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Men X, Han X, La IJ, Lee SJ, Oh G, Im JH, Fu X, Lim JS, Bae KS, Seong GS, Lee DS, Choi SI, Lee OH. Ameliorative Effects of Fermented Red Ginseng Extract on Muscle Atrophy in Dexamethasone-Induced C2C12 Cell And Hind Limb-Immobilized C57BL/6J Mice. J Med Food 2024; 27:951-960. [PMID: 39167545 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2024.k.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermented red ginseng (FRG) enhances the bioactivity and bioavailability of ginsenosides, which possess various immunomodulatory, antiaging, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic properties. However, the effects of FRG extract on muscle atrophy and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of FRG extract on muscle atrophy using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro experiments used dexamethasone (DEX)-induced C2C12 myotubes to assess cell viability, myotube diameter, and fusion index. In vivo experiments were conducted on hind limb immobilization (HI)-induced mice to evaluate grip strength, muscle mass, and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of the gastrocnemius (GAS), quadriceps (QUA), and soleus (SOL) muscles. Molecular mechanisms were investigated through the analysis of key signaling pathways associated with muscle protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and protein degradation. FRG extract treatment enhanced viability of DEX-induced C2C12 myotubes and restored myotube diameter and fusion index. In HI-induced mice, FRG extract improved grip strength, increased muscle mass and CSA of GAS, QUA, and SOL muscles. Mechanistic studies revealed that FRG extract activated the insulin-like growth factor 1/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway, promoted muscle energy metabolism via the sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator-1α pathway, and inhibited muscle protein degradation by suppressing the forkhead box O3a, muscle ring-finger 1, and F-box protein (Fbx32) signaling pathways. FRG extract shows promise for ameliorating muscle atrophy by modulating key molecular pathways associated with muscle protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and protein degradation, offering insights for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Men
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Xionggao Han
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | - Se-Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Geon Oh
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Im
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Xiaolu Fu
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - June-Seok Lim
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sun-Il Choi
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Ahmad SS, Chun HJ, Ahmad K, Choi I. Therapeutic applications of ginseng for skeletal muscle-related disorder management. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:12-19. [PMID: 38223826 PMCID: PMC10785254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Kim TY, Park KT, Choung SY. Codonopsis lanceolata and its active component Tangshenoside I ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy via regulating the PI3K/Akt and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154058. [PMID: 35349834 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy is caused by aging, disuse, malnutrition, and several diseases. However, there are still no effective drugs or treatments for muscle atrophy. Codonopsis lanceolata (CL), a traditional medicinal plant and food, has been reported to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-obesity effects. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and active component of CL on muscle atrophy in vitro and to confirm the effect of CL and its active component on muscle atrophy and the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo. STUDY design/Methods This study used the dexamethasone (Dex)-induced muscle atrophy C2C12 myotube model and immobilization (IM)-induced muscle atrophy C57BL/6 mice model. In vitro study, the myotube diameter was measured. In vivo study, the grip strength, muscle mass (quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and soleus) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured. Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR were performed to confirm the underlying molecular mechanisms Results:In vitro study, CL and its main component, Tangshenoside I (TSI), effectively restored C2C12 myotube diameters decreased by Dex. Surprisingly, TSI was identified as the active component responsible for the overall efficacy of CL on muscle atrophy. In vivo study, CL and TSI, dose-dependently increased grip strength, mass muscle, and muscle fiber CSA reduced by IM. In the molecular mechanism studies, CL and TSI increased muscle protein synthesis via activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and decreased muscle protein degradation via inhibiting the muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box protein (Atrogin-1) expressions. It also upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis via the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) pathway. CONCLUSION This study suggests that CL and its active component, TSI, can be potential drug candidates for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Tae Park
- Research and Development Center, Milae Bioresources Co., Ltd., 26, Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Han MJ, Park SJ, Lee SJ, Choung SY. The Panax ginseng Berry Extract and Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Mixture Ameliorates Sarcopenia-Related Muscular Deterioration in Aged Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:799. [PMID: 35215448 PMCID: PMC8876731 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is prevalent as the aging population grows. Therefore, the need for supplements for the elderly is increasing. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of a Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) and soluble whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) mixture on a sarcopenia-related muscular deterioration in aged mice. Ten-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were administered three different doses of the GBE + WPH mixture for 8 weeks; 700 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg, and 1100 mg/kg. Grip strength, serum inflammatory cytokines level, and mass of muscle tissues were estimated. The deteriorating function of aging muscle was investigated via protein or gene expression. Grip strength and mass of three muscle tissues were increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine alleviated systemic inflammatory state. The mixture resolved the imbalance of muscle protein turnover through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and increased gene expression of the muscle regeneration-related factors, while decreasing myostatin, which interferes with muscle protein synthesis and regeneration. Furthermore, we confirmed that increased mitochondria number in muscle with the improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis. These physiological changes were similar to the effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Han
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Seok-Jun Park
- Health & Nutrition R&D Group, Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek 17714, Korea;
| | | | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Jeon SH, Choung SY. Oyster Hydrolysates Attenuate Muscle Atrophy via Regulating Protein Turnover and Mitochondria Biogenesis in C2C12 Cell and Immobilized Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:4385. [PMID: 34959937 PMCID: PMC8703783 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, also known as skeletal muscle atrophy, is characterized by significant loss of muscle mass and strength. Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) hydrolysates have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation properties. However, the anti-sarcopenic effect of oyster hydrolysates remains uninvestigated. Therefore, we prepared two different oyster hydrolysates, namely TGPN and PNY. This study aimed to determine the anti-muscle atrophy efficacy and molecular mechanisms of TGPN and PNY on both C2C12 cell lines and mice. In vitro, the TGPN and PNY recovered the dexamethasone-induced reduction in the myotube diameters. In vivo, TGPN and PNY administration not only improved grip strength and exercise endurance, but also attenuated the loss of muscle mass and muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Mechanistically, TGPN and PNY increased the expression of protein synthesis-related protein levels via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway, and reduced the expression of protein degradation-related protein levels via the PI3K/Akt/forkhead box O pathway. Also, TGPN and PNY stimulated NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1(SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1,2, mitochondrial transcription factor A, along with mitochondrial DNA content via SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling. These findings suggest oyster hydrolysates could be used as a valuable natural material that inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy via regulating protein turnover and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Jeon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
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