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Alanazi S, Hanfi M, Marashdeh MW, Aljaafreh MJ, Mahmoud KA. Evaluating the Effects of Metallic Waste on the Structural and Gamma-Ray Shielding Properties of Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1415. [PMID: 38794608 PMCID: PMC11125337 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the research is to develop novel materials that are both inexpensive and have a low density, while also being able to endure the transportation of γ-photons with low-to-medium energy levels. The outcome consisted of four epoxy resins that were strengthened with different quantities of heavy metallic waste. The density of the formed composites improved from 1.134 ± 0.022 g/cm3 to 1.560 ± 0.0312 g/cm3 when the waste content was raised from 0 to 40 weight percent. The theoretical investigation was determined using Monte Carlo (MCNP) simulation software, and the results of linear attenuation coefficient were justified experimentally in a low and medium energy range of 15-662 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient results in a low gamma energy range (15-122 keV) varied in between 3.175 and 0.159 cm2/g (for E-MW0 composite) and in between 8.212 and 0.164 cm2/g (for E-MW40 composite). The decrease in mass attenuation coefficient was detected in a medium gamma photon energy range (122-662 keV) with 0.123-0.082 cm2/g (for E-MW0 composite) and 0.121-0.080 cm2/g (for E-MW40 composite). The density of the enhanced composites influenced these parameters. As the metallic waste composition increased, the fabricated composites' half-value thickness decreased. At 15 keV, the half-value thickness decreased from 0.19 to 0.05 cm. At 59 keV, it fell from 2.70 to 1.41 cm. At 122 keV, it fell from 3.90 to 2.72 cm. At 662 keV, it fell from 7.45 to 5.56 cm. This decrease occurred as the heavy metal waste concentration increased from 0 to 40 wt.%. The study indicates that as metallic waste concentrations rise, there is a rise in the effective atomic number and a decline in the buildup factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitah Alanazi
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.)
| | - Mohammad Hanfi
- Department of Life Safety, Institute of Fundamental Education, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo 11728, Egypt
| | - Mohammad W. Marashdeh
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.)
| | - Mamduh J. Aljaafreh
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.)
| | - Karem A. Mahmoud
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo 11728, Egypt
- Department of Nuclear Power Plants and Renewable Energy Sources, Ural Power Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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Mahmoud K, Sayyed M, Hashim S, Almuqrin AH, El-Soad A.M A. Impacts of halloysite clay nanoparticles on the structural and γ-ray shielding properties of the epoxy resin. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Almuqrin AH, Kumar A, Prabhu NS, Jecong JFM, Kamath SD, Abu Al-Sayyed MI. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi 2O 3–PbO–CdO–B 2O 3 glass system. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass samples were prepared via melt quenching. The substitution of Bi2O3 for B2O3 resulted in a continuous increase in density from 4.334 to 5.742 g/cm3. The molar volume (V
m) gradually increased from 37.197 to 38.429 cm3/mol when the Bi2O3 level increased from 10 to 25 mol%. With the addition of Bi2O3 from 10 to 25 mol%, Young’s, bulk, shear, and longitudinal modulus reduced from 40.80 to 35.07 GPa, 22.92 to 19.97 GPa, 16.95 to 14.52 GPa, and 45.53 to 39.33 GPa, respectively. These glasses are bendable rather than elongated and can withstand longitudinal stress over shear stress. Radiation protection qualities were investigated using EpiXS software, which is based on the ENDF/B-VIII EPICS2017 library, between 122 and 1275 keV. The mass attenuation coefficients are substantially higher at low energies. The radiation shielding properties of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glasses were improved by replacing B2O3 with Bi2O3. Quantifying this improvement is critical in developing compact radiation shielding employing this glass system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawhara H. Almuqrin
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , P.O. Box 84428 , Riyadh 11671 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Physics, University College, Benra-Dhuri , Punjab 148024 , India
- Department of Physics, Punjabi University , Patiala , Punjab 147002 , India
| | - Nimitha S. Prabhu
- Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576104 , India
| | - Julius Federico M. Jecong
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI) , Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman , Quezon City 1101 , Philippines
| | - Sudha D. Kamath
- Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal 576104 , India
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Zheng X, Li S, Liu B, Zhang L, Ma A. A Study on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Ultrasound-Enhanced Sulfuric Acid Leaching for Zinc Extraction from Zinc Oxide Dust. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5969. [PMID: 36079349 PMCID: PMC9456758 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important secondary zinc resource, large-scale reserves of zinc oxide dust (ZOD) from a wide range of sources is of high comprehensive recycling value. Therefore, an experimental study on ultrasound-enhanced sulfuric acid leaching for zinc extraction from zinc oxide dust was carried out to investigate the effects of various factors such as ultrasonic power, reaction time, sulfuric acid concentration, and liquid-solid ratio on zinc leaching rate. The results show that the zinc leaching rate under ultrasound reached 91.16% at a temperature of 25 °C, ultrasonic power 500 W, sulfuric acid concentration 140 g/L, liquid-solid ratio 5:1, rotating speed 100 r/min, and leaching time 30 min. Compared with the conventional leaching method (leaching rate: 85.36%), the method under ultrasound increased the zinc leaching rate by 5.8%. In a kinetic analysis of the ultrasound-enhanced sulfuric acid leaching of zinc oxide dust, the initial apparent activation energy of the reaction was 6.90 kJ/mol, indicating that the ultrasound-enhanced leaching process was controlled by the mixed solid product layers. Furthermore, the leached residue was characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS, and the results show that, with ultrasonic waves, the encapsulated mineral particles were dissociated, and the dissolution of ZnO was enhanced. Mostly, the zinc in leached residue existed in the forms of ZnFe2O4, Zn2SiO4, and ZnS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zheng
