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Setayeshfar I, Najafi M, Asadi S. Improved preconcentration workflow for organic explosive traces in aqueous samples using solvent-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 359:112025. [PMID: 38640548 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The present study deals with the development of a solvent-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction method for the extraction of HMX, RDX, and TNT from aqueous samples. Benzophenone and methanol were selected as explosives sorbent and dispersive solvent respectively. Extraction parameters like pH, extraction time, amount of sorbent, volume and type of the disperser solvent and centrifuge time were optimized. Dispersion of 0.5 mL dispersive solution (4% (w/v) benzophenone in methanol) was performed by injection into the 5 mL aqueous sample (pH=7) using a 1.0 mL syringe. After centrifuge, the extracted explosives were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-Uv). The results indicated that the linear ranges with the correlation coefficients of 0.99 ≤ R2 were 1.6-204.6 μg L-1, 1.4-213.7 μg L-1 and 1.3-225.9 μg L-1 for HMX, RDX and TNT respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification obtained for each explosive were: 0.3 μg L-1 and 0.8 μg L-1 for HMX, 0.3 μg L-1 and 0.9 μg L-1 for RDX and 0.2 μg L-1 and 0.7 μg L-1 for TNT. Finally, the practical applicability of the developed method was evaluated for the extraction of some organic explosives in water samples followed their determination by HPLC-Uv.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Setayeshfar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran 16597, Iran
| | - M Najafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran 16597, Iran.
| | - S Asadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran 16597, Iran
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2
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Perez JJ, Brady JJ, Broderick A, Horan A, Pedersen K, Wilkins BP. Rapid Quantification of Ammonium Nitrate and Urea Nitrate Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1419-1426. [PMID: 38240047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Resolution and sensitivity improvements in mass spectrometry technology have enabled renewed attempts at solving challenging analytical issues. One such issue involves the analysis of energetic ionic species. Energetic ionic species make up an important class of chemical materials, and a more robust and versatile analytical platform would provide tremendous value to the analytical community. Initial attempts at quantification of energetic ionic species employed high-resolution time-of-flight measurements with crown ether (CE) complexation and flow injection analysis (FIA). In this investigation, ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea nitrate (UN) in the presence of a crown ether complexation agent were explored by using high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry. Product ion scans of these signature complexes reveal positive identification of these energetic ionic species. Finally, quantification was demonstrated for both flow injection and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, suggesting the capability for routine and rapid analysis of these energetic ionic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny J Perez
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science & Technology Directorate, Transportation Security Laboratory, William J. Hughes Technical Center, Bldg. 315, Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405, United States
| | - John J Brady
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science & Technology Directorate, Transportation Security Laboratory, William J. Hughes Technical Center, Bldg. 315, Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405, United States
| | - Alicia Broderick
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science & Technology Directorate, Transportation Security Laboratory, William J. Hughes Technical Center, Bldg. 315, Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405, United States
| | - Andrew Horan
- Signature Science, LLC, 2819 Fire Rd. Suite A, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey 08234, United States
| | - Kevin Pedersen
- Signature Science, LLC, 2819 Fire Rd. Suite A, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey 08234, United States
| | - Benjamin P Wilkins
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science & Technology Directorate, Transportation Security Laboratory, William J. Hughes Technical Center, Bldg. 315, Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405, United States
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Hehet P, Pütz M, Kämmerer B, Umlauf G, Geiss O, Caetano JGN, Karaghiosoff K, Wende M. Determination of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) traces using passive samplers in combination with GC-MS and GC-PCI-MS/MS methods. Forensic Sci Int 2023:111673. [PMID: 37031011 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic peroxides for the preparation of homemade explosives (HMEs) is common among terrorists due to inexpensive precursor chemicals and simple synthetic procedures. Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is the most notable peroxide explosive, and has been deployed in several terrorist attacks as explosive filling of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Forensic identification of TATP in pre-blast and post-blast residues, including on-site analysis, poses significant analytical challenges and induces demand for practicable and sensitive detection techniques. This work presents a concept suitable for laboratory and on-site identification of TATP residues in liquid samples (aqueous TATP synthetic waste) and in gas phase. It is based on TATP enrichment from the aqueous or gas phase using different types of passive samplers (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sampling rods and activated carbon sampling tubes (ACST)) and subsequent identification of the explosive by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or GC with positive chemical ionization and tandem MS (GC-PCI-MS/MS) analytical techniques. Additionally, investigation of the stability of TATP in aqueous solutions and of the stability of enriched TATP in passive samplers under different storage conditions, as well as development of TATP re-extraction procedures from passive samplers have been performed in this study. The practical use of passive samplers was demonstrated during and after TATP production processes. Moreover, post-blast sampling of TATP under different conditions of controlled blasting events was investigated using the passive sampling concept.
