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Xu Y, Liu Y, Sun H, Gong X, Yu G, Zhai C, Hu W, Zong Q, Yu Y, Tang Y, Zhang M, Wang F, Zou Y. Global burden of leukemia attributable to occupational exposure to formaldehyde from 1990 to 2019. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3560-3571. [PMID: 38085479 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the worldwide burden of leukemia owing to occupational exposure to formaldehyde (OEF) from 1990 to 2019. Data on leukemia due to OEF were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. By region, age, sex, and disease subtype, the numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) associated with deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed. Annual average percentage change (AAPC) was used to estimate disease burden trends from 1990 to 2019. To measure the risk of leukemia due to OEF, the population attributable fraction (PAF) was introduced. From 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths, DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs for leukemia caused by OEF increased by 44%, 34%, 33%, and 124%, respectively. Regarding the change in ASRs, the age-standardized YLDs (ASYLDs) rate of leukemia due to OEF, which was 38.03% (AAPC = 1.17 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11, 1.23]), indicated an increased trend. But the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized DALY (ASDALY) rate, and age-standardized YLL (ASYLL) rate showed decline trends, with - 11.90% (AAPC = - 0.41 [95% CI - 0.45, - 0.37]), - 14.19% (AAPC = - 0.5 [95% CI - 0.55, - 0.45]), and - 14.97% (AAPC = - 0.53 [95% CI - 0.58, - 0.48]), respectively. In terms of PAFs, there were increasing trends in PAFs of age-standardized deaths, ASDALYs, ASYLLs, and ASYLDs for leukemia caused by OEF, with 20.15% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 11.76%, 30.25%), 36.28% (95% UI 21.46%, 53.42%), 51.91% (95% UI 35.05%, 72.07%), and 36.34% (95% UI 21.58%, 53.63%), respectively. Across the socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, the leukemia burden caused by OEF was concentrated in middle and high-middle SDI regions. Besides, OEF poses a more serious risk for acute leukemia among the leukemia subtype. Globally, leukemia caused by OEF remains a public health burden. Policies must be developed to avoid the burden of leukemia caused by OEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xingyu Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chunxia Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wanqin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiqun Zong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuqin Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanfeng Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Peng D, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yang Y. Improving Photocatalytic Activity for Formaldehyde Degradation by Encapsulating C 60 Fullerenes into Graphite-like C 3N 4 through the Enhancement of Built-in Electric Fields. Molecules 2023; 28:5815. [PMID: 37570785 PMCID: PMC10420677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde by graphite-like C3N4 is one of the most attractive and environmentally friendly strategies to address the significant threat to human health posed by indoor air pollutants. Despite its potential, this degradation process still faces issues with suboptimal efficiency, which may be attributed to the rapid recombination of photogenerated excitons and the broad band gap. As a proof of concept, a series of graphite-like C3N4@C60 composites combining graphite-like C3N4 and C60 was developed via an in situ generation strategy. The obtained graphite-like C3N4@C60 composites exhibited a remarkable increase in the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of formaldehyde, of up to 99%, under visible light irradiation, outperforming pure graphite-like C3N4 and C60. This may be due to the composites' enhanced built-in electric field. Additionally, the proposed composites maintained a formaldehyde removal efficiency of 84% even after six cycles, highlighting their potential for indoor air purification and paving the way for the development of efficient photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Peng
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410000, China; (D.P.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410000, China; (D.P.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jijuan Zhang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410000, China; (D.P.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Furniture and Art Design, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410000, China; (D.P.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Green Furniture Engineering Technology Research Center, National Forestry & Grassland Administration, Changsha 410004, China
- Green Home Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410004, China
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Salazar Gómez JI, Sojka M, Klucken C, Schlögl R, Ruland H. Determination of trace compounds and artifacts in nitrogen background measurements by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry under dry and humid conditions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4777. [PMID: 34291848 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A qualitative analysis was applied for the determination of trace compounds at the parts per trillion in volume (pptv ) level in the mass spectra of nitrogen of different qualities (5.0 and 6.0) under dry and humid conditions. This qualitative analysis enabled the classification and discovery of hundreds of new ions (e.g., [Sx ]H+ species) and artifacts such as parasitic ions and memory effects and their differentiation from real gas impurities. With this analysis, the humidity dependency of all kind of ions in the mass spectrum was determined. Apart from the inorganic artifacts previously discovered, many new organic ions were assigned as instrumental artifacts and new isobaric interferences could be elucidated. From 1140 peaks found in the mass range m/z 0-800, only 660 could be analyzed due to sufficient intensity, from which 463 corresponded to compounds. The number of peaks in nitrogen proton transfer reaction (PTR) spectra was similarly dominated by nonmetallic oxygenated organic compounds (23.5%) and hydrocarbons (24.1%) Regarding only gas impurities, hydrocarbons were the main compound class (50.2%). The highest contribution to the total ion signal for unfiltered nitrogen under dry and humid conditions was from nonmetallic oxygenated compounds. Under dry conditions, nitrogen-containing compounds exhibit the second highest contribution of 89% and 96% for nitrogen 5.0 and 6.0, respectively, whereas under humid conditions, hydrocarbons become the second dominant group with 69% and 86% for nitrogen 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. With the gathered information, a database can be built as a tool for the elucidation of instrumental and intrinsic gas matrix artifacts in PTR mass spectra and, especially in cases, where dilution with inert gases plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Salazar Gómez