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Bingguo Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kuming 650093, China
| | - Aiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
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Dong M, Zhou S, Xue X, Sayyed M, Tishkevich D, Trukhanov A, Wang C. Study of comprehensive shielding behaviors of chambersite deposit for neutron and gamma ray. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Development of Novel Transparent Radiation Shielding Glasses by BaO Doping in Waste Soda Lime Silica (SLS) Glass. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, BaO was doped in Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SLS glass to develop lead-free radiation shielding glasses and to solve the dark brown of bismuth glass. The melt-quenching method was utilized to fabricate (x) BaO (1 − x)[0.3 ZnO 0.2 Bi2O3 0.2 B2O3 0.3 SLS] (where x are 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mol) at 1200 °C. Soda lime silica glass waste (SLS), which is mostly composed of 74.1% SiO2, was used to obtain SiO2. The mass attenuation coefficient (μm) was investigated utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at 16.61, 17.74, 21.17, and 25.27 keV and narrow beam geometry at 59.54, 662, and 1333 keV. Moreover, the other parameters related to gamma ray shielding properties such as half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Zeff) were computed depending on μm values. The results indicated that HVL and MFP decreased, whereas μm increased with an increase in BaO concentration. According to these results, it can be concluded that BaO doped in Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SLS glass is a nontoxic, transparent to visible light, and a good shielding material against radiation.
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Dong M, Zhou S, Xue X, Feng X, Sayyed M, Khandaker MU, Bradley D. The potential use of boron containing resources for protection against nuclear radiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tashlykov O, Sayyed M, Mahmoud K, Khandaker MU, Bradley D, Vlasova S. Tailor made barium borate doped Bi2O3 glass system for radiological protection. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sayyed M, Askin A, Zaid M, Olukotun S, Khandaker MU, Tishkevich DI, Bradley D. Radiation shielding and mechanical properties of Bi2O3–Na2O–TiO2–ZnO–TeO2 glass system. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Al-Buriahi MS, Sayyed MI, Bantan RAR, Al-Hadeethi Y. Nuclear Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Some Natural Rocks by Using EPICS2017 Library. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4669. [PMID: 34443191 PMCID: PMC8400063 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation leakage is a serious problem in various technological applications. In this paper, radiation shielding characteristics of some natural rocks are elucidated. Mass attenuation coefficients (µ/ρ) of these rocks are obtained at different photon energies with the help of the EPICS2017 library. The obtained µ/ρ values are confirmed via the theoretical XCOM program by determining the correlation factor and relative deviation between both of these methods. Then, effective atomic number (Zeff), absorption length (MFP), and half value layer (HVL) are evaluated by applying the µ/ρ values. The maximum μ/ρ values of the natural rocks were observed at 0.37 MeV. At this energy, the Zeff values of the natural rocks were 16.23, 16.97, 17.28, 10.43, and 16.65 for olivine basalt, jet black granite, limestone, sandstone, and dolerite, respectively. It is noted that the radiation shielding features of the selected natural rocks are higher than that of conventional concrete and comparable with those of commercial glasses. Therefore, the present rocks can be used in various radiation shielding applications, and they have many advantages for being clean and low-cost products. In addition, we found that the EPICS2017 library is useful in determining the radiation shielding parameters for the rocks and may be used for further calculations for other rocks and construction building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad A. R. Bantan
- Department of Marine Geology, Faculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Hila FC, Sayyed MI, Javier-Hila AMV, Jecong JFM. Evaluation of the Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Several Glass Systems Using the EPICS2017 Library. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021; 47:1077-1086. [PMID: 34422544 PMCID: PMC8371038 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the investigation of the Electron–Photon Interaction Cross Sections 2017 (EPICS2017) library on the shielding characteristics of several glasses under various chemical systems is presented. The EPICS2017 library of ENDF/B-VIII was interpolated to calculate the mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of selected glass systems. Results from EPICS2017 have been compared with values from experimental and theoretical methods used to evaluate the photon shielding properties. The EPICS2017 estimations strongly agreed with experimental MAC results. The MAC values from several Monte Carlo codes (Geant4, MCNP4C, MCNP5, and FLUKA) based on EPDL97 or EPDL89 strongly agreed with EPICS2017-based interpolation, within reasonable deviations. The obtained results indicate that EPICS2017 can be used to evaluate the MACs for any glass system in which there are no experimental values available at various photon energies. It was demonstrated that the linear EPICS2017 library can be a considerable tool in future photon shielding research and developments of glass systems, as a recent alternative to the widely used XCOM by NIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. C. Hila
