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Liu S, Geng J, Chen W, Zong Y, Zhao Y, Du R, He Z. Isolation, structure, biological activity and application progress of ginseng polysaccharides from the Araliaceae family. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133925. [PMID: 39032904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Phytopolysaccharides are a class of natural macromolecules with a range of biological activities. Ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng, and Panax notoginseng are all members of the Araliaceae family. They are known to contain a variety of medicinal properties and are typically rich in a wide range of medicinal values. Polysaccharides represent is one of the principal active ingredients in the aforementioned plants. However, there is a paucity of detailed reports on the separation methods, structural characteristics and comparison of various pharmacological effects of these polysaccharides. This paper presents a review of the latest research reports on ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng and ginseng polysaccharides. The differences in extraction, separation, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of the four polysaccharides are compared and clarified. Upon examination of the current research literature, it becomes evident that the extraction and separation processes of the four polysaccharides are highly similar. Modern pharmacological studies have corroborated the multiple biological activities of these polysaccharides. These activities encompass a range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant stress injury, fatigue reduction, tumor inhibition, depression alleviation, regulation of intestinal flora, immunomodulation, diabetes management, central nervous system protection, anti-aging, and improvement of skin health. This paper presents a review of studies on the extraction, purification, characterization, and bioactivities of four natural plant ginseng polysaccharides. Furthermore, the review presents the most recent research findings on their pharmacological activities. The information provides a theoretical basis for the future application of natural plant polysaccharides and offers a new perspective for the in-depth development of the medicinal value of ginseng in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianan Geng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer of China, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Rameshrad M, Naraki K, Memariani Z, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Panax ginseng as a medical food against chemical toxic agents: molecular and cellular mechanisms. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03186-5. [PMID: 38861010 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different types of toxic agents, which may directly induce organ malfunction or indirectly alter gene expression, leading to carcinogenic and teratogenic effects, and eventually death. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is the most valuable of all medicinal herbs. Nevertheless, specific data on the antidotal mechanisms of this golden herb are currently unavailable. Based on the findings of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, this review focused on the probable protective mechanisms of ginseng and its major components, such as protopanaxadiols, protopanaxatriols, and pentacyclic ginsenosides against various chemical toxic agents. Relevant articles from 2000 to 2023 were gathered from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. This literature review shows that P. ginseng and its main components have protective and antidotal effects against the deteriorative effects of pesticides, pharmaceutical agents, including acetaminophen, doxorubicin, isoproterenol, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, and gentamicin, ethanol, and some chemical agents. These improvements occur through multi-functional mechanisms. They exhibit antioxidant activity, induce anti-inflammatory action, and block intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. However, relevant clinical trials are necessary to validate the mentioned effects and translate the knowledge from basic science to human benefit, fulfilling the fundamental goal of all toxicologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rameshrad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Karim Naraki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Lee SY, Song SY, Lee SH, Kim GY, Park JW, Bae CS, Park DH, Cho SS. Ginseng Berry Juice (GBJ) Regulates the Inflammation in Acute Ulcerative Mouse Models and the Major Bioactive Substances Are Ginsenosides Rb3, Rc, Rd, and Re. Nutrients 2024; 16:1031. [PMID: 38613064 PMCID: PMC11013427 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng fruit is known to have various biological effects owing to its large amount of saponins such as ginsenosides. In the present study, ginseng berry juice was confirmed to be effective against acute inflammation. Ginseng berry juice was used for analysis of active constituents, antioxidant efficacy, and in vivo inflammation. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for analysis of ginsenosides. In an HCl/ethanol-induced acute gastric injury model, microscopic, immunofluorescent, and immunohistochemical techniques were used for analysis of inhibition of gastric injury and mechanism study. In a mouse model of acute gastritis induced with HCl/ethanol, ginseng berry juice (GBJ, 250 mg/kg) showed similar gastric injury inhibitory effects as cabbage water extract (CB, 500 mg/kg, P.O). GBJ dose-dependently modulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-13 (IL-13). GBJ inhibited the activation of Nuclear Factor kappa bB (NF-κB) and suppressed the expressions of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). The anti-inflammatory effect of GBJ is attributed to ginsenosides which have anti-inflammatory effects. Productivity as an effective food source for acute gastritis was analyzed and showed that GBJ was superior to CB. In addition, as a functional food for suppressing acute ulcerative symptoms, it was thought that the efficacy of gastric protection products would be higher if GBJ were produced in the form of juice rather than through various extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Young Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Yeop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea (J.-W.P.)
- Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea
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Elblehi SS, Hafez MH, El-Far AH. Panax ginseng ameliorates hepatorenal oxidative alterations induced by commercially used cypermethrin in male rats: experimental and molecular docking approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109702-109723. [PMID: 37776425 PMCID: PMC10622388 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid utilized as an insecticide in agriculture and various pest eradication programs. However, it induces numerous health hazards for animals and humans. Therefore, the current study used Panax ginseng root extract (ginseng) to reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by commercially used CYP. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were distributed into control, ginseng (300 mg/kg B.W/day), CYP (4.67 mg/kg B.W.), and Ginseng+CYP (rats received both CYP and ginseng). All treatments were administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Cypermethrin induced harmful effects on hepatic and renal tissues through a substantial decline in body weight in addition to a considerable increase in liver enzymes, functional renal markers, and cholesterol. Also, CYP significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Moreover, a marked increase in malondialdehyde level with a significant drop in reduced glutathione level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was reported in the CYP group in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, CYP exhibited affinities to bind and inhibit AChE and antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and CAT) in rats following the molecular docking modeling. The apparent hepatorenal oxidative damage was linked with obvious impairments in the liver and kidney histoarchitecture, immunohistochemical staining of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 proteins. Ginseng reduced CYP's oxidative alterations by repairing the metabolic functional markers, improving antioxidant status, reducing the inflammatory response, and enhancing the molecular docking evaluation. It also ameliorated the intensity of the histopathological alterations and improved the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins in the liver and kidney tissues. Finally, concomitant oral administration of ginseng mitigated CYP-prompted hepatorenal damage through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Elblehi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Mona H Hafez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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Men L, Wang Z, Gou M, Li Z, Li W, Li C, Li K, Gong X. Metabolomics and targeted amino acid analysis reveal the liver protective effect of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose from red ginseng on acute liver injury in mice. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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Zhao X, Wu J, Guo D, Hu S, Chen X, Hong L, Wang J, Ma J, Jiang Y, Niu T, Miao F, Li W, Wang B, Chen X, Song Y. Dynamic ginsenoside-sheltered nanocatalysts for safe ferroptosis-apoptosis combined therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:549-560. [PMID: 36007778 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT)-activated apoptosis is a potential anticancer strategy. However, CDT encounters a bottleneck in clinical translation due to its serious side effects and low efficacy. Here, we first reveal that surface engineering of ginsenoside Rg3 dramatically alters the organ distribution and tumor enrichment of systematically administered nanocatalysts using the orthotopic pancreatic tumor model while avoiding toxicity and increasing efficacy in vivo to address the key and universal toxicity problems encountered in nanomedicine. Compared with nanocatalysts alone, Rg3-sheltered dynamic nanocatalysts form hydrophilic nanoclusters, prolonging their circulation lifespan in the blood, protecting the internal nanocatalysts from leakage while allowing their specific release at the tumor site. Moreover, the nanoclusters provide a drug-loading platform for Rg3 so that more Rg3 reaches the tumor site to achieve obvious synergistic effect with nanocatalysts. Rg3-sheltered dynamic nanocatalysts can simultaneously activate ferroptosis and apoptosis to significantly improve anticancer efficacy. Systematic administration of ginsenoside Rg3-sheltered nanocatalysts inhibited 86.6% of tumor growth without toxicity and prolonged the survival time of mice. This study provides a promising approach of nanomedicine with high biosafety and a new outlook for catalytic ferroptosis-apoptosis combined antitumor therapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has limited clinical efficacy in cancer. In this study, we developed Rg3-sheltered dynamic nanocatalysts, which could simultaneously activate ferroptosis based on CDT-activated apoptosis, and ultimately form a combined therapy of ferroptosis-apoptosis to kill tumors. Studies have shown that the nanocatalysts after Rg3 surface engineering dramatically alters the pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of the nanocatalysts after being systematically administered, resulting in avoiding the toxicity of the nanocatalysts. Nanocatalysts also act as a drug-loading platform, guiding more Rg3 into the tumor site. This study emphasizes that nanocatalysts after Rg3 surface engineering improve the safety and effectiveness of ferroptosis-apoptosis combined therapy, providing an effective idea for clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Zhao
