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Zhang H, Li J, Diao M, Li J, Xie N. Production and pharmaceutical research of minor saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): Current status and future prospects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 223:114099. [PMID: 38641143 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a traditional medicinal herb known as Sanqi or Tianqi in Asia and is commonly used worldwide. It is one of the main raw ingredients of Yunnan Baiyao, Fu fang dan shen di wan, and San qi shang yao pian. It is also a source of cardiotonic pill used to treat cardiovascular diseases in China, Korea, and Russia. Approximately 270 Panax notoginseng saponins have been isolated and identified as the major active components. Although the absorption and bioavailability of saponins are predominantly dependent on the gastrointestinal biotransformation capacity of an individual, minor saponins are better absorbed into the bloodstream and act as active substances than major saponins. Notably, minor saponins are absent or are present in minimal quantities under natural conditions. In this review, we focus on the strategies for the enrichment and production of minor saponins in P. notoginseng using physical, chemical, enzyme catalytic, and microbial methods. Moreover, pharmacological studies on minor saponins derived from P. notoginseng over the last decade are discussed. This review serves as a meaningful resource and guide, offering scholarly references for delving deeper into the exploration of the minor saponins in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China; National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Jianxiu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Mengxue Diao
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Jianbin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Yuan X, Li R, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yan G, Xu S, Chen L, Feng Y, Li H. Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38449105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weishen He
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Guohong Yan
- Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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Tian L, Gao R, Cai Y, Chen J, Dong H, Chen S, Yang Z, Wang Y, Huang L, Xu Z. A systematic review of ginsenoside biosynthesis, spatiotemporal distribution, and response to biotic and abiotic factors in American ginseng. Food Funct 2024; 15:2343-2365. [PMID: 38323507 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03434h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has gained recognition as a medicinal and functional food homologous product with several pharmaceutical, nutritional, and industrial applications. However, the key regulators involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ginsenosides, and factors influencing ginsenosides are largely unknown, which make it challenging to enhance the quality and chemical extraction processes of the cultivated American ginseng. This review presents an overview of the pharmacological effects, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal distribution of ginsenosides, with emphasis on the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides in American ginseng. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that American ginseng has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity effects. Additionally, most genes involved in the upregulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis have been identified, while downstream regulators (OSCs, CYP450, and UGTs) require further investigation. Futhermore, limited knowledge exists regarding the molecular mechanisms of the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides. Notably, the nonmedicinal parts of American ginseng, particularly its flowers, fibrous roots, and leaves, exhibit higher ginsenoside content than its main roots and account for a considerable amount of weight in the whole plant, representing promising resources for ginsenosides. Herein, the prospects of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering based on multi-omics to improve the unstable quality of cultivated American ginseng and the shortage of ginsenosides are proposed. This review highlights the gaps in the current research on American ginseng and proposes solutions to address these limitations, providing a guide for future investigations into American ginseng ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- The Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100007, China
| | - Yuxiang Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Junxian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongmei Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zaichang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, China.
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Son SH, Kang J, Shin Y, Lee C, Sung BH, Lee JY, Lee W. Sustainable production of natural products using synthetic biology: Ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:140-148. [PMID: 38465212 PMCID: PMC10920010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology approaches offer potential for large-scale and sustainable production of natural products with bioactive potency, including ginsenosides, providing a means to produce novel compounds with enhanced therapeutic properties. Ginseng, known for its non-toxic and potent qualities in traditional medicine, has been used for various medical needs. Ginseng has shown promise for its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, and it has been used as a potential agent to boost immunity against various infections when used together with other drugs and vaccines. Given the increasing demand for ginsenosides and the challenges associated with traditional extraction methods, synthetic biology holds promise in the development of therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent developments in microorganism producer engineering and ginsenoside production in microorganisms using synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Son