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Zhang H, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhao S, Nie Y, Liao X, Cao H, Yin H, Liu X. Determination of Energetic Compounds in Ammunition Contaminated Soil by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and Gas Chromatography – Microelectron Capture Detection (GC-µECD). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2059495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Instruments' Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Thipwimonmas Y, Thiangchanya A, Phonchai A, Thainchaiwattana S, Jomsati W, Jomsati S, Tayayuth K, Limbut W. The Development of Digital Image Colorimetric Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Explosives Using Polymer Gel Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238041. [PMID: 34884043 PMCID: PMC8659919 DOI: 10.3390/s21238041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gel sensors on 96-well plates were successfully used to detect four different multi-explosives, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), nitrite, and perchlorate. The products of reactions between the explosives and the polymer gel sensors were digitally captured, and the images were analyzed by a developed Red–Green–Blue (RGB) analyzer program on a notebook computer. RGB color analysis provided the basic color data of the reaction products for the quantification of the explosives. The results provided good linear range, sensitivity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, specificity, interference tolerance, and recovery. The method demonstrated great potential to detect explosives by colorimetric analysis of digital images of samples on 96-well plates. It is possible to apply the proposed method for quantitative on-site field screening of multi-explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudtapum Thipwimonmas
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (Y.T.); (A.T.); (A.P.)
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Adul Thiangchanya
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (Y.T.); (A.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Apichai Phonchai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (Y.T.); (A.T.); (A.P.)
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sittipoom Thainchaiwattana
- Police Forensic Science Center 9, M.1, Chalung, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Wachirawit Jomsati
- Police Forensic Science Center 9, M.1, Chalung, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Sunisa Jomsati
- Police Forensic Science Center 9, M.1, Chalung, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Kunanunt Tayayuth
- Science Park, Hat Yai Campus of Extension Southern Institute of Science Park, Prince of Songkla University, Moo 6, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (Y.T.); (A.T.); (A.P.)