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - A. M. V. Javier-Hila
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - J. F. M. Jecong
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
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Tyagi G, Singhal A, Routroy S, Bhunia D, Lahoti M. Radiation Shielding Concrete with alternate constituents: An approach to address multiple hazards. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124201. [PMID: 33129018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radiation Shielding Concrete (RSC) is a superior alternative to many conventional and modern shields against gamma and neutron radiation hazards. The present work is the first comprehensive review on utilization of alternate materials, emphasizing hazardous industrial byproducts, as constituents of RSC. Such usage enhances the performance, sustainability, and affordability of RSC. Added advantages are the immobilization of wastes and the conservation of natural resources for RSC. The review analyses incorporation of ferrous and non-ferrous slags, mines wastes, plastics, red mud, cathode ray tube's glass, metallic wastes, fly ash, silica fume, and miscellaneous residues. Besides, utilization of fibers, nanoparticles, and calcined clay is investigated. The influence on shielding efficiency is adjudged by scrutinizing changes in parameters such as half-value layer and linear attenuation coefficients. Similarly, variations in mechanical and durability properties are investigated and compared. The underlying responsible factors related to the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of materials and their consequences on RSC's behavior are correlated. In association with alternatives, the advantages, disadvantages, and possible treatment methods are discussed. The country-wise, material-specific, and progressive research trends are revealed to facilitate future work in this upcoming field. Finally, conclusions are drawn with exposition of current bottlenecks and scope of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, 333031, India.
| | - Anupam Singhal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, 333031, India.
| | - Srikanta Routroy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, 333031, India.
| | - Dipendu Bhunia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, 333031, India.
| | - Mukund Lahoti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, 333031, India.
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A.Al-Yousef H, Alotiby M, Kumar A, Alotaibi BM, Alsaif NAM, Sayyed MI, Mahmoud KA, Al-Hadeethi Y. Physical, structural, and gamma ray shielding studies on novel (35+x) PbO-5TeO 2-20Bi 2O 3-(20-x) MgO-20B 2O 3 glasses. JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8041562 DOI: 10.1007/s41779-021-00600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this investigation is to synthesize a novel glass system with a composition (35+x) PbO-5TeO2-20Bi2O3-(20-x) MgO-20B2O3 (where x=0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) by melt quenching method. The confirmation of the amorphous behavior and the presence of the various vibration modes and stretching modes have been analyzed using the XRD and FTIR techniques, respectively. The radiation shielding parameters of these glasses were reported using MCNP5 simulation. The effects of PbO on the MCNP5 parameters were investigated in detail. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was simulated via MCNP5 code, and it was found that the MAC values from MCNP5 all follow the same trend as the XCOM data. The similarity means that the two simulations strongly agree with each other. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was calculated for all the glasses. The glass sample with 55 mol% of the PbO has the greatest LAC at any energy, such as 0.317 at 10 MeV, the lowest investigated energy. From the LAC values, other parameters such as transmission factor (TF), lead equivalent thickness (dlead), and half-value layer (HVL) were reported. The results for the TF of the glasses revealed that the glass systems become more effective as their thickness increases. Glass sample with 35 mol % of the PbO recorded the highest TF at all energies due to its lack of PbO content, such as 15.533% for a thickness of 1 cm and 6.122% for 1.5-cm thickness at 0.3 MeV. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) was also determined, and we found that the glasses with the greater PbO content and least MgO content have the highest RPE. Therefore, based on the RPE values, glasses with the greater PbO are the most effective radiation shield from the investigated glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa A.Al-Yousef
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alotiby
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- University College, Benra, Dhuri, Punjab 148024 India
- Department of Physics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002 India
| | - B. M. Alotaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - N. A. M. Alsaif
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, 11622 Jordan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - K. A. Mahmoud
- Ural Federal University, Mira St., 19, 62002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Y. Al-Hadeethi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Comparison study of photon attenuation characteristics of Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with Pb(NO3)2 by MCNP5 code, XCOM and experimental results. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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