- Center of Modern Physics Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jicheng Wu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Danjing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shen Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310009 China
| | - Liangjie Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Center of Modern Physics Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jugang Ma
- Center of Modern Physics Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yangkang Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Tianye Niu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Fenglin Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wengang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Pulsed Power Technology Translational Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Yujun Song
- Center of Modern Physics Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Pulsed Power Technology Translational Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China; Zhengzhou Tianzhao Biomedical Technology Company Ltd., 7 Dongqing Street, Zhengzhou High Tech Development Zone, Zhengzhou 451450, China.
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Ginseng ® Alleviates Malathion-Induced Hepatorenal Injury through Modulation of the Biochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Markers in Male Rats. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12050771. [PMID: 35629437 PMCID: PMC9144712 DOI: 10.3390/life12050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to see if Ginseng® can reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by malathion. Four groups of forty male Wistar albino rats were alienated. Group 1 was a control group that got orally supplied corn oil (vehicle). Group 2 was intoxicated by malathion dissolved in corn oil orally at 135 mg/kg/day. Group 3 orally received both malathion + Panax Ginseng® (300 mg/kg/day). Group 4 was orally given Panax Ginseng® at a 300 mg/kg/day dose. Treatments were administered daily and continued for up to 30 consecutive days. Malathion's toxic effect on both hepatic and renal tissues was revealed by a considerable loss in body weight and biochemically by a marked increase in liver enzymes, LDH, ACP, cholesterol, and functional renal markers with a marked decrease in serum TP, albumin, and TG levels with decreased AchE and Paraoxonase activity. Additionally, malondialdehydes, nitric oxide (nitrite), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and TNFα with a significant drop in the antioxidant activities were reported in the malathion group. Malathion upregulated the inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes, while Nrf2, Bcl2, and HO-1 were downregulated. Ginseng® and malathion co-treatment reduced malathion's harmful effects by restoring metabolic indicators, enhancing antioxidant pursuit, lowering the inflammatory reaction, and alleviating pathological alterations. So, Ginseng® may have protective effects against hepatic and renal malathion-induced toxicity on biochemical, antioxidant, molecular, and cell levels.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Yaribeygi H, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Effects of Ginsenosides on the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1328:307-322. [PMID: 34981486 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a major signaling pathway for the maintenance of homeostasis and redox balance. This pathway also plays a significant role in proteostasis, xenobiotic/drug metabolism, apoptosis, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Conversely, the Nrf2 signaling pathway is impaired in several pathological conditions including cancer. Although various drugs have been developed to target the Nrf2 pathway, plant-derived chemicals than can potentially impact this pathway and are particularly attractive due to their minimal side effects. Ginsenosides are active components of ginseng and have been shown to exert pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetes, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. In this article, we have reviewed the effects of ginsenosides on Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.,Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Xu XY, Yi ES, Kang CH, Liu Y, Lee YG, Choi HS, Jang HB, Huo Y, Baek NI, Yang DC, Kim YJ. Whitening and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation properties of the biotransformed green ginseng berry of new cultivar K1, ginsenoside Rg2 enriched, on B16 and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:631-641. [PMID: 34764718 PMCID: PMC8569260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Main bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions of ripened red ginseng berry (Panax ginseng Meyer) have been frequently reported. Yet, the research gap targeting the beneficial activities of transformed green ginseng berries has not reported elsewhere. Methods Ginsenosides of new green berry cultivar K-1 (GK-1) were identified by HPLC-QTOF/MS. Ginsenosides bioconversion in GK-1 by bgp1 enzyme was confirmed with HPLC and TLC. Then, mechanisms of GK-1 and β-glucosidase (bgp1) biotransformed GK-1 (BGK-1) were determined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Results GK-1 possesses highest ginsenosides especially ginsenoside-Re amongst seven ginseng cultivars including (Chunpoong, Huangsuk, Kumpoong, K-1, Honkaejong, Gopoong, and