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Multivariate Analysis Applied to Microwave-Driven Cyanide Polymerization: A Statistical View of a Complex System. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020410. [PMID: 36679288 PMCID: PMC9866860 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, chemometrics was applied to the recently reported microwave-driven cyanide polymerization. Fast, easy, robust, low-cost, and green-solvent processes are characteristic of these types of reactions. These economic and environmental benefits, originally inspired by the constraints imposed by plausible prebiotic synthetic conditions, have taken advantage of the development of a new generation of HCN-derived multifunctional materials. HCN-derived polymers present tunable properties by temperature and reaction time. However, the apparently random behavior observed in the evolution of cyanide polymerizations, assisted by microwave radiation over time at different temperatures, leads us to study this highly complex system using multivariate analytical tools to have a proper view of the system. Two components are sufficient to explain between 84 and 98% of the total variance in the data in all principal component analyses. In addition, two components explain more than 91% of the total variance in the data in the case of principal component analysis for categorical data. These consistent statistical results indicate that microwave-driven polymerization is a more robust process than conventional thermal syntheses but also that plausible prebiotic chemistry in alkaline subaerial environments could be more complex than in the aerial part of these systems, presenting a clear example of the "messy chemistry" approach of interest in the research about the origins of life. In addition, the methodology discussed herein could be useful for the data analysis of extraterrestrial samples and for the design of soft materials, in a feedback view between prebiotic chemistry and materials science.
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Gao Q, Zhu Q, Zheng J, Yuan S, Wang Y, Zhao R, Liu Y, Gui X, Wang C, Volodine A, Jin P, Van der Bruggen B. Positively charged membranes for dye/salt separation based on a crossover combination of Mannich reaction and prebiotic chemistry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129744. [PMID: 35969956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of increasingly loose nanofiltration membranes for dye desalination, synthesis methods based on interfacial polymerization and bio-inspired materials such as polydopamine (pDA) have been investigated. However, the long polymerization time of pDA greatly limits the synthesis and application of fast dye/salt separation membranes. In this work, prebiotic chemistry-inspired aminomalononitrile (AMN) was used as a binder to co-deposit the Mannich reaction of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form the positively charged selective layer rapidly. The optimum membrane had a water permeance of 30.7 LMH bar-1 and a rejection of positively charged Victoria blue B (VBB, 200 ppm) and Na2SO4 (1 g/L) of 99.5 % and 9.9 %, respectively. Moreover, the results of a practical application test showed that it had excellent separation performance towards various positively charged dyes and salts. In addition, the actual application test results show that the membrane has good long-term stability during application. In terms of antifouling and antibacterial, the membrane has excellent antibacterial and antifouling properties., Further antibacterial tests were carried out, and the inactivation effect of the membrane on E. coli was also confirmed. The preparation method proposed in this work provides technical support for developing new dye/salt separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qieyuan Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; National Engineering Research Centre of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingjuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Junfeng Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shushan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiahui Gui
- National Engineering Research Centre of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Volodine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pengrui Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ruiz-Bermejo M, García-Armada P, Valles P, de la Fuente JL. Semiconducting Soft Submicron Particles from the Microwave-Driven Polymerization of Diaminomaleonitrile. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173460. [PMID: 36080535 PMCID: PMC9460857 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymers based on diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN polymers) are a special group within an extensive set of complex substances, namely HCN polymers (DAMN is the formal tetramer of the HCN), which currently present a growing interest in materials science. Recently, the thermal polymerizability of DAMN has been reported, both in an aqueous medium and in bulk, offering the potential for the development of capacitors and biosensors, respectively. In the present work, the polymerization of this plausible prebiotic molecule has been hydrothermally explored using microwave radiation (MWR) via the heating of aqueous DAMN suspensions at 170–190 °C. In this way, polymeric submicron particles derived from DAMN were obtained for the first time. The structural, thermal decomposition, and electrochemical properties were also deeply evaluated. The redox behavior was characterized from DMSO solutions of these highly conjugated macromolecular systems and their potential as semiconductors was described. As a result, new semiconducting polymeric submicron particles were synthetized using a very fast, easy, highly robust, and green-solvent process. These results show a new example of the great potential of the polymerization assisted by MWR associated with the HCN-derived polymers, which has a dual interest both in chemical evolution and as functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Bermejo
- Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915206458
| | - Pilar García-Armada
- Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Valles
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial “Esteban Terradas” (INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. de la Fuente
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial “Esteban Terradas” (INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
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Pérez-Fernández C, Valles P, González-Toril E, Mateo-Martí E, de la Fuente JL, Ruiz-Bermejo M. Tuning the Morphology in the Nanoscale of NH 4CN Polymers Synthesized by Microwave Radiation: A Comparative Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:57. [PMID: 35012081 PMCID: PMC8747084 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic study is presented to explore the NH4CN polymerization induced by microwave (MW) radiation, keeping in mind the recent growing interest in these polymers in material science. Thus, a first approach through two series, varying the reaction times and the temperatures between 130 and 205 °C, was conducted. As a relevant outcome, using particular reaction conditions, polymer conversions similar to those obtained by means of conventional thermal methods were achieved, with the advantage of a very significant reduction of the reaction times. The structural properties of the end products were evaluated using compositional data, spectroscopic measurements, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, based on the principal component analysis (PCA) from the main experimental results collected, practically only the crystallographic features and the morphologies in the nanoscale were affected by the MW-driven polymerization conditions with respect to those obtained by classical syntheses. Therefore, MW radiation allows us to tune the morphology, size and shape of the particles from the bidimensional C=N networks which are characteristic of the NH4CN polymers by an easy, fast, low-cost and green-solvent production. These new insights make these macromolecular systems attractive for exploration in current soft-matter science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pérez-Fernández
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (C.P.-F.); (E.G.-T.); (E.M.-M.)