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-74-288563
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Kim NY, Song BY, Kim DH, Jung MJ. Preliminary stable isotope analyses for propellant discrimination in shotshells. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9072. [PMID: 33617108 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This study aimed to develop methods to determine the identity and trace the origin of propellants used in shotshells. Specifically, the use of organic component and stable isotope analysis techniques, such as bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) techniques, for the study of shotshell propellants was investigated. METHODS Nine samples of shotshell propellants from different manufacturing countries and brands were analyzed for explosive and additive components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. BSIA of the propellants was achieved using elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry without a pretreatment process. For the CSIA of nitroglycerin, double-base powder propellants were extracted with ether, and the isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were measured by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nine samples drawn from seven brands in four countries were classified into five groups by organic component analysis, while eight classification groups were identified by BSIA. Thus, two samples could not be distinguished from each other by either BSIA or organic component analysis. Subsequently, with the use of results obtained with CSIA for nitroglycerin, all the samples could be classified into different groups. These findings suggest that the nine propellant samples were all composed of different ingredients or raw materials from different sources. CONCLUSIONS Stable isotope ratio analyses were performed for propellant discrimination. The combined BSIA, CSIA and organic component analysis techniques were able to successfully distinguish the nine shotshell propellants from seven brands sourced from four different countries, and the results suggested that the samples contained different ingredients or raw materials from different sources. We therefore can conclude that reliable results can be obtained using combined isotope analysis methods such as CSIA and BSIA for origin tracing and identity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Yee Kim
- National Forensic Service, Gwangju Institute, Jeonnam, 57248, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Yeol Song
- Forensic Chemistry Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Forensic Physical Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Jung
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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Yan X, Ma X, Zhong D, Li Y, Wu D. Bar adsorptive microextraction device coated with polyimide microsphere assembled by nanosheets combined with thermal desorption-gas chromatography for trace analysis of nitroaromatic explosives in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461193. [PMID: 32540060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) microspheres assembled by nanosheets were used for bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) for the first time. The PI microsphere possessed self-organized hierarchical nanostructure, large specific surface area (170 m2/g) and good thermostability (up to 400 °C). The BAμE device was prepared by adhering the PI microspheres on a quartz bar with Kapton double sided tape. Trace nitroaromatic explosives in environmental waters were extracted by the BAμE device, desorbed by thermal desorption (TD), and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reproducibility of five BAμE devices prepared in parallel was less than 13.0% (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD). The BAμE device could stand up to 30 extraction/desorption cycles without decrease of extraction efficiency. The results of method validation showed that the BAμE-TD/GC-MS method possessed wide linearity (0.05-50 μg/L or 0.05-20 μg/L), high correlation coefficients (> 0.9987), good precision (RSDs < 11.8%), low detection limits (0.005-0.013 μg/L) and high enrichment factors (528-1410). Relative recoveries were in the range of 72.2-122.6% with RSDs between 0.1% and 10.5% for real water samples. These results proved that the proposed method was a good choice for determination of organic pollutants in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dongdong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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8
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Dettlaff A, Jakóbczyk P, Ficek M, Wilk B, Szala M, Wojtas J, Ossowski T, Bogdanowicz R. Electrochemical determination of nitroaromatic explosives at boron-doped diamond/graphene nanowall electrodes: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 2,4,6-trinitroanisole in liquid effluents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121672. [PMID: 31753664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study is devoted to the electrochemical detection of trace explosives on boron-doped diamond/graphene nanowall electrodes (B:DGNW). The electrodes were fabricated in a one-step growth process using chemical vapour deposition without any additional modifications. The electrochemical investigations were focused on the determination of the important nitroaromatic explosive compounds, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitroanisole (TNA). The distinct reduction peaks of both studied compounds were observed regardless of the pH value of the solution. The reduction peak currents were linearly related to the concentration of TNT and TNA in the range from 0.05-15 ppm. Nevertheless, two various linear trends were observed, attributed respectively to the adsorption processes at low concentrations up to the diffusional character of detection for larger contamination levels. The limit of detection of TNT and TNA is equal to 73 ppb and 270 ppb, respectively. Moreover, the proposed detection strategy has been applied under real conditions with a significant concentration of interfering compounds - in landfill leachates. The proposed bare B:DGNW electrodes were revealed to have a high electroactive area towards the voltammetric determination of various nitroaromatic compounds with a high rate of repeatability, thus appearing to be an attractive nanocarbon surface for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dettlaff