Yunpoong). Ginseng root’s biomass is not affected with the harvest of GK-1 at 3 weeks after flowering period. Then, Re is bio-converted into a promising pharmaceutical effect of Rg2 via bgp1. According to the results of cell assays, BGK-1 shows decrease of tyrosinase and melanin content in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone challenged-murine melanoma B16 cells. BGK-1 which is comparatively more effective than GK-1 extract shows significant suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inflammatory target genes, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion These results reported effective whitening and anti-inflammatory of BGK-1 as compared to GK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yue Xu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seob Yi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Liu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Bin Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Huo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Qu L, Fu R, Ma X, Fan D. Hepatoprotective effects of ginsenoside Rk3 in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by activation of autophagy. Food Funct 2021; 12:9128-9140. [PMID: 34397062 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (AIALI) is one of the most common causes of acute liver failure. Owing to the limitations of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is the only antidote currently used in clinical practice for APAP, there is a need to develop new therapies that can provide extensive protection against AIALI. Ginsenoside Rk3 is a rare ginsenoside extracted from Panax notoginseng and a previous study has reported its excellent hepatoprotective function. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rk3 in APAP-induced acute liver injury. We found that ginsenoside Rk3 could reduce APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity and pathological damage to the liver. Moreover, ginsenoside Rk3 could inhibit APAP-induced liver inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the production of oxidative molecules, increasing the production of antioxidant molecules, and reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rk3 was mainly dependent on the continuous activation of autophagy. Chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, was found to inhibit these protective effects. Therefore, ginsenoside Rk3 shows potential as a novel hepatoprotective agent to prevent drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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11
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Steamed ginseng shoot extract rich in less-polar ginsenosides ameliorated the acute hepatotoxicity caused by overdose of acetaminophen in mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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12
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Yang X, Zhang P, Zhang F, Ke Z, Chen Q, Liu C. Protective effect of hypoglycemic granule against diabetes‐induced liver injury by alleviating glycolipid metabolic disorder and oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3221-3234. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning China
| | - Pengjie Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning China
| | - Feixue Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning China
| | - Zhiqiang Ke
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning China
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13
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Kehinde BA, Sharma P, Kaur S. Recent nano-, micro- and macrotechnological applications of ultrasonication in food-based systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:599-621. [PMID: 32208850 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1740646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a neoteric and rising demand for nutritional and functional foods which behooves food processors to adopt processing techniques with optimal conservation of bioactive components in foods and with minimal pernicious impacts on the environment. Ultrasonication, a mechanochemical technique has proven to be an efficacious panacea to these concerns. In this review, an analytic exploration of recent researches and designs regarding ultrasound methodology and equipment on diverse food systems, technological scales, procedural parameters and outcomes of such experimentations optimally scrutinized. The relative effects of ultrasonication on food formulations, components and attributes such as nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, proteins, micronutrients, sensory and mechanical characteristics are evaluatively delineated. In food systems where ultrasonication was employed, it was found to have a remarkable effect on one or more quality parameters. This review is a supplementation to the pedagogical awareness to scholars on the suitability of ultrasonication for research procedures, and a call to industrial food brands on the adoption of this technique for the development of foods with optimally sustained nutrient profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bababode Adesegun Kehinde
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Poorva Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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14
