1
|
Zhu Z, Li C, Gu X, Wang X, Zhang G, Fan M, Zhao Y, Liu X, Zhang X. Paeoniflorin alleviated muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia through inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling and activating AKT/mTOR signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116846. [PMID: 38331105 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a progressive wasting syndrome, which is mainly characterized by systemic inflammatory response, weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fat loss. Paeoniflorin (Pae) is a natural compound extracted from the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, which is featured in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory pharmacological activities. While, the effects of Pae on cancer cachexia had not been reported before. In the present study, the effects of Pae on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia were observed both in vitro and in vivo using C2C12 myotube atrophy cell model and C26 tumor-bearing cancer cachexia mice model. In the in vitro study, Pae could alleviate myotubes atrophy induced by conditioned medium of C26 colon cancer cells or LLC Lewis lung cancer cells by decreasing the expression of Atrogin-1 and inhibited the decrease of MHC and MyoD. In the in vivo study, Pae ameliorated weight loss and improved the decrease in cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and the impairment of muscle function in C26 tumor-bearing mice. The inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and the activation of AKT/mTOR pathway was observed both in C2C12 myotubes and C26 tumor-bearing mice treated by Pae, which might be the main basis of its ameliorating effects on muscle atrophy. In addition, Pae could inhibit the release of IL-6 from C26 tumor cells, which might also contribute to its ameliorating effects on muscle atrophy. Overall, Pae might be a promising candidate for the therapy of cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Cong Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Meng Fan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201003, China.
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad SS, Chun HJ, Ahmad K, Choi I. Therapeutic applications of ginseng for skeletal muscle-related disorder management. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:12-19. [PMID: 38223826 PMCID: PMC10785254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim R, Kim JW, Choi H, Oh JE, Kim TH, Go GY, Lee SJ, Bae GU. Ginsenoside Rg5 promotes muscle regeneration via p38MAPK and Akt/mTOR signaling. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:726-734. [PMID: 38107401 PMCID: PMC10721479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscles play a key role in physical activity and energy metabolism. The loss of skeletal muscle mass can cause problems related to metabolism and physical activity. Studies are being conducted to prevent such diseases by increasing the mass and regeneration capacity of muscles. Ginsenoside Rg5 has been reported to exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities. However, studies on the effects of Rg5 on muscle differentiation and growth are scarce. Methods To investigate the effects of Rg5 on myogenesis, C2C12 myoblasts were induced to differentiate with Rg5, followed by immunoblotting, immunostaining, and qRT-PCR for myogenic markers and promyogenic signaling (p38MAPK). Immunoprecipitation confirmed that Rg5 increased the interaction between MyoD and E2A via p38MAPK. To investigate the effects of Rg5 on prevention of muscle mass loss, C2C12 myotubes were treated with dexamethasone to induce muscle atrophy. Immunoblotting, immunostaining, and qRT-PCR were performed for myogenic markers, Akt/mTOR signaling for protein synthesis, and atrophy-related genes (Atrogin-1 and MuRF1). Results Rg5 promoted C2C12 myoblast differentiation through phosphorylation of p38MAPK and MyoD/E2A heterodimerization. Furthermore, Rg5 stimulated C2C12 myotube hypertrophy via phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR. Phosphorylation of Akt induces FoxO3a phosphorylation, which reduces the expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Conclusion This study provides an understanding of how Rg5 promotes myogenesis and hypertrophy and prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. The study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to show that Rg5 promotes muscle regeneration and to suggest that Rg5 can be used for therapeutic intervention of muscle weakness and atrophy, including cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuni Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Won Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Choi
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Oh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Chungbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Yeon Go
- Research Institute of Aging Related Disease, AniMusCure Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Aging Related Disease, AniMusCure Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagendla NK, Muralidharan K, Raju M, Mohan H, Selvakumar P, Bhandi MM, Mudiam MKR, Ramalingam V. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis of Mangifera indica leaves using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS E for cell differentiation: An in vitro and in vivo study. Food Res Int 2023; 171:112993. [PMID: 37330843 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive metabolic profiling was performed in the leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and assessed for their significant therapeutic application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in both in vitro and in vivo studies. About 147 compounds were identified in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of M. indica using MS/MS fragmentation analysis and the selected compounds were quantified using LC-QqQ-MS analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic activity showed that the M. indica extracts enhance the proliferation of mouse myoblast cells in concentration-dependent manner. As well, the extracts of M. indica induce the myotube formation by generating oxidative stress in the C2C12 cells was confirmed. The western blot analysis clearly showed that the M. indica induce myogenic differentiation by upregulating the myogenic marker proteins such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR, MyoG, and MyoD. The in vivo studies showed that the extracts expedites the acute wound repair by formation of crust, wound closure and improves the blood perfusion towards the wound area. Together, the leaves of M. indica can be used as excellent therapeutic agent for tissue repair and wound healing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Nagendla