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - P Jakóbczyk
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Ficek
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - B Wilk
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Szala
- Military University of Technology, S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Wojtas
- Military University of Technology, S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Ossowski
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, Bażyńskiego 8, 80-309, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - R Bogdanowicz
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Nawała J, Szala M, Dziedzic D, Gordon D, Dawidziuk B, Fabisiak J, Popiel S. Analysis of samples of explosives excavated from the Baltic Sea floor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135198. [PMID: 31812376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After World War II, conventional and chemical ammunition containing mainly secondary and primary explosives was dumped in the sea. Explosives have medium toxicity to aquatic organisms, earthworms and indigenous soil microorganisms. Therefore, environmental monitoring is required, especially for dumped munitions. The main aspect of this work was to analyse the samples of lumps and sediments taken from the Baltic seabed. These samples were potentially explosives. The main goal of the study was to identify the type and composition of studied materials. In order to determine the chemical composition of samples of explosives, we used as follows: GC-MS/MS, LC-HRMS and NMR. Additionally, to determine the energetic properties we performed microcalorimetric-thermogravimetric analysis. Based on the obtained results, the composition of this explosive was TNT (41%), RDX (53%), aluminium powder (5%), and degradation products (below 1%). The resulting composition indicates that the analysed material can be classified in the "torpex" family, widely used during World War II. Regarding the results of the microcalorimetric analysis, we can conclude that excavated fragments of explosives are in very good condition and they still can detonate after being initiated. Therefore, there is a threat that they could be used for criminal or terrorist purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Nawała
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Szala
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Dziedzic
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Gordon
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dawidziuk
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Stanisław Popiel
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
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Ismailzadeh A, Masrournia M, Es’haghi Z, Bozorgmehr MR. An environmentally friendly sample pre-treatment method based on magnetic ionic liquids for trace determination of nitrotoluene compounds in soil and water samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using response surface methodology. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Nanoporous Silica-Dye Microspheres for Enhanced Colorimetric Detection of Cyclohexanone. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forensic detection of non-volatile nitro explosives poses a difficult analytical challenge. A colorimetric sensor comprising of ultrasonically prepared silica-dye microspheres was developed for the sensitive gas detection of cyclohexanone, a volatile marker of explosives 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). The silica-dye composites were synthesized from the hydrolysis of ultrasonically sprayed organosiloxanes under mild heating conditions (150 °C), which yielded microspherical, nanoporous structures with high surface area (~300 m2/g) for gas exposure. The sensor inks were deposited on cellulose paper and given sensitive colorimetric responses to trace the amount of cyclohexanone vapors even at sub-ppm levels, with a detection limit down to ~150 ppb. The sensor showed high chemical specificity towards cyclohexanone against humidity and other classes of common solvents, including ethanol, acetonitrile, ether, ethyl acetate, and ammonia. Paper-based colorimetric sensors with hierarchical nanostructures could represent an alternative sensing material for practical applications in the detection of explosives.
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12
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McEneff GL, Murphy B, Webb T, Wood D, Irlam R, Mills J, Green D, Barron LP. Sorbent Film-Coated Passive Samplers for Explosives Vapour Detection Part A: Materials Optimisation and Integration with Analytical Technologies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5815. [PMID: 29643465 PMCID: PMC5895691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new thin-film passive sampler is presented as a low resource dependent and discrete continuous monitoring solution for explosives-related vapours. Using 15 mid-high vapour pressure explosives-related compounds as probes, combinations of four thermally stable substrates and six film-based sorbents were evaluated. Meta-aramid and phenylene oxide-based materials showed the best recoveries from small voids (~70%). Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry which also enabled tentative identification of new targets from the acquired data. Preliminary uptake kinetics experiments revealed plateau concentrations on the device were reached between 3–5 days. Compounds used in improvised explosive devices, such as triacetone triperoxide, were detected within 1 hour and were stably retained by the sampler for up to 7 days. Sampler performance was consistent for 22 months after manufacture. Lastly, its direct integration with currently in-service explosives screening equipment including ion mobility spectrometry and thermal desorption mass spectrometry is presented. Following exposure to several open environments and targeted interferences, sampler performance was subsequently assessed and potential interferences identified. High-security building and area monitoring for concealed explosives using such cost-effective and discrete passive samplers can add extra assurance to search routines while minimising any additional burden on personnel or everyday site operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L McEneff