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kang
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - YuJin Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - ChaeYoung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Engineering Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Lu YS, Liu ZB, Xu YY, Sha JY, Qu D, Sun YS. Uptake and accumulation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in a soil-ginseng system and toxicological mechanisms on ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:170040. [PMID: 38215853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is regarded as a priority environmental pollutant. This study explored the adsorption and accumulation of DEHP within the ginseng-soil system and the mechanism of DEHP toxicity to ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Under exposure to 22.10 mg/kg DEHP in soil, DEHP mainly accumulated in ginseng leaves (20.28 mg/kg), stems (4.84 mg/kg) and roots (2.00 mg/kg) after 42 days. The oxidative damage, metabolism, protein express of ginseng were comprehensively measured and analyzed. The results revealed that MDA presented an activation trend in ginseng stems and leaves after 42 days of DEHP exposure, while the opposite trend was observed for POD. Levels of ginsenoside metabolites Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rd, Rf and CK decreased in the ginseng rhizosphere exudates under DEHP stress. Further investigations revealed that DEHP disrupts ginsenoside synthesis by inducing glycosyltransferase (GS) and squalene synthase (SS) protein interactions. Molecular docking indicated that DEHP could stably bind to GS and SS by intermolecular forces. These findings provide new information on the ecotoxicological effect of DEHP on ginseng root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng-Bo Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yan-Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ji-Yue Sha
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Di Qu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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Chu J, Zhao L, Xu X, Li Y, Wu B, Qin S, He B. Evolving the 3-O/6-O regiospecificity of a microbial glycosyltransferase for efficient production of ginsenoside Rh1 and unnatural ginsenoside. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129678. [PMID: 38280704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase is a popular and promising enzyme to produce high-value-added natural products. Rare ginsenoside Rh1 and unnatural ginsenoside 3β-O-Glc-PPT are promising candidates for drugs. Herein, the microbial glycosyltransferase UGTBL1 was able to catalyze the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) 3-O/6-O-glycosylation with poor 6-O-regiospecificity. A structure-guided strategy of mutations involving loop engineering, PSPG motif evolution, and access tunnel engineering was proposed to engineer the enzyme UGTBL1. The variant I62R/M320H/P321Y/N170A from protein engineering achieved a great improvement in 6-O regioselectivity which increased from 10.98 % (WT) to 96.26 % and a booming conversion of 95.57 % for ginsenoside Rh1. A single mutant M320W showed an improved 3-O regioselectivity of 84.83 % and an increased conversion of 98.13 % for the 3β-O-glc-PPT product. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to elucidate the possible molecular basis of the regiospecificity and catalytic activity. The unprecedented high titer of ginsenoside Rh1 (20.48 g/L) and 3β-O-Glc-PPT (18.04 g/L) was attained with high regioselectivity and yields using fed-batch cascade reactions from UDPG recycle, which was the highest yield reported to date. This work could provide an efficient and cost-effective approach to the valuable ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Song Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China.
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Hong LL, Liu YN, Kong JQ. Exploring 3-O-glycosylations of 20(R)-dammarane ginsenosides and the catalytic mechanism underlying the stereoselectivity with the combined assistance of AlphaFold 2 and molecular docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127721. [PMID: 37913883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation at C3-OH is the favorable modification for pharmaceutical activities and diversity expansion of 20(R)-dammarane ginsenosides. The 3-O-glycosylation, exclusively occurring in 20(R)-PPD ginsenosides, has never been achieved in 20(R)-PPT ginsenosides. Herein, 3-O-glycosylation of 20(R)-PPT enabled by a glycosyltransferase (GT) OsSGT2 was achieved with the combined assistance of AlphaFold 2 and molecular docking. Firstly, we combined AlphaFold2 algorithm and molecular docking to predict interactions between 20(R)-PPT and candidate GTs. A catalytically favorable binding geometry was thus identified in the OsSGT2-20(R)-PPT complex, suggesting OsSGT2 might act on 20(R)-PPT. The enzymatic assays demonstrated that OsSGT2 reacted with varied sugar donors to form 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glycosides, exhibiting donor promiscuity. Additionally, OsSGT2 displayed acceptor promiscuity, catalyzing 3-O-glucosylation of 20(R/S)-PPT, 20(R/S)-PPD and 20(R/S)-Rh1, respectively. Protein engineering on OsSGT2 was thus performed to probe its catalytic mechanism underlying its stereoselectivity. The W207A mutant preferred 20(S)-dammarane aglycons, while F395Q/A396G(QG) displayed a conversion enhancement towards both 20(R/S)-dammarane aglycons. The QG mutant was then used to synthesize 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glucoside, which displayed a moderate angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 27.5 ± 4.7 μM, superior to that of its 20(S)-epimer, with the combined assistance of target fishing and reverse docking. The water solubility of 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glucoside increased as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Hong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuan-Ning Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China.