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Kathirvel Muralidharan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Malothu Raju
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Harshavardhan Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Piramanayagam Selvakumar
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Murali Mohan Bhandi
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
| | - Vaikundamoorthy Ramalingam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India; Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahn Y, Lee HS, Lee SH, Joa KL, Lim CY, Ahn YJ, Suh HJ, Park SS, Hong KB. Effects of gypenoside L-containing Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract on fatigue and physical performance: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 36877124 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract containing gypenoside L (GPE) on improving the cognitive aspects of fatigue and performance of the motor system. One hundred healthy Korean adults aged 19-60 years were randomized to the treatment (GPE for 12 weeks) and control groups, and efficacy and safety-related parameters were compared between the two groups. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and O2 pulse were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (p = 0.007 and p = 0.047, respectively). After 12 weeks, the treatment group showed significant changes such as decreases in the levels of free fatty acids (p = 0.042). In addition, there were significant differences in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (p < 0.05) and value of temporal fatigue between the treatment and control groups on the multidimensional fatigue scale (p < 0.05). Moreover, the level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the blood was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (p = 0.047). In summary, oral administration of GPE has a positive effect on resistance to exercise-induced physical and mental fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Ahn
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Lim Joa
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Yu Jin Ahn
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zha W, Sun Y, Gong W, Li L, Kim W, Li H. Ginseng and ginsenosides: Therapeutic potential for sarcopenia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
7
|
Astragalus membranaceus Enhances Myotube Hypertrophy through PI3K-Mediated Akt/mTOR Signaling Phosphorylation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081670. [PMID: 35458232 PMCID: PMC9028211 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is classified as a high-class traditional herbal medicine, which has strengthened vitality and multifunctional pharmacological activities, but limited empirical evidence is available to support its effects in muscular hypertrophy. It evokes skeletal muscle hypertrophy by increasing anabolic pathway, which is essential to prevent sarcopenia in elderly population. In this study, we examined the effects of AM on skeletal muscle hypertrophy by focusing on the molecular mechanism. We employed an in vitro model to investigate whether AM-treated skeletal muscle, as represented by myotube C2C12 cells, was hypertrophic, and to further investigate the efficacy of AM-activated phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling that must occur prior to myotube hypertrophy. The results showed that the myotubes formed larger multinucleated myotubes with increased diameter and thickness (1.16-fold relative to control group, p < 0.05). Administration of PI3K and mTOR inhibitors abolished AM-induced muscular hypertrophy. Moreover, AM-induced PI3K-mediated myotube hypertrophy was accompanied by the activation of Akt and mTOR signaling. We concluded that the AM is a nutritional activator to enhance muscular hypertrophy by increasing PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling phosphorylation. As the AM is effective in myotube hypertrophy, AM and its derivatives may be promising candidates for ergogenic aid to prevent sarcopenia.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee DK, Park S, Long NP, Min JE, Kim HM, Yang E, Lee SJ, Lim J, Kwon SW. Research Quality-Based Multivariate Modeling for Comparison of the Pharmacological Effects of Black and Red Ginseng. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092590. [PMID: 32858896 PMCID: PMC7551003 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng has various pharmacological activities, but only few studies have compared its pharmacological effects with those of red ginseng. We conducted an integrative systematic literature evaluation and developed a non-inferiority test based on the multivariate modeling approach to compare the pharmacological effects of red ginseng and black ginseng. We searched reported studies on the pharmaceutical effects and composition of ginsenosides and assigned numeric scores using nonlinear principal component analysis, based on discretization measures for the included publications. Downstream weighted linear regression models were constructed to study the eight major biological activities that are generally known to be exhibited by red ginseng. Our statistical model, based on available ordinal information gathered from previous literature, helped in comparing the overlapping effects of black ginseng. Black ginseng showed antioxidant effects comparable to those of red ginseng; however, this variant was inferior to red ginseng in enhancing immunity, relieving fatigue, alleviating depression/anxiety, decreasing body fat, and reducing blood pressure. We have showed a cost-efficient method to indirectly evaluate the biological effects of ginseng products using data from published articles. This method can also be used to compare the nutritional and medicinal value of herbal medicines that share similar compositions of bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Seongoh Park