| | - Pilar Valles
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial “Esteban Terradas” (INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (P.V.); (J.L.d.l.F.)
| | - Elena González-Toril
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (C.P.-F.); (E.G.-T.); (E.M.-M.)
| | - Eva Mateo-Martí
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (C.P.-F.); (E.G.-T.); (E.M.-M.)
| | - José Luis de la Fuente
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial “Esteban Terradas” (INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (P.V.); (J.L.d.l.F.)
| | - Marta Ruiz-Bermejo
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain; (C.P.-F.); (E.G.-T.); (E.M.-M.)
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Pérez-Fernández C, Ruiz-Bermejo M, Gálvez-Martínez S, Mateo-Martí E. An XPS study of HCN-derived films on pyrite surfaces: a prebiotic chemistry standpoint towards the development of protective coatings. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20109-20117. [PMID: 35479901 PMCID: PMC9033743 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the effect of mineral surfaces on increasing molecular complexity has been considered a major issue in studies about the origin of life. In contrast, herein, the effects of organic films derived from cyanide over an important prebiotic mineral, pyrite, are considered. An XPS spectroscopy study was carried out to understand the surface chemistry of the HCN-derived polymer/pyrite system. As a result, the simulation of a plausible prebiotic alkaline hydrothermal environment led to the identification of an NH4CN-based film with protective corrosion properties that immediately prevented the oxidation of the highly reactive pyrite surface. In addition, the effect of coating with antioxidant properties was preserved over a relatively long time, and the polymeric film was very stable under ambient conditions. These results increase the great potential of HCN polymers for development as a cheap and easily produced new class of multifunctional polymeric materials that also show promising and attractive insights into prebiotic chemistry. Alkaline hydrothermal environment led to a NH4CN-based film with protective corrosion properties on the highly reactive pyrite surface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pérez-Fernández
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Dpto. Evolución Molecular Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz 28850 Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Bermejo
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Dpto. Evolución Molecular Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz 28850 Madrid Spain
| | - Santos Gálvez-Martínez
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Dpto. Evolución Molecular Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz 28850 Madrid Spain
| | - Eva Mateo-Martí
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Dpto. Evolución Molecular Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz 28850 Madrid Spain
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Hortelano C, Ruiz-Bermejo M, de la Fuente JL. Solid-state polymerization of diaminomaleonitrile: Toward a new generation of conjugated functional materials. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Abstract
HCN-derived polymers are a heterogeneous group of complex substances synthesized from pure HCN; from its salts; from its oligomers, specifically its trimer and tetramer, amino-nalono-nitrile (AMN) and diamino-maleo-nitrile (DAMN), respectively; or from its hydrolysis products, such as formamide, under a wide range of experimental conditions. The characteristics and properties of HCN-derived polymers depend directly on the synthetic conditions used for their production and, by extension, their potential applications. These puzzling systems have been known mainly in the fields of prebiotic chemistry and in studies on the origins of life and astrobiology since the first prebiotic production of adenine by Oró in the early years of the 1960s. However, the first reference regarding their possible role in prebiotic chemistry was mentioned in the 19th century by Pflüger. Currently, HCN-derived polymers are considered keys in the formation of the first and primeval protometabolic and informational systems, and they may be among the most readily formed organic macromolecules in the solar system. In addition, HCN-derived polymers have attracted a growing interest in materials science due to their potential biomedical applications as coatings and adhesives; they have also been proposed as valuable models for multifunctional materials with emergent properties such as semi-conductivity, ferroelectricity, catalysis and photocatalysis, and heterogeneous organo-synthesis. However, the real structures and the formation pathways of these fascinating substances have not yet been fully elucidated; several models based on either computational approaches or spectroscopic and analytical techniques have endeavored to shed light on their complete nature. In this review, a comprehensive perspective of HCN-derived polymers is presented, taking into account all the aspects indicated above.