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Lin Y, Wang YN, Zhang GH, Chen G, Yang QH, Hao B, Yang SC. Reconstruction of engineered yeast factory for high yield production of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rd. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191102. [PMID: 37405161 PMCID: PMC10315489 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese herbs. The main active ingredients, dammarane-type ginsenosides, show multiple pharmacological activities. Recently, the key UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in the biosynthesis of common ginsenosides have been widely studied. However, only a few UGTs that catalyze ginsenoside formation have been reported. This study further investigated the new catalytic function of 10 characterized UGTs from the public database. PnUGT31(PnUGT94B2) and PnUGT53 (PnUGT71B8)exhibited promiscuous sugar-donor specificity of UDP-glucose and UDP-xylose, which could catalyze the glycosylation of C20-OH sites and elongation of the sugar chain at the C3 and/or C20 sites. We further analyzed the expression patterns in P. notoginseng and predicted the catalytic mechanisms of PnUGT31 and PnUGT53 using molecular docking simulations. Moreover, different gene modules were built to increase the yield of ginsenosides in engineered yeast. The metabolic flow of the proginsenediol (PPD) synthetic pathway was enhanced by LPPDS gene modules based on the engineered strain. The resulting yeast was constructed to produce 1.72 g/L PPD in a shaking flask, but cell growth was significantly inhibited. EGH and LKG gene modules were constructed to achieve high-level production of dammarane-type ginsenosides. The production of G-Rg3 controlled by LKG modules increased 3.84 times (254.07 mg/ L), whereas the G-Rd titer reached 56.68 mg/L after 96 h in shaking flask culture under the control of all modules, both of which yielded the highest values for known microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guang Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Geng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing Hui Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Li M, Ma M, Wu Z, Liang X, Zheng Q, Li D, An T, Wang G. Advances in the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3391-3404. [PMID: 37126085 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare ginsenosides are the deglycosylated secondary metabolic derivatives of major ginsenosides, and they are more readily absorbed into the bloodstream and function as active substances. The traditional preparation methods hindered the potential application of these effective components. The continuous elucidation of ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways has rendered the production of rare ginsenosides using synthetic biology techniques effective for their large-scale production. Previously, only the progress in the biosynthesis and biotechnological production of major ginsenosides was highlighted. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the identification of key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides, especially the glycosyltransferases (GTs). Then the construction of microbial chassis for the production of rare ginsenosides, mainly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was presented. In the future, discovery of more GTs and improving their catalytic efficiencies are essential for the metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. This review will give more clues and be helpful for the characterization of the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. KEY POINTS: • The key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides are summarized. • The recent progress in metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides is presented. • The discovery of glycosyltransferases is essential for the microbial production of rare ginsenosides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Mengyu Ma
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhenke Wu
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiqin Liang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Tianyue An
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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10
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Microorganisms for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031437. [PMID: 36771109 PMCID: PMC9921939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, hypertension, and neurodegenerative disorder activities. Although several commercial products have been presented on the market, most of the current chemical processes have an unfriendly environment and a high cost of downstream processing. Compared to plant extraction, microbial production exhibits high efficiency, high selectivity, and saves time for the manufacturing of industrial products. To reach the full potential of the pharmaceutical resource of ginsenoside, a suitable microorganism has been developed as a novel approach. In this review, cell biological mechanisms in anticancer activities and the present state of research on the production of ginsenosides are summarized. Microbial hosts, including native endophytes and engineered microbes, have been used as novel and promising approaches. Furthermore, the present challenges and perspectives of using microbial hosts to produce ginsenosides have been discussed.