- Department of Statistics, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 02844, Korea;
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Jung Eun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Eugine Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Seul Ji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Johan Lim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-7844; Fax: +82-886-7844
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee SJ, Im M, Park SK, Kim JY, So EY, Liang OD, Kang JS, Bae GU. BST204, a Rg3 and Rh2 Enriched Ginseng Extract, Upregulates Myotube Formation and Mitochondrial Function in TNF-α-Induced Atrophic Myotubes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:631-650. [PMID: 32329640 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is a serious consequence of chronic diseases and aging. BST204 is a purified ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng) extract that has been processed using ginsenoside-β-glucosidase and acid hydrolysis to enrich ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from the crude ginseng. BST204 has a broad range of health benefits, but its effects and mechanism on muscle atrophy are currently unknown. In this study, we have examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of BST204 on myotube formation and myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). BST204 promotes myogenic differentiation and multinucleated myotube formation through Akt activation. BST204 prevents myotube atrophy induced by TNF-α through the activation of Akt/mTOR signaling and down-regulation of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1, and Atrogin-1. Furthermore, BST204 treatment in atrophic myotubes suppresses mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and regulates mitochondrial transcription factors such as NRF1 and Tfam, through enhancing the activity and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator1α (PGC1α). Collectively, our findings indicate that BST204 improves myotube formation and PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial function, suggesting that BST204 is a potential therapeutic or neutraceutical remedy to intervene muscle weakness and atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Im
- Green Cross Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Green Cross Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom-Yong Kim
- Green Cross Wellbeing Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Young So
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Olin D Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Methylation determines the extracellular calcium sensitivity of the leak channel NALCN in hippocampal dentate granule cells. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 31601786 PMCID: PMC6802672 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium leak channel NALCN is a key player in establishing the resting membrane potential (RMP) in neurons and transduces changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) into increased neuronal excitability as the downstream effector of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Gain-of-function mutations in the human NALCN gene cause encephalopathy and severe intellectual disability. Thus, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of NALCN is important for both basic and translational research. This study reveals a novel mechanism for NALCN regulation by arginine methylation. Hippocampal dentate granule cells in protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7)-deficient mice display a depolarization of the RMP, decreased threshold currents, and increased excitability compared to wild-type neurons. Electrophysiological studies combined with molecular analysis indicate that enhanced NALCN activities contribute to hyperexcitability in PRMT7−/− neurons. PRMT7 depletion in HEK293T cells increases NALCN activity by shifting the dose-response curve of NALCN inhibition by [Ca2+]e without affecting NALCN protein levels. In vitro methylation studies show that PRMT7 methylates a highly conserved Arg1653 of the NALCN gene located in the carboxy-terminal region that is implicated in CaSR-mediated regulation. A kinase-specific phosphorylation site prediction program shows that the adjacent Ser1652 is a potential phosphorylation site. Consistently, our data from site-specific mutants and PKC inhibitors suggest that Arg1653 methylation might modulate Ser1652 phosphorylation mediated by CaSR/PKC-delta, leading to [Ca2+]e-mediated NALCN suppression. Collectively, these data suggest that PRMT7 deficiency decreases NALCN methylation at Arg1653, which, in turn, decreases CaSR/PKC-mediated Ser1652 phosphorylation, lifting NALCN inhibition, thereby enhancing neuronal excitability. Thus, PRMT7-mediated NALCN inhibition provides a potential target for the development of therapeutic tools for neurological diseases. The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue on the ion channel NALCN contributes to suppress the activity of this membrane protein and reduces neuronal excitability. Hana Cho, Jong-Sun Kang and colleagues at Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea found that neurons in the hippocampus of mice lacking an enzyme that mediates the transfer of methyl groups to proteins have increased NALCN activity and are more likely to fire an electrical signal. Furthermore, they showed that NALCN methylation facilitates the phosphorylation of an adjacent amino acid that prevents channel activation in response to extracellular calcium concentrations. These findings suggest that NALCN methylation has a key role in regulating the channel’s sensitivity to calcium. Moreover, they reveal a new mechanism for regulating neuronal excitability that could be targeted therapeutically to ameliorate diseases characterised by neuronal hyperexcitability.