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Bronagh Murphy
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Webb
- Threat Mitigation Technologies, Metropolitan Police Service, 113 Grove Park, London, SE5 8LE, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Wood
- Threat Mitigation Technologies, Metropolitan Police Service, 113 Grove Park, London, SE5 8LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Irlam
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Mills
- Air Monitors Ltd., 2/3 Miller Court, Severn Drive, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, GL20 8DN, United Kingdom
| | - David Green
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Leon P Barron
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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13
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Risoluti R, Gregori A, Schiavone S, Materazzi S. “Click and Screen” Technology for the Detection of Explosives on Human Hands by a Portable MicroNIR–Chemometrics Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4288-4292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Scientific Investigation Department, Carabinieri RIS, Viale Tor di Quinto 151, 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Schiavone
- Scientific Investigation Department, Carabinieri RIS, Viale Tor di Quinto 151, 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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14
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Dhingra G, Bansal P, Dhingra N, Rani S, Malik AK. Development of a microextraction by packed sorbent with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for quantification of nitroexplosives in aqueous and fluidic biological samples. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:639-647. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Nidhi Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry; Atma Ram Sanatan Dharam College; New Delhi India
| | - Susheela Rani
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
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15
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Label-free peptide aptamer based impedimetric biosensor for highly sensitive detection of TNT with a ternary assembly layer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6371-6377. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Roushani M, Shahdost-Fard F, Azadbakht A. Using Au@nano-C60 nanocomposite as an enhanced sensing platform in modeling a TNT aptasensor. Anal Biochem 2017; 534:78-85. [PMID: 28728901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on the unique characteristics of the combination of fullerene and gold nanoparticles, we successfully designed a new and facile nanocomposite (Au@nano-C60) to fabricate an aptasensor for the ultra-sensitive and selective detection of TNT. The gold nanoparticles decorated fullerene onto a glassy carbon electrode was prepared using an electrochemical method by the in situ generation of Au nanoparticles onto the surface of the glassy carbon electrode modified with activated fullerene. Successively, the NH2-Apt as a receptor molecule of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluen was covalently attached onto the modified electrode surface with the resultant nanocomposite. With the addition of the target onto the aptasensor surface and the formation of target/Apt complex, a linear response was obtained from 0.50 fM to 5 μM as well as a limit of detection down to 0.17 fM. The proposed aptasensor shows a wider linear response range and lower limit of detection for the specific detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluen. This newly developed strategy will pave the way to partly meet the requirements in the field of homeland security and public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Azadeh Azadbakht
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad Branch, Khorramabad, Iran
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17
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Rapp-Wright H, McEneff G, Murphy B, Gamble S, Morgan R, Beardah M, Barron L. Suspect screening and quantification of trace organic explosives in wastewater using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 329:11-21. [PMID: 28119193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first comprehensive assessment of 34 solid phase extraction sorbents is presented for organic explosive residues in wastewater prior to analysis with liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). A total of 18 explosives were selected including nitramines, nitrate esters, nitroaromatics and organic peroxides. Three polymeric divinylbenzene-based sorbents were found to be most suitable and one co-polymerised with n-vinyl pyrrolidone offered satisfactory recoveries for 14 compounds in fortified wastewater (77-124%). Limits of detection in matrix ranged from 0.026-23μgL-1 with R2≥0.98 for most compounds. The method was applied to eight 24-h composite wastewater samples from a London wastewater works and one compound, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, was determined over five days between 332 and 468g day-1 (225-303ngL-1). To further exploit the suspect screening capability, 17 additional explosives, precursors and transformation products were screened in spiked wastewater samples. Of these, 14 were detected with recoveries from 62 to 92%, highlighting the broad applicability of the method. To our knowledge, this represents the first screen of explosives-related compounds in wastewater from a major European city. This method also allows post-analysis detection of new or emerging compounds using full-scan HRMS datasets to potentially identify and locate illegal manufacture of explosives via wastewater analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rapp-Wright
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gillian McEneff
