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Choquenaira-Quispe C, Yucra Condori HR, Villanueva Salas JA, Gonzales-Condori EG. In vitro release of aluminum from the geophagic clay "Chacco" in the Peruvian highlands: Chemical characterization and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:294-303. [PMID: 36636021 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2161795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the altiplano zone of Latin America, "Chacco" is one of the clays widely consumed as part of geophagy. The objectives of the study were to chemically characterize "Chacco", determine the zero charge point, evaluate the release of aluminum in vitro, perform the kinetic study and evaluate the health risk. The results by ICP-OES showed that the elements with the highest concentration were Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti and Zn. ATR-FTIR analysis showed the presence of Si-O (693 and 990 cm-1), Al-O (790 cm-1), Al-Al-OH bending vibration (912 cm-1), Si-H bond stretching (2100 to 2500 cm-1) and free -OH groups (3629 cm-1). SEM-EDX results indicate that Al is one of the main constituents of "Chacco" (7.35 wt%). The pHzpc of "Chacco" was 6.83. In the dissolution profiles, the highest Al release occurred at pH 6.8 and in intestinal juice simulated with pseudo-second order dissolution kinetics. The EDIAl and EWIAl were 20.24 and 142.66 respectively, comparing EWIAl with the PTWI established by JECFA (2 mg/kg bw), it is concluded that the weekly intake of "Chacco" represents an appreciable health risk. There are no reports of the carcinogenic factor of Al, so TRAl was not calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Choquenaira-Quispe
- Escuela de Postgrado, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n Umacollo, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Harry R Yucra Condori
- Departamento Académico de Ingeniería de Industrias Alimentarias, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Perú
| | - José A Villanueva Salas
- Escuela de Postgrado, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n Umacollo, Arequipa, Perú
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Cellier M, Lecot J, Morin E, Deguigne M, Lelièvre B, Le Roux G. Les risques d’une consommation addictive d’argile ou de kaolin chez la femme enceinte : à propos de 3 cas. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Poirier M, Dizier C, Caillet P, Pintas C, Winer N, Lefebvre T. Kaolin consumption in pregnant women: what impact on the weight of newborns? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:7812-7818. [PMID: 34579617 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1937980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geophagy is an ancestral practice particularly found among African women who describe beneficial effects on the sympathetic signs of pregnancy. Studies have reported a significant prevalence of consumption of kaolin, known as geophagy, within migrant population. However, this behavior, like other environmental factors, could lead to obstetrical and neonatal risks. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to evaluate the obstetrical and neonatal impact of kaolin consumption, especially on Z-SCORE for weight-for-gestational age in the newborn. METHODS This mono-centric historical cohort study was carried out on the basis of questionnaires and patients' obstetrical records. It was conducted between January 1 and July 1, 2017. Patients were divided into two groups: 1) women who consumed kaolin (at least once during their pregnancy), and 2) women who did not consume kaolin. Morphometric characteristics of the newborn were retrieved in obstetrical records. RESULTS Results: 105 pregnant women were included: 26 exposed and 79 non exposed. Women who consumed kaolin were more frequently without social protection at their first consultation (p < .01). Multivariate analysis did not show a significant association between Z-SCORE for weight-for gestational age in the newborn and kaolin consumption (β = 0.13, p = .54) after adjusting on age, precariousness, BMI, intake of toxic substances, anemia and beginning eclampsia. Among these covariates, precariousness was significantly associated with both a decrease in Z-SCORE for weight (β = -0.87, p < .002) and size (β = -0.68, p < .01). CONCLUSION Geophagy is not to be neglected in socially advantaged countries due to increased immigration. This study found no association between kaolin consumption and birth weight. However, there was a correlation between precariousness and low birth weight which reinforces the importance of tightening the follow-up during pregnancies in the most precarious women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Poirier
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Clémence Dizier
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Caillet
- Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Pintas
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Norbert Winer
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Tiphaine Lefebvre