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11
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Ma R, Yang P, Jing C, Fu B, Teng X, Zhao D, Sun L. Comparison of the metabolomic and proteomic profiles associated with triterpene and phytosterol accumulation between wild and cultivated ginseng. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:288-299. [PMID: 36652850 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wild ginseng is thought to be superior in its medicinal quality to cultivated ginseng, potentially owing to the differences in active components. This study was designed accordingly to assess the differences in secondary metabolite components and their synthesis in wild and cultivated ginseng by using quantitative proteomics combined with secondary metabolomics approaches. A total of 72 secondary metabolites were found to be differentially abundant, of which dominant abundant in wild ginseng primarily included triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides) and phytosterols. Ginsenoside diversity was increased in wild ginseng, particularly with respect to rare ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Rk1, F1, Rg5, Rh1, PPT, Rh2, and CK enriched in wild ginseng were validated by HPLC. In addition to ginsenosides, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were accumulated in wild ginseng. 102 differentially expressed proteins between wild and cultivated ginseng were identified using iTRAQ labeling technique. Among them, 25 were related to secondary metabolism, mainly involved in sesquiterpene and triterpene biosynthesis, which was consistent with metabolomics results. Consistently, the activity levels of HMGR, FDPS, SS, SE, DS, CYP450, GT and CAS, which are key enzymes related to ginsenoside and phytosterol biosynthesis, were confirmed to be elevated in wild ginseng.The biosynthesis of ginsenosides and phytosterols in wild ginseng is higher than that in cultivated ginseng, which may be related to natural growth without artificial domestication. To some extent, this study explained the accumulation of pharmacodynamic components and overall quality of ginseng, which could provide reference for the germplasm improvement and planting of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Pengdi Yang
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, China
| | - Chenxu Jing
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Baoyu Fu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Teng
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132013, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China.
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12
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Zhu Y, Li J, Peng L, Meng L, Diao M, Jiang S, Li J, Xie N. High-yield production of protopanaxadiol from sugarcane molasses by metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:230. [PMID: 36335407 PMCID: PMC9636795 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides are Panax plant-derived triterpenoid with wide applications in cardiovascular protection and immunity-boosting. However, the saponins content of Panax plants is fairly low, making it time-consuming and unsustainable by direct extraction. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a common precursor of dammarane-type saponins, and its sufficient supply is necessary for the efficient synthesis of ginsenoside. Results In this study, a combinational strategy was used for the construction of an efficient yeast cell factory for PPD production. Firstly, a PPD-producing strain was successfully constructed by modular engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 at the multi-copy sites. Then, the INO2 gene, encoding a transcriptional activator of the phospholipid biosynthesis, was fine-tuned to promote the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proliferation and improve the catalytic efficiency of ER-localized enzymes. To increase the metabolic flux of PPD, dynamic control, based on a carbon-source regulated promoter PHXT1, was introduced to repress the competition of sterols. Furthermore, the global transcription factor UPC2-1 was introduced to sterol homeostasis and up-regulate the MVA pathway, and the resulting strain BY-V achieved a PPD production of 78.13 ± 0.38 mg/g DCW (563.60 ± 1.65 mg/L). Finally, sugarcane molasses was used as an inexpensive substrate for the first time in PPD synthesis. The PPD titers reached 1.55 ± 0.02 and 15.88 ± 0.65 g/L in shake flasks and a 5-L bioreactor, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these results were new records on PPD production. Conclusion The high-level of PPD production in this study and the successful comprehensive utilization of low-cost carbon source -sugarcane molassesindicate that the constructed yeast cell factory is an excellent candidate strain for the production of high-value-added PPD and its derivativeswith great industrial potential. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01949-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 China ,grid.418329.50000 0004 1774 8517State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007 China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- grid.418329.50000 0004 1774 8517State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007 China
| | - Longyun Peng
- grid.418329.50000 0004 1774 8517State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007 China
| | - Lijun Meng
- grid.418329.50000 0004 1774 8517State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007 China
| | - Mengxue Diao
- grid.418329.50000 0004 1774 8517State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007 China
| | - Shuiyuan Jiang
- grid.469559.20000 0000 9677 2830Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006 China
| | - Jianbin Li
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- grid.418329.50000 0004 1774 8517State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007 China
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13