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9
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Abstract
In recent years major advances in surface chemistry and surface functionalization have been performed through the development, most often inspired by living organisms, of versatile methodologies. Among those, the contact of substrates with aminomalononitrile (AMN) containing solutions at pH = 8.5 allows a conformal coating to be deposited on the surface of all known classes of material. Since AMN is a molecule probably formed in the early atmosphere of our planet and since HCN-based compounds have been detected on many comets and Titan (Saturn’s largest moon) it is likely that such molecules will open a large avenue in surface functionalization mostly for bio-applications. This mini review describes the state of the art of AMN-based coatings from their deposition kinetics, composition, chemical reactivity, hypothetical structure to their first applications as biomaterials. Finally, the AMN-based versatile coatings are compared to other kinds of versatile coating based on catecholamines and polyphenols.
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Hortal L, Pérez-Fernández C, de la Fuente JL, Valles P, Mateo-Martí E, Ruiz-Bermejo M. A dual perspective on the microwave-assisted synthesis of HCN polymers towards the chemical evolution and design of functional materials. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22350. [PMID: 33339853 PMCID: PMC7749158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the first study on NH4CN polymerization induced by microwave radiation is described, where a singular kinetic behaviour, especially when this reaction is conducted in the absence of air, is found. As a result, a complex conjugated N-heterocyclic polymer system is obtained, whose properties are very different, and even improved according to morphological features, characterized by their X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy analysis, with respect to those produced under conventional thermal treatment. In addition, a wide variety of relevant bioorganics have been identified, such as amino acids, nucleobases, co-factors, etc., from the synthetized NH4CN polymers. These particular families of polymers are of high interest in the fields of astrobiology and prebiotic chemistry and, more recently, in the development of smart multifunctional materials. From an astrobiological perspective, microwave-driven syntheses may simulate hydrothermal environments, which are considered ideal niches for increasing organic molecular complexity, and eventually as scenarios for an origin of life. From an industrial point of view and for potential applications, a microwave irradiation process leads to a notable decrease in the reaction times, and tune the properties of these new series macromolecular systems. The characteristics found for these materials encourage the development of further systematic research on this alternative HCN polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Hortal
- Dpto. Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Pérez-Fernández
- Dpto. Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L de la Fuente
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial "Esteban Terradas" (INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Valles
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial "Esteban Terradas" (INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Mateo-Martí
- Dpto. Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Bermejo
- Dpto. Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. Torrejón-Ajalvir, km 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.
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Liao TY, Easton CD, Thissen H, Tsai WB. Aminomalononitrile-Assisted Multifunctional Antibacterial Coatings. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3349-3360. [PMID: 33463165 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medical device associated infections remain a significant problem for all classes of devices at this point in time. Here, we have developed a surface modification technique to fabricate multifunctional coatings that combine antifouling and antimicrobial properties. Zwitterionic polymers providing antifouling properties and quaternary ammonium containing polymers providing antimicrobial properties were combined in these coatings. Throughout this study, aminomalononitrile (AMN) was used to achieve one-step coatings incorporating different polymers. The characterization of coatings was carried out using static water contact angle (WCA) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas the biological response in vitro was analyzed using Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli as well as L929 fibroblast cells. Zwitterionic polymers synthesized from sulfobetaine methacrylate and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate were demonstrated to reduce bacterial attachment when incorporated in AMN assisted coatings. However, bacteria in suspension were not affected by this approach. On the other hand, alkylated polyethylenimine polymers, synthesized to provide quaternary ammonium groups, were demonstrated to have contact killing properties when incorporated in AMN assisted coatings. However, the high bacterial attachment observed on these surfaces may be detrimental in applications requiring longer-term bactericidal activity. Therefore, AMN-assisted coatings containing both quaternary and zwitterionic polymers were fabricated. These multifunctional coatings were demonstrated to significantly reduce the number of live bacteria not only on the modified surfaces, but also in suspension. This approach is expected to be of interest in a range of biomedical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ying Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei-Bor Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 1, Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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