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Park JY, Lee JW, Lee CH, Lee HJ, Kang KS. Synthesis and inhibitory effect of cis-guggulsterone on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide in macrophages. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126962. [PMID: 31980338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Guggulsterone is a bioactive plant sterol naturally found in migratory plants. It exists in various forms, and its active compounds include the isomers cis-guggulsterone (E-GS) and trans-guggulsterone (Z-GS). In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of these two isomeric pregnadienedione steroids were investigated against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory reaction in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. Our results showed that both guggulsterones inhibited the production of NO in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide, with IC50 values ranging from 3.0 to 6.7 μM. E-GS exerted higher efficacy than Z-GS, and its anti-inflammatory effects was mediated through inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; Convergent Research Center for Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Research Group of Functional Food Materials, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Hepatoprotective effect of ultrasonicated ginseng berry extract on a rat mild bile duct ligation model. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:606-617. [PMID: 31695567 PMCID: PMC6823758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) is well known to have an antidiabetic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the protective effect of ultrasonication-processed P. ginseng berry extract (UGBE) compared with GBE on liver fibrosis induced by mild bile duct ligation (MBDL) model in rats. After ultrasonication process, the composition ratio of ginsenoside in GBE was changed. The component ratio of ginsenosides Rh1, Rh4, Rg2, Rg3, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 in the extract was elevated. Methods In this study, the protective effect of the newly developed UGBE was evaluated on hepatotoxicity and neuronal damage in MBDL model. Silymarin (150 mg/kg) was used for positive control. UGBE (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg), GBE (250 mg/kg), and silymarin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks after MBDL surgery. Results The MBDL surgery induced severe hepatotoxicity that leads to liver inflammation in rats. Also, the serum ammonia level was increased by MBDL surgery. However, the liver dysfunction of MBDL surgery–operated rats was attenuated by UGBE treatment via myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Conclusion UGBE has a protective effect on liver fibrosis induced by MBDL in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in liver.
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16
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Song SY, Park DH, Seo SW, Park KM, Bae CS, Son HS, Kim HG, Lee JH, Yoon G, Shim JH, Im E, Rhee SH, Yoon IS, Cho SS. Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:E3343. [PMID: 31540334 PMCID: PMC6766869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yeap Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Mok Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Gyun Kim
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
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Kwon KW, Nam Y, Choi WS, Kim TW, Kim GM, Sohn UD. Hepatoprotective effect of sodium hydrosulfide on hepatic encephalopathy in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 23:263-270. [PMID: 31297010 PMCID: PMC6609266 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is well-known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities, and also has protective effects in the liver. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide in rats with hepatic encephalopathy, which was induced by mild bile duct ligation. In this rat model, bile ducts were mildly ligated for 26 days. Rats were treated for the final 5 days with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). NaHS (25 µmol/kg), 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, or silymarin (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once per day for 5 consecutive days. Mild bile duct ligation caused hepatotoxicity and inflammation in rats. Intraperitoneal NaHS administration reduced levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, which are indicators of liver disease, compared to levels in the control mild bile duct ligation group. Levels of ammonia, a major causative factor of hepatic encephalopathy, were also significantly decreased. Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, catalase, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were measured to confirm antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors with neurotoxic activity were assessed for subunit NMDA receptor subtype 2B. Based on these data, NaHS is suggested to exhibit hepatoprotective effects and guard against neurotoxicity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Wan Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Geon Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Effects of sulforaphane on D-galactose-induced liver aging in rats: Role of keap-1/nrf-2 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:40-49. [PMID: 31039346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging; a biological phenomenon characterized by progressive decline in cellular functions, is considered as a major risk factor of various liver diseases that plays as an adverse prognostic role, thus