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Bronagh Murphy
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sally Gamble
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Ruth Morgan
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Matthew Beardah
- Forensic Explosives Laboratory, Dstl Fort Halstead, TN14 7BP, UK
| | - Leon Barron
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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18
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Fabrication of l -cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots based ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor for onsite visual determination of trace TNT explosive. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 946:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Choodum A, Malathong K, NicDaeid N, Limsakul W, Wongniramaikul W. A cost effective hydrogel test kit for pre and post blast trinitrotoluene. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:202-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Zheng H, Li Z, Zhang J, Ma J, Zhou Y, Jia Q. Preparation of cucurbit[6]uril-modified polymer monolithic column for microextraction of nitroaromatics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11944d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolithic poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) capillary column incorporated with cucurbit[6]uril pseudorotaxane (CB[6]MR) was prepared and used in polymer monolith microextraction for the preconcentration of nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Zheng
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- China-Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- China
| | - Jiutong Ma
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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21
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Lu T, Yuan Y, He X, Li M, Pu X, Xu T, Wen Z. Simultaneous determination of multiple components in explosives using ultraviolet spectrophotometry and a partial least squares method. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We used UV spectrophotometry and a chemometric method to develop a novel method for the simultaneous determination of multiple components in explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Management
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan He
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhining Wen
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People’s Republic of China
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22
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Gumuscu B, Erdogan Z, Guler MO, Tekinay T. Highly sensitive determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and related byproducts using a diol functionalized column for high performance liquid chromatography. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99230. [PMID: 24905826 PMCID: PMC4048276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new detection method for complete separation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT); 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT); 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) molecules in high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) with UV sensor has been developed using diol column. This approach improves on cost, time, and sensitivity over the existing methods, providing a simple and effective alternative. Total analysis time was less than 13 minutes including column re-equilibration between runs, in which water and acetonitrile were used as gradient elution solvents. Under optimized conditions, the minimum resolution between 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT peaks was 2.06. The recovery rates for spiked environmental samples were between 95-98%. The detection limits for diol column ranged from 0.78 to 1.17 µg/L for TNT and its byproducts. While the solvent consumption was 26.4 mL/min for two-phase EPA and 30 mL/min for EPA 8330 methods, it was only 8.8 mL/min for diol column. The resolution was improved up to 49% respect to two-phase EPA and EPA 8330 methods. When compared to C-18 and phenyl-3 columns, solvent usage was reduced up to 64% using diol column and resolution was enhanced approximately two-fold. The sensitivity of diol column was afforded by the hydroxyl groups on polyol layer, joining the formation of charge-transfer complexes with nitroaromatic compounds according to acceptor-donor interactions. Having compliance with current requirements, the proposed method demonstrates sensitive and robust separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Gumuscu
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Zeynep Erdogan
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa O. Guler
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Tekinay
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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23
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Berton P, Regmi BP, Spivak DA, Warner IM. Ionic liquid-based dispersive microextraction of nitrotoluenes in water samples. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Guan H, Stewart K. Determination of Explosives in Water Using Disposable Pipette Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.869826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Barry S, Dawson K, Correa E, Goodacre R, O'Riordan A. Highly sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives at discrete nanowire arrays. Faraday Discuss 2014; 164:283-93. [PMID: 24466670 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show a photolithography technique that permits gold nanowire array electrodes to be routinely fabricated at reasonable cost. Nanowire electrode arrays offer the potential for enhancements in electroanalysis such as increased signal-to-noise ratio and increased sensitivity while also allowing quantitative detection at much lower concentrations. We explore application of nanowire array electrodes to the detection of different nitroaromatic species. Characteristic reduction peaks of nitro groups are not observed at nanowire array electrodes using sweep voltammetric methods. By contrast, clear and well-defined reduction peaks are resolved using potential step square wave voltammetry. A Principle Component Analysis technique is employed to discriminate between nitroaromatic species including structural isomers of DNT. The analysis indicates that all compounds are successfully discriminated by unsupervised cluster analysis. Finally, the magnitude of the reduction peak at -671 mV for different concentrations of TNT exhibited excellent linearity with increasing concentrations enabling sub-150 ng mL(-1) limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Barry
