice and imipramine-treated mice. G-Rf upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and Ki-67 expression in the PFC reduced by L-AAA and also alleviated astroglial change in the hippocampus. Conclusion G-Rf markedly reversed depression-like behavioral changes and exhibited protective effect against the astrocyte ablation in the PFC induced by L-AAA. These protective properties suggest that G-Rf might be a therapeutic agent for major depressive disorders.
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Qomaladewi NP, Kim MY, Cho JY. Autophagy and its regulation by ginseng components. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:349-353. [PMID: 31308805 PMCID: PMC6606841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the sequential process whereby cell components are degraded, which can occur due to nutrient deprivation. Its regulation has an essential role in many diseases, functioning in both cell survival and cell death. Autophagy starts when mTORC1 is inhibited, resulting in the activation of several complexes to form a cargo that fuses with a lysosome, where it undergoes degradation. In this review, we describe a plant extract that is well known in Korea, namely Korean ginseng extract; we studied how its derivatives and metabolites can regulate autophagy and thus mediate the pathogenesis of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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30
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Yao F, Xue Q, Li K, Cao X, Sun L, Liu Y. Phenolic Compounds and Ginsenosides in Ginseng Shoots and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacities in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2951. [PMID: 31212928 PMCID: PMC6627944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted this study for the first time to evaluate changes in the composition and contents of phenolic compounds and ginsenosides in ginseng shoot extracts (GSEs) prepared with different steaming times (2, 4, and 6 h) at 120 °C, as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). The results show that total phenol and flavonoid contents were both significantly higher in steamed versus raw GSEs, and the same trend was found for 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) scavenging capacities. Among the 18 ginsenosides quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the aid of pure standards, polar ginsenosides were abundant in raw GSEs, whereas less-polar or rare ginsenosides appeared after steaming at 120 °C and increased with steaming time. Furthermore, steamed GSEs exhibited a greater ability to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells at the same concentration. Relative expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNAs were attenuated by the GSEs, probably due to the enrichment of less-polar ginsenosides and enhanced antioxidant activity in steamed GSEs. These findings, combined with correlation analysis, showed that less-polar ginsenosides were major contributors to the inhibition of the overproduction of various inflammatory factors, while the inhibitory effects of total phenols and total flavonoids, and their antioxidant abilities, are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Xue
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Beilin Advanced Eco-Environmental Protection Technology Institute Co. Ltd., Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ke Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xinxin Cao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Beilin Advanced Eco-Environmental Protection Technology Institute Co. Ltd., Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yujun Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghuadonglu No. 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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Li Y, Chen C, Li S, Jiang C. Ginsenoside
R
f relieves mechanical hypersensitivity, depression‐like behavior, and inflammatory reactions in chronic constriction injury rats. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1095-1103. [PMID: 30740801 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Li
- Department of AnesthesiaQuanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University No. 250, East Street, Licheng District Quanzhou Fujian Province 362000 China
| | - Chengbo Chen
- Department of CardiologyQuanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University No. 250, East Street, Licheng District Quanzhou Fujian Province 362000 China
| | - Shunyuan Li
- Department of AnesthesiaQuanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University No. 250, East Street, Licheng District Quanzhou Fujian Province 362000 China
| | - Changcheng Jiang
- Department of AnesthesiaQuanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University No. 250, East Street, Licheng District Quanzhou Fujian Province 362000 China
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Mechanisms of acute and chronic pain after surgery: update from findings in experimental animal models. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2019; 31:575-585. [PMID: 30028733 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Management of postoperative pain is still a major issue and relevant mechanisms need to be investigated. In preclinical research, substantial progress has been made, for example, by establishing specific rodent models of postoperative pain. By reviewing most recent preclinical studies in animals related to postoperative, incisional pain, we outline the currently available surgical-related pain models, discuss assessment methods for pain-relevant behavior and their shortcomings to reflect the clinical situation, delineate some novel clinical-relevant mechanisms for postoperative pain, and point toward future needs. RECENT FINDINGS Since the development of the first rodent model of postoperative, incisional pain almost 20 years ago, numerous variations and some procedure-specific models have been emerged including some conceivably relevant for investigating prolonged, chronic pain after surgery. Many mechanisms have been investigated by using these models; most recent studies focussed on endogenous descending inhibition and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. However, surgical models beyond the classical incision model have so far been used only in exceptional cases, and clinical relevant behavioral pain assays are still rarely utilized. SUMMARY Pathophysiological mechanisms of pain after surgery are increasingly discovered, but utilization of pain behavior assays are only sparsely able to reflect clinical-relevant aspects of acute and chronic postoperative pain in patients.