increasing mortality rate. However, diet is the main environmental factor that has a major impact on the aging process whereas; sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate organosulfur compound in cruciferous vegetables, has been reported with myriad biological effects. In the present study, SFN antiaging properties were evaluated on D-galactose (D-Gal)-induced liver aging in rats. For this purpose, forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. All animals, except the normal control, were intraperitoneally injected with D-Gal (300 mg/kg/day for 5 days a week) for six consecutive weeks. In the hepatoprotective groups, animals received oral SFN (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) for 6 weeks concurrently with D-GAL. SFN administration improved liver biomarkers through decreasing serum levels of AST, ALT, total and direct bilirubin when compared to D-Gal-aging group. SFN significantly increased hepatic GSH level as well as catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activities while counteracted the elevation in hepatic oxidative stress markers; MDA, NO and protein carbonyl in aged rats. SFN abrogated the dysregulation in hepatic Keap-1, Nrf-2 and HO-1and limited the elevation of TNF-α and TGF-β concentrations in aging liver. Histopathologically, SFN decreased the intensity of hepatic fibrous proliferation in D-Gal-induced aging. In conclusion, SFN has shown hepatic anti-aging potential through promoting the antioxidant machinery via regulating Keap-1, Nrf-2 and HO-1 and antioxidant enzyme activities as well as ameliorating oxidative stress, hampering the inflammatory cytokines; TNF-ɑ and TGF-β, and limiting hepatic fibrosis in a dose dependent manner.
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19
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Liu H, Liu M, Jin Z, Yaqoob S, Zheng M, Cai D, Liu J, Guo S. Ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and suppresses obesity in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice through the AMPK pathway. Food Funct 2019; 10:3603-3614. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rg2-induced activation of AMPK reduced the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, and regulated the lipogenic and lipolysis genes, thus inhibiting adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun
- China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Meihong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Zhibo Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Sanabil Yaqoob
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Dan Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Changchun
- China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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20
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Li P, Liu J. Protective Effects of Sesquiterpenoids from the Root of Panax ginseng on Fulminant Liver Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7758-7763. [PMID: 29974747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is reported that sesquiterpenoids from Panax ginseng (SPG) possess various pharmacological activities, for example, antidepressant, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the hepatoprotective effects of SPG (2.5 and 10 mg/kg, i.g.) on fulminant liver injury induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and discuss its mechanisms of action. After 24 h of d-GalN (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and LPS (25 μg/kg, i.p.) exposure, the serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level, hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), and hepatic tissue histology were measured. Expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), sirtuin type 1 (Sirt 1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were determined by western blotting. The results indicated that SPG evidently restrained the increase of serum ALT and AST levels induced by d-GalN/LPS. SPG obviously downregulated TNF-α and IL-1β levels and their mRNA expression in liver. In addition, d-GalN/LPS injection induced severe oxidative stress in liver by boosting the MDA level as well as decreasing CAT, GSH, and SOD capacities, and SPG reversed these changes. Meanwhile, SPG inhibited NF-κB activation induced by d-GalN/LPS and upregulated Sirt 1, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression levels. Therefore, SPG might protect against the fulminant liver injury induced by d-GalN/LPS via inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. The protective effect of SPG on fulminant liver injury induced by d-GalN/LPS might be mediated by the Sirt 1/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. All of these results implied that SPG might be a promising food additive and therapeutic agent for fulminant liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Jilin 130118 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology , Changchun Shuangyang District Hospital , Changchun , Jilin 130600 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Li
- Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Jilin 130118 , People's Republic of China
| | - Enbo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Jilin 130118 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , Jilin 130118 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pingya Li
- Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130021 , People's Republic of China
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