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Wang K, Xiao X, Liu Z, Wang J, Zhu X, Wu E, Higgins CP, Chen B. Nontarget Discovery of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Sulfonyl Halides in Soils by Integration of Derivatization and Specific Fragment-Based Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10287-10297. [PMID: 38805641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Though long recognized as synthetic precursors to other poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), most poly- and perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl halides (PASXs) cannot be directly measured and have generally received minimal attention. Inspired by the redox reaction between sulfonyl halide groups and p-toluenethiol in organic chemistry, we developed a novel nontarget analysis strategy for PASXs by intergrating derivatization and specific fragment-based liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry screening for m/z 82.961 [SO2F-] and m/z 95.934 [S2O2-]. By using this strategy, we discovered 11 PASXs, namely, perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl fluorides (5), polyfluoroalkyl sulfonyl fluorides (2), unsaturated perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl fluoride (1), and perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl chlorides (3) in soil samples collected from an abandoned fluorochemical manufacturing park. These average ∑PASXs concentrations were 1120 μg kg-1 (range: 9.7-9860 μg kg-1), which were very likely to be the key intermediates and undesired byproducts of electrochemical fluorination processes. Spatial variation in the mass ratio of ∑PASXs to ∑PFSAs (range: 0.7-795%) also indicates their different transportation pathways. More importantly, the decline of PASXs and increase of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (when compared to a prior study at this site) suggest the continued hydrolysis of PASXs and the relatively fast environmental transformation rates in the abandoned fluorochemical park soils. Overall, these findings demonstrated the utility of a novel nontarget analysis strategy, which may change most PASXs from inferred precursors to measured intermediates and further could be adapted for structures, distribution, and transformation studies of PFASXs in other matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific & Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Enhui Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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Bao M, Feng H, Zheng Y, Luo H, Sun C, Pan Y. Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonyl Fluoride and Perfluorohexane Sulfonyl Fluoride in Soil by Chemical Derivatization and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4180-4186. [PMID: 36848521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) and perfluorohexane sulfonyl fluoride (PFHxSF) were listed as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and 2022, respectively. To date, their concentrations in environmental samples have not been reported due to the lack of sensitive methods. Herein, a novel chemical derivatization was developed for quantitative analysis of trace PFOSF and PFHxSF in soil by derivatizing them to the corresponding perfluoroalkane sulfinic acids. The method showed good linearity in the range from 25 to 500 ng L-1 with correlation coefficients (R2) better than 0.99. The detection limit of PFOSF in soil was 0.066 ng g-1 with recoveries in the range of 96-111%. Meanwhile, the detection limit of PFHxSF was 0.072 ng g-1 with recoveries in the range of 72-89%. Simultaneously, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) were also detected accurately without being affected by the derivative reaction. By applying this method in an abandoned fluorochemical manufacturing facility, PFOSF and PFHxSF were successfully detected at concentrations ranging from 2.7 to 357 ng g-1 and 0.23 to 26 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. It is very interesting that 2 years after factory relocation, there still exists high concentrations of PFOSF and PFHxSF, which is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiwei Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
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Dickman RA, Aga DS. A review of recent studies on toxicity, sequestration, and degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129120. [PMID: 35643010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The fate, effects, and treatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), an anthropogenic class of chemicals used in industrial and commercial production, are topics of great interest in recent research and news cycles. This interest stems from the ubiquity of PFAS in the global environment as well as their significant toxicological effects in humans and wildlife. Research on toxicity, sequestration, removal, and degradation of PFAS has grown rapidly, leading to a flood of valuable knowledge that can get swamped out in the perpetual rise in the number of publications. Selected papers from the Journal of Hazardous Materials between January 2018 and May 2022 on the toxicity, sequestration, and degradation of PFAS are reviewed in this article and made available as open-access publications for one year, in order to facilitate the distribution of critical knowledge surrounding PFAS. This review discusses routes of toxicity as observed in mammalian and cellular models, and the observed human health effects in exposed communities. Studies that evaluate of toxicity through in-silico approaches are highlighted in this paper. Removal of PFAS through modified carbon sorbents, nanoparticles, and anion exchange materials are discussed while comparing treatment efficiencies for different classes of PFAS. Finally, various biotic and abiotic degradation techniques, and the pathways and mechanisms involved are reviewed to provide a better understanding on the removal efficiencies and cost effectiveness of existing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Dickman
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States.
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Weber EJ, Tebes-Stevens C, Washington JW, Gladstone R. Development of a PFAS reaction library: identifying plausible transformation pathways in environmental and biological systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:689-753. [PMID: 35485941 PMCID: PMC9361427 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00445j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in many consumer applications due to their stain repellency, surfactant properties, ability to form water-proof coatings and use in fire suppression. The production, application, transport, use and disposal of PFAS and PFAS-treated products have resulted in their wide-spread occurrence in environmental and biological systems. Concern over exposure to PFAS and their transformation products and metabolites has necessitated the development of tools to predict the transformation of PFAS in environmental systems and metabolism in biological systems. We have developed reaction libraries for predicting transformation products and metabolites in a variety of environmental and biological reaction systems. These reaction libraries are based on generalized reaction schemes that encode the process science of PFAS reported in the peer-reviewed literature. The PFAS reaction libraries will be executed through the Chemical Transformation Simulator, a web-based tool that is available to the public. These reaction libraries are intended for predicting the environmental transformation and metabolism of PFAS only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Weber
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
| | - Caroline Tebes-Stevens
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
| | - John W Washington
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
| | - Rachel Gladstone
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Hosted at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Jiang L, Lu C, Huang Z, Liu B. Prospects for the Role of Ferroptosis in Fluorosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:773055. [PMID: 34950051 PMCID: PMC8688990 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As a strong oxidant, fluorine can induce oxidative stress resulting in cellular damage. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent type of cell death caused by unrestricted lipid peroxidation (LPO) and subsequent plasma membrane rupture. This article indicated a relationship between fluorosis and ferroptosis. Evidence of the depletion of glutathione (GSH) and increased oxidized GSH can be found in a variety of organisms in high fluorine environments. Studies have shown that high fluoride levels can reduce the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant enzymes, while increasing the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), resulting in oxidative stress and fluoride-induced oxidative stress, which are related to iron metabolism disorders. Excessive fluorine causes insufficient GSH, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) inhibition, and oxidative stress, resulting in ferroptosis, which may play an important role in the occurrence and development of fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialong Wu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenkang Lu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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