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee SJ, Bae JH, Lee H, Lee H, Park J, Kang JS, Bae GU. Ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates myotube formation and mitochondrial function, thereby protecting myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 242:112054. [PMID: 31271820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg3 from Panax ginseng has reported to have multiple pharmacological activities including anti-diabetics, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. However, the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myogenic differentiation and muscle atrophy is unknown. AIM TO THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the myogenic effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3 on myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). MATERIALS AND METHODS C2C12 myoblasts were induced to differentiate for one day followed by the treatment of TNF-α along with vehicle or ginsenoside Rg3 for additional 2 days and subjected to immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR and biochemical analysis for mitochondrial function. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes myogenic differentiation and multinucleated myotube formation through Akt activation in a dose-dependent manner, without any cytotoxicity. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment restores myotube formation and increases myotube diameters under TNF-α-treated conditions. Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling that in turn stimulates muscle-specific gene expression such as myosin heavy chain (MHC) and Myogenin, and suppresses the expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases. In addition, ginsenoside Rg3 in TNF-α-treated myotubes significantly inhibits the production of mitochondrial ROS and restores mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP contents. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates the activities and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and the mitochondrial biogenetic transcription factors, nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in TNF-α-induced myotube atrophy. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a mechanistic insight into the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myogenic differentiation and myotube atrophy, suggesting that ginsenoside Rg3 has a promising potential as a therapeutic or neutraceutical remedy to intervene muscle weakness and atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyun Bae
- Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hani Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Metwaly AM, Lianlian Z, Luqi H, Deqiang D. Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:E1856. [PMID: 31091790 PMCID: PMC6572638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in types and amounts of secondary metabolites. The chief secondary metabolites in ginseng are ginsenosides (dammarane-type triterpene saponins), which transform into less polar ginsenosides in black ginseng by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happen to other secondary metabolites such as the increase in the contents of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides in addition to the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies. This review article is an attempt to illustrate different methods of preparation of black ginseng, major chemical changes of saponins and other constituents after steaming as well as the reported biological activities of black ginseng, its major saponins and other metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Metwaly
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Zhu Lianlian
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Huang Luqi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Mennei South street, Dong-Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Dou Deqiang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
PRMT7 methylates and suppresses GLI2 binding to SUFU thereby promoting its activation. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:15-28. [PMID: 31000813 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is implicated in aging or age-related diseases. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, an inducer of embryonic development, has recently been demonstrated to inhibit cellular senescence. However, the detailed mechanisms to activate Shh signaling to prevent senescence is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) promotes Shh signaling via GLI2 methylation which is critical for suppression of cellular senescence. PRMT7-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited a premature cellular senescence with accompanied increase in the cell cycle inhibitors p16 and p21. PRMT7 depletion results in reduced Shh signaling activity in MEFs while PRMT7 overexpression enhances GLI2-reporter activities that are sensitive to methylation inhibition. PRMT7 interacts with and methylates GLI2 on arginine residues 225 and 227 nearby a binding region of SUFU, a negative regulator of GLI2. This methylation interferes with GLI2-SUFU binding, leading to facilitation of GLI2 nuclear accumulation and Shh signaling. Taken together, these data suggest that PRMT7 induces GLI2 methylation, reducing its binding to SUFU and increasing Shh signaling, ultimately leading to prevention of cellular senescence.