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen Dawson
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elon Correa
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Alan O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, Cork, Ireland
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26
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Identification of the nitroaromatic explosives in post-blast samples by online solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted silica sorbent coupled with reversed-phase chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Johnson BJ, Leska IA, Medina A, Dyson NF, Nasir M, Melde BJ, Taft JR, Charles PT. Toward in situ monitoring of water contamination by nitroenergetic compounds. SENSORS 2012. [PMID: 23202195 PMCID: PMC3522948 DOI: 10.3390/s121114953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described the application of novel porous organosilicate materials to the preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solution prior to HPLC analysis. The performance of the sorbents and the advantages of these types of materials over commercially available solid phase extraction sorbents have been demonstrated. Here, the development of systems for application of those sorbents to in situ monitoring is described. Considerations such as column pressure, particulate filtration, and component durability are discussed. The diameter of selected column housings, the sorbent bed depth, and the frits utilized significantly impact the utility of the sorbent columns in the prototype system. The impact of and necessity for improvements in the morphological characteristics of the sorbents as they relate to reduction in column pressure are detailed. The results of experiments utilizing a prototype system are presented. Data demonstrating feasibility for use of the sorbents in preconcentration prior to ion mobility spectrometry is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy J. Johnson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; E-Mails: (B.J.M.); (P.T.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-202-404-6100; Fax: +1-202-767-9598
| | - Iwona A. Leska
- NOVA Research Incorporated, Alexandria, VA 22308, USA; E-Mails: (I.A.L.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Alejandro Medina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo, Arecibo 00613, Puerto Rico; E-Mail:
| | - Norris F. Dyson
- College of Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mansoor Nasir
- Biomedical Engineering, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI 48075, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Brian J. Melde
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; E-Mails: (B.J.M.); (P.T.C.)
| | - Jenna R. Taft
- NOVA Research Incorporated, Alexandria, VA 22308, USA; E-Mails: (I.A.L.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Paul T. Charles
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; E-Mails: (B.J.M.); (P.T.C.)
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28
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Li X, Li Q, Zhou H, Hao H, Wang T, Zhao S, Lu Y, Huang G. Rapid, on-site identification of explosives in nanoliter droplets using a UV reflected fiber optic sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 751:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Cobzac SC, Gocan S. CHROMATOGRAPHY: RECENT PROGRESS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.647193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Simultaneous determination of carbazole-based explosives in environmental waters by dispersive liquid—liquid microextraction coupled to HPLC with UV-Vis detection. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Lasarte-Aragonés G, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Effervescence-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Cobzac SC, Gocan S. SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: RECENT PROGRESS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.588064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Codruta Cobzac
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Gocan
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca, Romania
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33
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Johnson BJ, Melde BJ, Leska IA, Charles PT, Hewitt AD. Solid-phase extraction using hierarchical organosilicates for enhanced detection of nitroenergetic targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1404-9. [PMID: 21409222 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel porous organosilicate material was evaluated for application as a solid phase extraction sorbent for preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solution prior to HPLC analysis. The performance of the sorbent in spiked deionized water, groundwater, and surface water was evaluated. Targets considered included 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, RDX, HMX, and nitroglycerin. The sorbent was shown to provide improved performance over Sep-Pak RDX. The impact of complex matrices on target preconcentration by the sorbent was also found to be less dramatic than that observed for LiChrolut EN. The impact of changes in pH on target preconcentration was considered. Aqueous soil extracts generated from samples collected at sites of ordnance testing were also used to evaluate the materials. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of this novel sorbent for application as a solid phase extraction material for the preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy J Johnson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
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