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He L, Chen MJ, Zeng FR, Wang T, Wei-Luo, Fang DX, Guo SQ, Deng C, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Multiple free-radical-trapping and hydrogen-bonding-enhanced polyurethane foams with long-lasting flame retardancy, aging resistance, and toughness. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4462-4471. [PMID: 38967543 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00607k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is a ubiquitous material utilized in furniture cushions, mattresses, and various technical applications. Despite the widespread use, FPUF faces challenges in maintaining long-lasting flame retardancy and aging resistance, particularly in harsh environments, while retaining mechanical robustness. Here, we present a novel approach to address these issues by enhancing FPUF through multiple free-radical-trapping and hydrogen-bonding mechanisms. A hindered amine phosphorus-containing polyol (DTAP) was designed and chemically introduced into FPUF. The distinctive synergy between hindered amine and phosphorus-containing structures enables the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds with urethane, while also effectively capturing free radicals across a broad temperature spectrum. As a result, incorporating only 5.1 wt% of DTAP led to the material successfully passing vertical burning tests and witnessing notable enhancements in tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength. Even after enduring accelerated thermal aging for 168 hours, the foam maintained exceptional flame retardancy and mechanical properties. This study offers novel insights into material enhancement, simultaneously achieving outstanding long-lasting flame retardancy, toughness, and anti-aging performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
| | - Fu-Rong Zeng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
| | - Wei-Luo
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
| | - Dan-Xuan Fang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Shuai-Qi Guo
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cong Deng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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Zhu Y, Wu W, Xu T, Xu H, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Ma Y, Sui X, Wang B, Feng X, Mao Z. Preparation and characterization of polyphosphazene-based flame retardants with different functional groups. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Vincent T, Vincent C, Dumazert L, Otazaghine B, Sonnier R, Guibal E. Fire behavior of innovative alginate foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116910. [PMID: 33049885 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new biosourced composite foam (AF, associating foamed alginate matrix and orange peel filler) is successfully tested for fire-retardant properties. This material having similar thermal insulating properties and density than fire-retardant polyurethane foam (FR-PUF, a commercial product) shows promising enhanced properties for flame retardancy, as assessed by different methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and a newly designed apparatus called RAPACES for investigating large-scale samples. All these methods confirm the promising properties of this alternative material in terms of fire protection (pHRR, THR, EHC, time-to-ignition, flame duration or production of residue), especially for heat flux not exceeding 50 kW m-2. At higher heat flux (i.e., 75 kW m-2), flame retardant properties tend to decrease but maintain at a higher level than FR-PUF. The investigation of the effect of AF thickness shows that the critical thickness (CT) is close to 1.5-1.7 cm: heat diffusion and material combustion are limited to the CT layer that protects the underlying layers from combustion. A multiplicity of factors can explain this behavior, such as: (a) negligible heat conduction, (b) low heat of combustion, (c) charring formation, and (d) water release. Water being released from underlying layers, dilutes the gases emitted during the combustion of superficial layers and promotes the flame extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Chloë Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Eric Guibal
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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Chen MJ, Lazar S, Kolibaba TJ, Shen R, Quan Y, Wang Q, Chiang HC, Palen B, Grunlan JC. Environmentally Benign and Self-Extinguishing Multilayer Nanocoating for Protection of Flammable Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49130-49137. [PMID: 33064444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most current flame-retardant nanocoatings for flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) consist of passive barriers, such as clay, graphene oxide, or metal hydroxide. In an effort to develop a polymeric and environmentally benign nanocoating for PUF, positively charged chitosan (CH) and anionic sodium hexametaphosphate (PSP) were deposited using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Only six bilayers of CH/PSP film can withstand flame penetration during exposure to a butane torch (∼1400 °C) for 10 s and stop flame spread on the foam. Additionally, cone calorimetry reveals that the fire growth rate, peak heat release rate, and maximum average rate of heat emission are reduced by 55, 43, and 38%, respectively, compared with uncoated foam. This multilayer thin film quickly dehydrates to form an intumescent charred exoskeleton on the surface of the open-celled structure of polyurethane, inhibiting heat transfer and completely eliminating melt dripping. This entirely polymeric nanocoating provides a safe and effective alternative for reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foam that is widely used for cushioning and insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, 9999 Hongguang Road, Chengdu 610039, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Thomas J Kolibaba
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yufeng Quan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hsu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bethany Palen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Zhang H, Zhou H, Sun G, Zhang L, Sun L, Chen R, Wang J, Han S. Easily route to control density of polyimide foams and impact on mechanical and combustion behaviors. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20943111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide foams (PIFs) with different density are rapidly formed basing on water foaming technology of multi-anhydride and multi-isocyanate system in airtight mold. Density of PIFs is controlled by easily route that regulate the ratio of main components total mass and mold cavity volume. Polyimide proportion of PIFs of different series is adjusted by refilled multi-anhydride method. Analyses curves show that density exerts minimal effect on molecular structure of PIFs in the same series. In all series, cellular shapes gradually change from polyhedral to spherical and cellular skeletons become thicker and thicker with the increasing of PIFs density, and the increase in density leads to an obviously enhancement in mechanical properties, including a nearly 300% increase in compression strength, and compression modulus shows an approximately linear growth trend with an increase rate of 6–8 Pa/g. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) curves show that the density of foams makes slight effect on the molecular structure of the matrix resin in the same series. In all series, flame retardance is also improved with increase in foam density because of the thicker char layer, especially inflected by obviously decrease in peak of heat release rate (PHRR) curves and peak of smoke production rate (PSPR), but increase in limiting oxygen index (LOI) value is only 1–4%. Meanwhile, the effect of density on combustion behavior decrease with the increase in polyimide proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hengyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Gaohui Sun
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Liu Zhang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Longxiang Sun
- TREESSUN Institute of Research and Development, Huzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shihui Han
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, PR China
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Xu W, Chen R, Du Y, Wang G. Design water-soluble phenolic/zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 flame retardant coating via layer-by-layer assembly technology: Enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cheng J, Ma D, Li S, Qu W, Wang D. Preparation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and Their Application as Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression Agent for Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020347. [PMID: 32033455 PMCID: PMC7077485 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to reduce the fire risk of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF), three kinds of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were prepared. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that ZIFs were successfully prepared. The combustion test results showed that the heat and smoke production of the composite containing ZIFs was obviously reduced. In particular, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of ZIF-8/RPUF decreased from 740.85 kW/m2 (Ref. RPUF) to 489.56 kW/m2, while the PHRR of ZIF-7/RPUF and ZIF-11/RPUF is 598.39 and 583.36 kW/m2, respectively. The addition of ZIFs improved the thermostability of the composite. The T50% of ZIF-8/RPUF, ZIF-7/RPUF and ZIF-11/RPUF increased to 364, 382 and 380 °C, respectively. The maximum light absorption of ZIF-7/RPUF and ZIF-11/RPUF was about 88%, which is higher than that of ZIF-8/RPUF (75%). The results of Raman spectroscopy showed that the ID/IG value of Ref. RPUF is 2.96, while the ID/IG value of ZIFs/RPUF reduces to less than 2.80. The main mechanism of ZIFs for reducing the fire risk of RPUF was the catalysis and incarbonization of ZIFs during combustion based on the results of thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy of char residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Cheng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (D.M.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Dan Ma
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (D.M.)
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (D.M.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Wenjuan Qu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (D.M.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (D.M.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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