Collapse
|
14
|
Go GY, Jo A, Seo DW, Kim WY, Kim YK, So EY, Chen Q, Kang JS, Bae GU, Lee SJ. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 upregulate Akt/mTOR signaling-mediated muscular hypertrophy and myoblast differentiation. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:435-441. [PMID: 32372865 PMCID: PMC7195574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a process of aging, skeletal muscle mass and function gradually decrease. It is reported that ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 play a role as AMP-activated protein kinase activator, resulting in regulating glucose homeostasis, and Rb1 reduces oxidative stress in aged skeletal muscles through activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. We examined the effects of Rb1 and Rb2 on differentiation of the muscle stem cells and myotube formation. Methods C2C12 myoblasts treated with Rb1 and/or Rb2 were differentiated and induced to myotube formation, followed by immunoblotting for myogenic marker proteins, such as myosin heavy chain, MyoD, and myogenin, or immunostaining for myosin heavy chain or immunoprecipitation analysis for heterodimerization of MyoD/E-proteins. Results Rb1 and Rb2 enhanced myoblast differentiation through accelerating MyoD/E-protein heterodimerization and increased myotube hypertrophy, accompanied by activation of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In addition, Rb1 and Rb2 induced the MyoD-mediated transdifferentiation of the rhabdomyosarcoma cells into myoblasts. Furthermore, co-treatment with Rb1 and Rb2 had synergistically enhanced myoblast differentiation through Akt activation. Conclusion Rb1 and Rb2 upregulate myotube growth and myogenic differentiation through activating Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and inducing myogenic conversion of fibroblasts. Thus, our first finding indicates that Rb1 and Rb2 have strong potential as a helpful remedy to prevent and treat muscle atrophy, such as age-related muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Go
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Jo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kee Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Young So
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeng ZS, Lin J, Xu CB, Cao L, Chen C, Li J. Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein upregulates the ET B and α 1 receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries in vivo by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:937-944. [PMID: 30663067 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to explore whether minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) via tail vein injection upregulates the ETB and α1 receptors in mouse mesenteric arteries by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. METHODS The contraction curves of the mesenteric arteries caused by sarafotoxin 6c (S6c, ETB receptor agonist) and phenylephrine (PE, α1 receptor agonist) were measured by a myograph system. Serum oxLDL was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The levels of the ETB receptor, the α1 receptor, PI3K, p-PI3K and p-Akt were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. KEY FINDINGS Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein noticeably enhanced the contraction effect curves of S6c and PE, with significantly increased Emax values (P < 0.01), compared to those of the control group. This treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression and protein levels of the ETB and α1 receptors and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt in the vessel wall (P < 0.01). LY294002 inhibited the effect of mmLDL. CONCLUSIONS An increase in mmLDL activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, which upregulated the expression of the ETB and α1 receptors and enhanced the ETB and α1- receptor-mediated contractile function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-San Zeng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Ma J, Qiu W, Zhang J, Feng S, Zhou X, Wang X, Jin L, Long K, Liu L, Xiao W, Tang Q, Zhu L, Jiang Y, Li X, Li M. Guanidinoacetic Acid Regulates Myogenic Differentiation and Muscle Growth Through miR-133a-3p and miR-1a-3p Co-mediated Akt/mTOR/S6K Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092837. [PMID: 30235878 PMCID: PMC6163908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), an amino acid derivative that is endogenous to animal tissues including muscle and nerve, has been reported to enhance muscular performance. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a post-transcriptional regulator that plays a key role in nutrient-mediated myogenesis. However, the effects of GAA on myogenic differentiation and skeletal muscle growth, and the potential regulatory mechanisms of miRNA in these processes have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of GAA on proliferation, differentiation, and growth in C2C12 cells and mice. The results showed that GAA markedly inhibited the proliferation of myoblasts, along with the down-regulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) mRNA expression, and the upregulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21) mRNA expression. We also demonstrated that GAA treatment stimulated myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) and myogenin (MyoG) mRNA expression, resulting in an increase in the myotube fusion rate. Meanwhile, GAA supplementation promoted myotube growth through increase in total myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein level, myotubes thickness and gastrocnemius muscle cross-sectional area. Furthermore, small RNA sequencing revealed that a total of eight miRNAs, including miR-133a-3p and miR-1a-3p cluster, showed differential expression after GAA supplementation. To further study the function of miR-133a-3p and miR-1a-3p in GAA-induced skeletal muscle growth, we transfected miR-133a-3p and miR-1a-3p mimics into myotube, which also induced muscle growth. Through bioinformatics and a dual-luciferase reporter system, the target genes of miR-133a-3p and miR-1a-3p were determined. These two miRNAs were shown to modulate the Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway by restraining target gene expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that GAA supplementation can promote myoblast differentiation and skeletal muscle growth through miR-133a-3p- and miR-1a-3p-induced activation of the AKT/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jideng Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Wanling Qiu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Siyuan Feng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xiankun Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xun Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Long Jin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Keren Long
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Lingyan Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Weihang Xiao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xuewei Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|