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Biology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Caillet P, Poirier M, Grall-Bronnec M, Marchal E, Pineau A, Pintas C, Carton V, Jolliet P, Winer N, Victorri-Vigneau C. High prevalence of kaolin consumption in migrant women living in a major urban area of France: A cross-sectional investigation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220557. [PMID: 31365572 PMCID: PMC6668907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Geophagia is a feeding behavior involving the regular intake of soil, including clay-like kaolin. Frequent in Africa, kaolin consumption is associated with heavy metal intoxication, iron and other micronutrient deficiencies, geohelminth infection and inactivation of concomitantly taken drugs. It is expected that this practice would be imported into an asylum country during the immigration process. To confirm this hypothesis, a single center, cross-sectional study was conducted at the University Hospital of Nantes, France, whose main objective was to assess whether the prevalence of kaolin consumers was high in a migrant population living in a large French metropolitan area (the city of Nantes). Each woman consulting for the first time at the Medical and Psychosocial Gynecology Obstetric Unit during the inclusion period ranging from January 1, 2017, to July 1, 2017, was asked for consent to be included in the study. The main outcome was the proportion of positive answers regarding consumption of kaolin within the last twelve months, with its 95% confidence interval (CI). A logistic regression was performed to identify drivers of consumption, and a clustering approach was conducted to identify profiles of consumers. A total of 284 women were included in the study, of whom 110 (38.7%) were pregnant. Our main finding was a 14.1% (95% CI: 10.5-18.6) prevalence of clay consumers. Second, the characteristic most strongly associated with consumption was Central or West Africa origin (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 52.7; 95% CI: 13.7-202.2). Finally, 60% of consumers showed signs of addictive-like phenomena, and three profiles were identified, depicting a continuum of patients in regard to their control over their kaolin consumption. Our results suggest that kaolin consumption is frequent in particular subpopulations of migrants. This warrants further study of the clinical consequences of kaolin consumption and its associated addictive-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Caillet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Maud Poirier
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- SPHERE U1246 Unit, University of Nantes, University of Tours, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Edouard Marchal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Pineau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Pintas
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Carton
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pascale Jolliet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- SPHERE U1246 Unit, University of Nantes, University of Tours, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Norbert Winer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiology of Nutritional Adaptations, University of Nantes, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- SPHERE U1246 Unit, University of Nantes, University of Tours, INSERM, Nantes, France
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Kmiec I, Nguyen Y, Rouger C, Berger JL, Lambert D, Hentzien M, Lebrun D, Robbins A, Drame M, Bani-Sadr F. Factors Associated with Geophagy and Knowledge About Its Harmful Effects Among Native Sub-Saharan African, Caribbean and French Guiana HIV Patients Living in Northern France. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:3630-3635. [PMID: 28028652 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Geophagy, or the ingestion of earth or clay, is widespread among women of Sub-Saharan African, Caribbean or French Guiana origin. Little is known about this practice among HIV patients native of these countries and who are followed-up in France. The aims of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence and factors associated with geophagy among HIV patients native of these countries, (ii) patients' knowledge about the harmful effects of geophagy, and (iii) the association of geophagy with iron deficiency, or a history of anemia or constipation. Among the 119 included patients, current geophagy and previous geophagy were present in 11/119 (9%) and 47/119 (40%) patients, respectively. Female gender was the only factor associated with consumption (OR 5.37; 95% CI 2.07-15.92 p = 0.001). Awareness about the risk of iron-deficient anemia was low (24%). Preventive education should be integrated into the care of HIV adults from countries in which geophagy is a culture and widely accepted practice.
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Owumi SE, Oyelere AK. Determination of metal ion contents of two antiemetic clays use in Geophagy. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:928-932. [PMID: 28962431 PMCID: PMC5598538 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nausea is usually associated with early to late stages of pregnancy. Geophagy-deliberate consumption of soil is a common method of managing gravidae-induced discomfort. To control nausea, pregnant women in Nigeria commonly eat baked clay called "Eko" and another type of clay that induces buccal constriction called "Omumu". The metal contents in Eko and Omumu, digested under different pH conditions (acidic, alkaline and neutral), were investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICPS-OES). We identified and quantitate the elements present and speculate on their potential impact on maternal and fetal health upon gestational exposure beyond the acceptable exposure levels and the Millennium Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Specifically, our result indicates unacceptably high levels of aluminum in Eko and Omumu (>10-fold greater than the highest desirable levels set by the USEPA). The aluminum concentrations were influenced by the pH condition in which the samples were digested. Dietary exposure to aluminum at such high levels may be deleterious to maternal health and fetal development. Therefore consumption of Eko and Omumu as an antidote to reduce nausea during pregnancy should be discouraged. Future studies are planned to investigate specific impacts on fetal and maternal health and likely teratogenicity in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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