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Peng H, You L, Yang C, Wang K, Liu M, Yin D, Xu Y, Dong X, Yin X, Ni J. Ginsenoside Rb1 Attenuates Triptolide-Induced Cytotoxicity in HL-7702 Cells via the Activation of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:723784. [PMID: 35046796 PMCID: PMC8762226 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.723784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the major bioactive compound extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. It exerts anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antineoplastic, and neuroprotective effects. However, the severe hepatotoxicity induced by TP limits its clinical application. Ginsenoside Rb1 has been reported to possess potential hepatoprotective effects, but its mechanism has not been fully investigated. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against TP-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells, as well as the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that ginsenoside Rb1 effectively reversed TP-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells. Apoptosis induced by TP was suppressed by ginsenoside Rb1 via inhibition of death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 significantly reduced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and down-regulated the expression of Fas, cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), cleaved caspase-3, and -9. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 reversed TP-induced cell cycle arrest in HL-7702 cells at S and G2/M phase, via upregulation of the expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin E, cyclin A, and downregulation of the expressions of p53, p21, and p-p53. Ginsenoside Rb1 increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, but decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 enhanced the expression levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), total Nrf2, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductases-1 (NQO-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/Nrf2 complex. Therefore, ginsenoside Rb1 effectively alleviates TP-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulinyue Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixin Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Manting Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongge Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Le DD, Kim W, Lim S, Kim SC, Choi G. Identification of three groups of ginsenoside biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111069. [PMID: 34763860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are glycosylated dammarene-type triterpenes that have been identified in distantly related Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum. The phylogenetic relatedness of the ginsenoside biosynthetic genes in the two species was previously unknown. The final steps of ginsenoside biosynthesis are the glycosylations of hydroxylated triterpenes, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT), and their glycosylated forms by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Ginsenoside biosynthetic UGTs have been identified in Panax but not in Gynostemma. Through a biochemical screening of Gynostemma UGTs (GpUGTs), we herein identified three groups of ginsenoside biosynthetic GpUGTs. These groups comprise: two GpUGTs that belong to the UGT71 family and glucosylate the C20-OH positions of PPD- and PPT-type ginsenosides; one GpUGT that belongs to the UGT74 family and glucosylates the C3-OH position of PPD-type ginsenosides; and two GpUGTs that belong to the UGT94 family and add a glucose to the C3-O-glucosides of PPD-type ginsenosides. These GpUGTs belong to the same UGT families as the ginsenoside biosynthetic Panax UGTs (PgUGTs). However, GpUGTs and PgUGTs belong to different subfamilies. Furthermore, cucumber UGTs orthologous to GpUGTs do not glucosylate ginsenosides. These results collectively suggest that, during evolution, P. ginseng and G. pentaphyllum independently opted to use the same UGT families to synthesize ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Duy Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohwan Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Zhao L, Xu X, Tian Y, Pang B, Chu J, He B. Single site mutations of glycosyltransferase with improved activity and regioselectivity for directed biosynthesis of unnatural protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside product. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Hou M, Wang R, Zhao S, Wang Z. Ginsenosides in Panax genus and their biosynthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1813-1834. [PMID: 34386322 PMCID: PMC8343117 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids which belong to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-, protopanaxatriol (PPT)-, ocotillol (OCT)- and oleanane (OA)-type saponins known as active compounds of Panax genus. They are accumulated in plant roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The content and composition of ginsenosides are varied in different ginseng species, and in different parts of a certain plant. In this review, we summarized the representative saponins structures, their distributions and the contents in nearly 20 Panax species, and updated the biosynthetic pathways of ginsenosides focusing on enzymes responsible for structural diversified ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also emphasized the transcription factors in ginsenoside biosynthesis and non-coding RNAs in the growth of Panax genus plants, and highlighted the current three major biotechnological applications for ginsenosides production. This review covered advances in the past four decades, providing more clues for chemical discrimination and assessment on certain ginseng plants, new perspectives for rational evaluation and utilization of ginseng resource, and potential strategies for production of specific ginsenosides.