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Martha Sojka
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Klucken
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Ruland
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
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Novel Materials for Combined Nitrogen Dioxide and Formaldehyde Pollution Control under Ambient Conditions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) often co-exist in urban environments at levels that are hazardous to health. There is a demand for a solution to the problem of their combined removal. In this paper, we investigate catalysts, adsorbents and composites for their removal efficiency (RE) toward HCHO and NO2, in the context of creating a pollution control device (PCD). Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry and cavity ring-down spectrometry are used to measure HCHO, and chemiluminescence and absorbance-based monitors for NO2. Commercially available and lab-synthesized materials are tested under relevant conditions. None of the commercial adsorbents are effective for HCHO removal, whereas two metal oxide-based catalysts are highly effective, with REs of 81 ± 4% and 82 ± 1%, an improvement on previous materials tested under similar conditions. The best performing material for combined removal is a novel composite consisting of a noble metal catalyst supported on a metal oxide, combined with a treated active carbon adsorbent. The composite is theorized to work synergistically to physisorb and oxidize HCHO and chemisorb NO2. It has an HCHO RE of 72 ± 2% and an NO2 RE of 96 ± 2%. This material has potential as the active component in PCDs used to reduce personal pollution exposure.
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Liu SH, Lin WX. A simple method to prepare g-C 3N 4-TiO 2/waste zeolites as visible-light-responsive photocatalytic coatings for degradation of indoor formaldehyde. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:468-476. [PMID: 30710775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The indoor air quality should be highly addressed because people spend more time staying in indoor environments. Photocatalytic degradation of indoor pollutants (e.g., formaldehyde) is one of the most promising and environmental friendly technologies. In this work, a heterostructured photocatalyst combining graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), TiO2 and waste zeolites (g-C3N4-TiO2/waste zeolites) is developed by a facile calcination and sol-gel method. The prepared photocatalysts exhibit the superior visible-light-responsive activities toward formaldehyde degradation (k = 0.0127 min-1) which is higher than g-C3N4-TiO2 (k = 0.0123 min-1) and P25 (k = 0.0056 min-1). Over 90% of low-concentration formaldehyde can be oxidized by g-C3N4-TiO2/waste zeolites under a commercial LED light within 300 min. The electron spin resonance spectra indicate that the superoxide radical anions (O2-) photogenerated on the g-C3N4-TiO2/waste zeolites under visible light irradiation are responsible for the decomposition of formaldehyde. The enhancement in the photocatalytic decomposition of formaldehyde in the air is possibly due to the heterojunction between g-C3N4 (the enhanced absorption of visible light) and TiO2 (fast transfer of photogenerated electrons from g-C3N4) as well as assisted adsorption of gas-phase formaldehyde via waste zeolites. This work also exemplifies the valorization of industrial silicate wastes to efficient photocatalytic coatings for indoor air purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Heng Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Xing Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Han KH, Zhang JS, Guo B. Caveats and technical challenges in performance evaluation of activated carbon (AC) and non-AC filtration for NO 2 abatement toward energy-efficient and healthy ventilation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:560-570. [PMID: 30145483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the awareness of public health/safety becomes important and the desire to provide clean/safe indoor air in a sustainable way increases, air filtration technology has become essential at urban built facilities, which are challenged by significant outdoor air pollution due to dense population and heavy traffic. To provide comparable/objective data for designers and professionals of gas-phase filtration equipment in HVAC systems, it is important to understand the performance and characteristics of possible filter medium candidates within a reasonable testing period at low levels of target hazard concentration (typically, ∼0.05 ppm). The present study investigated the 2000-time scale-down evaluation evidence and its behind reasons between practical high-concentration tests (∼100 ppm NO2) and actual low-concentration ones, and investigated potential dangers identified during the study in utilizing activated carbon (AC)-based virgin filter media in indoor applications due to unexpected NO-desorption phenomenon. Six filter media of AC-based and non-AC with different type/pellet/shape/size/target compound were selected and tested for abating NO2 mainly originated outdoors. A multi-channel simultaneous testing system was utilized for similar standard testing conditions. The study findings provide previously unavailable experimental data and new insight into the behavior of widely used filtration media against NO2 for the enhancement of urban resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Han
- Building Energy and Environmental Systems Laboratory (BEESL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA(1).
| | - Jensen S Zhang
- Building Energy and Environmental Systems Laboratory (BEESL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA(1)
| | - Bing Guo
- Building Energy and Environmental Systems Laboratory (BEESL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA(1)
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