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He YF, Cai HQ, Li WY, Xiu Y, Liu WL, Chi HY, Shen H, Yang MG, Pei J, Liu SY. A discrimination study of Asia ginseng and America ginseng by a comparison of ginsenosides, oligosaccharides and amino acids using a UPLC-MS method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1506933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Fang He
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Han-Qing Cai
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yue Chi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hong Shen
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Guang Yang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jin Pei
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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34
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Qin X, Liu Y, Feng Y, Jiang J. Retracted Article: Ginsenoside Rf alleviates dysmenorrhea and inflammation through the BDNF-TrkB-CREB pathway in a rat model of endometriosis. Food Funct 2019; 10:244-249. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the effects and the underlying mechanisms of ginsenoside Rf in a surgically induced rat endometriosis model was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Shandong University QiLu Hospital
- Jinan 250012
- China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Liaocheng people's Hospital
- Liaocheng 252000
- China
| | - Yanchong Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Heping Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College
- Changzhi
- China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Shandong University QiLu Hospital
- Jinan 250012
- China
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35
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Luo H, Zhu D, Wang Y, Chen Y, Jiang R, Yu P, Qiu Z. Study on the Structure of Ginseng Glycopeptides with Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E1325. [PMID: 29857514 PMCID: PMC6099564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is well known for its medicinal functions. As a class of important compound of ginseng, ginsenoside is widely studied around the world. In addition, ginseng glycopeptides also showed good biological activity, but researches in this field are rarely reported. In this study, ginseng glycopeptides (Gg) were first prepared from Panax ginseng by reflux extracted with 85% ethanol and the following purification with Sephadex G-15 column. Then, the inflammatory pain models induced by carrageenan and the rat pain models induced by Faure Marin were established for research on mechanism of analgesic activities. It is showed that Gg had an obvious inhibiting effect on inflammation and a significant reduction on the Malondialdehyde (MDA) of inflammatory foot tissue. And there were significant differences between moderate to high dose of Gg and model group in Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Interleukin 4 (IL-4), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and Histamine. The two models can be preliminarily determined that the analgesic effect of Gg may be peripheral, which mechanism may be related to the dynamic balance between proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, and Interleukin 10 (IL-10)). A series of methods were used to study Gg in physical-chemical properties and linking mode of glycoside. The high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for identification of the structure of Gg. Moreover, the structure of 20 major Gg were investigated and identified. The structural analysis of Gg was benefit for the next study on structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Luo
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Difu Zhu
- Jilin Jice Inspection Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine and Material Medica Science, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yinghong Chen
- Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine and Material Medica Science, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ruizhi Jiang
- Jilin Jice Inspection Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130117, China.
- Jilin Academy of Chinese Medicine and Material Medica Science, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhidong Qiu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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36
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Comprehensive Profiling and Quantification of Ginsenosides in the Root, Stem, Leaf, and Berry of Panax ginseng by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122147. [PMID: 29207539 PMCID: PMC6149965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective production and usage of ginsenosides, given their distinct pharmacological effects, are receiving increasing amounts of attention. As the ginsenosides content differs in different parts of Panax ginseng, we wanted to assess and compare the ginsenosides content in the ginseng roots, leave, stems, and berries. To extract the ginsenosides, 70% (v/v) methanol was used. The optimal ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was used to profile various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng. The datasets were then subjected to multivariate analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). A UPLC-QTOF/MS method with an in-house library was constructed to profile 58 ginsenosides. With this method, a total of 39 ginsenosides were successfully identified and quantified in the ginseng roots, leave, stem, and berries. PCA and HCA characterized the different ginsenosides compositions from the different parts. The quantitative ginsenoside contents were also characterized from each plant part. The results of this study indicate that the UPLC-QTOF/MS method can be an effective tool to characterize various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng.
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