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Key Words
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AtCPR (ATR), Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 reductase
- BARS, baruol synthase
- Biosynthetic pathway
- Biotechnological approach
- CAS, cycloartenol synthase
- CDP, cytidine diphosphate
- CPQ, cucurbitadienol synthase
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DDS, dammarenediol synthase
- DM, dammarenediol-II
- DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate
- FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate
- FPPS (FPS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- Ginsenoside
- HEJA, 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate
- HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase
- IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate
- ITS, internal transcribed spacer
- JA, jasmonic acid
- JA-Ile, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine
- JAR, JA-amino acid synthetase
- JAZ, jasmonate ZIM-domain
- KcMS, Kandelia candel multifunctional triterpene synthases
- LAS, lanosterol synthase
- LUP, lupeol synthase
- MEP, methylerythritol phosphate
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MeJA, methyl jasmonate
- NDP, nucleotide diphosphate
- Non-coding RNAs
- OA, oleanane or oleanic acid
- OAS, oleanolic acid synthase
- OCT, ocotillol
- OSC, oxidosqualene cyclase
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPDS, PPD synthase
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PPTS, PPT synthase
- Panax species
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SA, salicylic acid
- SE (SQE), squalene epoxidase
- SPL, squamosa promoter-binding protein-like
- SS (SQS), squalene synthase
- SUS, sucrose synthase
- TDP, thymine diphosphate
- Transcription factors
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- UGPase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphosphprylase
- UGT, UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase
- WGD, whole genome duplication
- α-AS, α-amyrin synthase
- β-AS, β-amyrin synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Zhao JN, Wang RF, Zhao SJ, Wang ZT. Advance in glycosyltransferases, the important bioparts for production of diversified ginsenosides. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:643-658. [PMID: 32928508 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids predominantly originated from Panax species with multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, mediatory effect on the immune system and the nervous system. During the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, glycosyltransferases play essential roles by transferring various sugar moieties to the sapogenins in contributing to form structure and bioactivity diversified ginsenosides, which makes them important bioparts for synthetic biology-based production of these valuable ginsenosides. In this review, we summarized the functional elucidated glycosyltransferases responsible for ginsenoside biosynthesis, the advance in the protein engineering of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and their application with the aim to provide in-depth understanding on ginsenoside-related UGTs for the production of rare ginsenosides applying synthetic biology-based microbial cell factories in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus whose numerous triterpenoids are its main bioactive constituents. Although hundreds of Ganoderma triterpenoids have been identified, Ganoderma triterpenoid glycosides, also named triterpenoid saponins, have been rarely found. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), a major Ganoderma triterpenoid, was synthetically cascaded to form GAA-15-O-β-glucopyranoside (GAA-15-G) by glycosyltransferase (BtGT_16345) from Bacillus thuringiensis GA A07 and subsequently biotransformed into a series of GAA glucosides by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (Toruzyme® 3.0 L) from Thermoanaerobacter sp. The optimal reaction conditions for the second-step biotransformation of GAA-15-G were found to be 20% of maltose; pH 5; 60 °C. A series of GAA glucosides (GAA-G2, GAA-G3, and GAA-G4) could be purified with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by mass and nucleic magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analysis. The major product, GAA-15-O-[α-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-glucopyranoside] (GAA-G2), showed over 4554-fold higher aqueous solubility than GAA. The present study demonstrated that multiple Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins could be produced by sequential actions of BtGT_16345 and Toruzyme®, and the synthetic strategy that we proposed might be applied to many other Ganoderma triterpenoids to produce numerous novel Ganoderma triterpenoid saponins in the future.
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Liang Y, Zhang T, Sun Y, Diao M, Zhang J, Ren L. Multi-spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies on the interactions of serum albumin with 20(S, R)-protopanaxadiol and 20(S, R)-protopanaxatriol that inhibit HCT-116 cells proliferation. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Jiang Z, Tu L, Yang W, Zhang Y, Hu T, Ma B, Lu Y, Cui X, Gao J, Wu X, Tong Y, Zhou J, Song Y, Liu Y, Liu N, Huang L, Gao W. The chromosome-level reference genome assembly for Panax notoginseng and insights into ginsenoside biosynthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100113. [PMID: 33511345 PMCID: PMC7816079 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a perennial herb of the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae, has played an important role in clinical treatment in China for thousands of years because of its extensive pharmacological effects. Here, we report a high-quality reference genome of P. notoginseng, with a genome size up to 2.66 Gb and a contig N50 of 1.12 Mb, produced with third-generation PacBio sequencing technology. This is the first chromosome-level genome assembly for the genus Panax. Through genome evolution analysis, we explored phylogenetic and whole-genome duplication events and examined their impact on saponin biosynthesis. We performed a detailed transcriptional analysis of P. notoginseng and explored gene-level mechanisms that regulate the formation of characteristic tubercles. Next, we studied the biosynthesis and regulation of saponins at temporal and spatial levels. We combined multi-omics data to identify genes that encode key enzymes in the P. notoginseng terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Finally, we identified five glycosyltransferase genes whose products catalyzed the formation of different ginsenosides in P. notoginseng. The genetic information obtained in this study provides a resource for further exploration of the growth characteristics, cultivation, breeding, and saponin biosynthesis of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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21
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Status of the application of exogenous enzyme technology for the development of natural plant resources. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 44:429-442. [PMID: 33146790 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous enzymes are extraneous enzymes that are not intrinsic to the subject. The exogenous enzyme industry has been rapidly developing recently. Successful application of recombinant DNA amplification, high-efficiency expression, and immobilization technology to genetically engineered bacteria provides a rich source of enzymes. Amylase, cellulase, protease, pectinase, glycosidase, tannase, and polyphenol oxidase are among the most widely used such enzymes. Currently, the application of exogenous enzyme technology in the development of natural plant resources mainly focuses on improving the taste and flavor of the product, enriching the active ingredient contents, deriving and transforming the structure of a chosen compound, and enhancing the biological activity and utilization of the functional ingredient. In this review, we discuss the application status of exogenous enzyme technology for the development of natural plant resources using typical natural active ingredients from plant, such as resveratrol, steviosides, catechins, mogrosides, and ginsenosides, as examples, to provide basis for further exploitation and utilization of exogenous enzyme technology.
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22
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Mao F, Shen S, Zhao B, Xu Y, Lin Y, Zhang X, Cao X, Xu Y, Chen C, Zhang J, Sun Q. miR-452 Reverses Abnormal Glycosylation Modification of ERα and Estrogen Resistance in TNBC (Triple-Negative Breast Cancer) Through Targeting UGT1A1. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1509. [PMID: 32983995 PMCID: PMC7479224 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The breast epithelial cells in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) actually have specific estrogen receptor (ER) expression, and the abnormal glycosylation of UGT1A1 in TNBC cells resulted in abnormal expression and function of ERα through regulating the modification of ERα. Therefore, our study targets the role of UGT1A1 expression, then glycosylation modification of ERα (estrogen receptor α) and estrogen resistance in development of TNBC. Methods: The differential expression of mRNA and miRNA in TNBC tissues was tested. Luciferase activity was analyzed in TNBC cells treated with miR-452. Moreover, the human mammary gland and TNBC cell lines were dealt with estrogen and miR-452 or its inhibitors, then proliferation ability was further determined. Moreover, the role of interaction between UGT1A1 and ERα in the glycosylation modification of ERα and UGT activity, and metabolism of estrogen were assessed. The effects of miR-452 on TNBC by improving abnormal glycosylation modification of ERα by targeting UGT1A1 and estrogen resistance were studied in vitro and in vivo. Results: The expression level of UGT1A1 in TNBC tumor tissues was higher than its matched para-tumorous tissues, but the miR-452 expression was opposite. The glycosylation modification site of ERα expressed in TNBC cells was different from that of normal mammary epithelial cells. The estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) significantly promoted mitotic entry of TNBC cells. The interaction between UGT1A1 and ERα affected the expression level of each other, as well as the UGT enzyme activity and proliferation of TNBC cells. UGT1A1 induced production of intracellular estrogens and TNBC proliferation, but it could be reversed by overexpression of ERα. Upregulation of ERα caused the downregulation of UGT1A1 and marked decrease of intracellular estrogen products, and then suppressed TNBC proliferation. Moreover, UGT1A1 was the target gene of miR-452; miR-452 antagomir restrained TNBC xenograft. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that estrogen was a positive factor in the proliferation of TNBC cells at onset of mitosis through accentuating the expression and enzyme activity of UGT1A1. However, miR-452 targeted to UGT1A1, then regulated glycosylation modification of ERα, estrogen metabolism, and TNBC development associated with estrogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yidong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songjie Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqian Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Central Laboratories, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Lee EY. Flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyketide antibiotics: Role of glycosylation and biocatalytic tactics in engineering glycosylation. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107550. [PMID: 32360984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyketides are structurally diverse secondary metabolites used widely as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Most of these molecules exist in nature as glycosides, in which sugar residues act as a decisive factor in their architectural complexity and bioactivity. Engineering glycosylation through selective trimming or extension of the sugar residues in these molecules is a prerequisite to their commercial production as well to creating novel derivatives with specialized functions. Traditional chemical glycosylation methods are tedious and can offer only limited end-product diversity. New in vitro and in vivo biocatalytic tools have emerged as outstanding platforms for engineering glycosylation in these three classes of secondary metabolites to create a large repertoire of versatile glycoprofiles. As knowledge has increased about secondary metabolite-associated promiscuous glycosyltransferases and sugar biosynthetic machinery, along with phenomenal progress in combinatorial biosynthesis, reliable industrial production of unnatural secondary metabolites has gained momentum in recent years. This review highlights the significant role of sugar residues in naturally occurring flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyketide antibiotics. General biocatalytic tools used to alter the identity and pattern of sugar molecules are described, followed by a detailed illustration of diverse strategies used in the past decade to engineer glycosylation of these valuable metabolites, exemplified with commercialized products and patents. By addressing the challenges involved in current bio catalytic methods and considering the perspectives portrayed in this review, exceptional drugs, flavors, and aromas from these small molecules could come to dominate the natural-product industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Cao L, Wu H, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Yin X, Zheng D, Li C, Kim MJ, Kim P, Xue Z, Wang Y, Li Y. Highly efficient production of diverse rare ginsenosides using combinatorial biotechnology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1615-1627. [PMID: 32144753 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rare ginsenosides are recognized as the functionalized molecules after the oral administration of Panax ginseng and its products. The sources of rare ginsenosides are extremely limited because of low ginsenoside contents in wild plants, hindering their application in functional foods and drugs. We developed an effective combinatorial biotechnology approach including tissue culture, immobilization, and hydrolyzation methods. Rh2 and nine other rare ginsenosides were produced by methyl jasmonate-induced culture of adventitious roots in a 10 L bioreactor associated with enzymatic hydrolysis using six β-glycosidases and their combination with yields ranging from 5.54 to 32.66 mg L-1 . The yield of Rh2 was furthermore increased by 7% by using immobilized BglPm and Bgp1 in optimized pH and temperature conditions, with the highest yield reaching 51.17 mg L-1 (17.06% of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides mixture). Our combinatorial biotechnology method provides a highly efficient approach to acquiring diverse rare ginsenosides, replacing direct extraction from Panax plants, and can also be used to supplement yeast cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongran Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanwang Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Min-Jun Kim
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Pyol Kim
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Wonsan University of Agriculture, Wonsan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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25
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Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13040057. [PMID: 32235339 PMCID: PMC7243122 DOI: 10.3390/ph13040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this pilot study was to compare the efficacy of hydroponically cultivated red Panax ginseng Meyer root preparation (HRG80) and traditionally harvested six-year-old white P. ginseng standard preparation (PGS) with placebo in preventing symptoms of stress. Methods: The effects of HRG80, PGS, and placebo capsules were studied in 50 tired healthy subjects in a three-arm, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Efficacy-outcome measures included the accuracy of processing the d2 test for cognitive functions, obtained accuracy score in a computerized memory test, and the perceived-stress (PS) score. Results: A statistically significant interaction effect between time and treatment (p < 0.0001) was observed in the attention d2 and memory tests, indicating that HRG80 treatment was more beneficial than that with a placebo. The effects of PGS were better than those of the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was significant difference between the effects of HRG80 and PGS (p < 0.0001) that were observed after single (Day 1) and repeated administrations on Days 5 and 12 of treatment. Conclusion: Overall, HRG80 treatment was significantly superior compared to that with the PGS and placebo regarding attention, memory, and PS scores after single and repeated administrations for 5 and 12 days.
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Li WN, Fan DD. Biocatalytic strategies for the production of ginsenosides using glycosidase: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3807-3823. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Ma W, Zhao L, Ma Y, Li Y, Qin S, He B. Oriented efficient biosynthesis of rare ginsenoside Rh2 from PPD by compiling UGT-Yjic mutant with sucrose synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:853-859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Chu LL, Montecillo JAV, Bae H. Recent Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:139. [PMID: 32158753 PMCID: PMC7052115 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of glycosylated triterpenes isolated from Panax species. Ginsenosides are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as food additives. However, owing to a lack of efficient approaches for ginsenoside production from plants and chemical synthesis, ginsenosides may not yet have reached their full potential as medicinal resources. In recent years, an alternative approach for ginsenoside production has been developed using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeasts such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris. In this review, various metabolic engineering strategies, including heterologous gene expression, balancing, and increasing metabolic flux, and enzyme engineering, have been described as recent advanced engineering techniques for improving ginsenoside production. Furthermore, the usefulness of a systems approach and fermentation strategy has been presented. Finally, the present challenges and future research direction for industrial cell factories have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | | | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
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