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Xie S, Yang B, Li S, Ge L, Li M, Chen Q, Qing X, Zou J. Generation and application of a novel transgenic zebrafish line Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) as an in vivo assay to sensitive and specific monitoring of DLCs in the environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115471. [PMID: 37729807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
CYP1A is the most commonly used biomarker and transgenic fish which carrying a cyp1a promoter to drive a reporter gene can be used as reliable way to monitor dioxin/dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the environment. Here, we cloned the cyp1a promoter of Gambusia affinis and this promoter showed stronger transcriptional activity than that of zebrafish. Then, a Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) transgenic zebrafish line was first constructed with the G. affinis cyp1a promoter driving eGFP expression using meganuclease I-SceI mediated transgenesis technology. The Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) larvae at 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) were tested by exposing to TCDD for 72 h, and induced GFP was mainly expressed in the liver with low background. The Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) zebrafish showed high sensitivity (limit of detection of 0.322 ng/L TCDD and 0.7 TEQ-ng/L PCDD/Fs) and specificity (insensitive to responses to PAHs and PCBs). In addition, the transgenic line showed a low detection concentration of the DLCs contaminated environmental samples (as low as 1.8 TEQ-ng/L), and the eGFP fluorescence intensity and the chemical-TEQ values were closely correlated. In conclusion, a sensitively and specifically transgenic zebrafish line was established to convenient and effective to detect DLCs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Siying Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Liangjun Ge
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qingshi Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xian Qing
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Xie S, Feng Y, Zhou A, Lu Z, JixingZou. Comparative analysis of two new zebrafish models: The cyp1a low-expression line and cyp1a knockout line under PAHs exposure. Gene 2023; 869:147391. [PMID: 36966979 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) is an important enzyme family involved in the metabolism of pollutants, and used as a biomarker to monitor environmental pollution. In this study, a fluorescence-labeled cyp1a zebrafish line, named as KI (cyp1a+/+-T2A-mCherry) (KICM), was originally constructed to monitor dioxin-like compounds in the environment. However, the cyp1a gene expression in the KICM line was inhibited by the fluorescence labeling, thus leading to a significantly increased sensitivity of KICM zebrafish line to PAHs. Then, a cyp1a knockout zebrafish line, named KOC, were constructed for comparative analysis with the cyp1a low-expression line. Interestingly, knockout of the cyp1a gene did not increase the sensitivity of zebrafish to PAHs as significantly as the cyp1a low-expression line. So, the expression levels of related genes in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway were analyzed and the results showed that the expression level of cyp1b in KOC group was significantly higher than that of wild type and KICM under the same PAH exposure. This indicated that the effect of losing cyp1a was compensated by inducing expression of cyp1b. In conclusion, two new zebrafish models including cyp1a low-expression line and cyp1a knockout line were constructed in this study, which may provide a convenient model for subsequent studies on the toxicity mechanism of PAHs and the role of cyp1a in detoxification.
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Zhou Y, Zhu K, Wang Q, Chen M, He C, Yang C, Zuo Z. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist diuron and its metabolites cause reproductive disorders in male marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135388. [PMID: 35718029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diuron, a widely used phenylurea herbicide, has been frequently detected in marine organism and seawater all over the world. But the understanding of potential damage of diuron on reproduction in marine fish is currently not enough. Herein, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were continuously exposed to 0, 5, 50, 500, and 5000 ng/L diuron from embryo (0 dpf) to adult (180 dpf) stage. The results suggested that diuron had an adverse influence on male reproduction for marine medaka, including decreased gonado somatic index, histological changes of testes, decreased mobility of sperm, and reduced fecundity through disrupting the balance of sex hormone and genes expression related to hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis. The reduced fecundity was reflected in abnormal sexual behaviors, further inhibited growth and development of F1 embryo and larvae. Moreover, the proportion of diuron metabolites (DCPMU and DCPU) was increased in fish, but the proportion of diuron was decreased with the increasing of exposure concentration. Diuron, DCPMU, and DCPU was identified as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist (AhR) agonist using in silico and in vivo models. DCPMU and DCPU induced the gene expression of AhR signaling and metabolizing enzymes (such as cyp1a1) in the livers. A great deal of major metabolites affected various organs related to HPGL axis of male marine medaka and led to serious reproductive disorders. Consequently, it reveals that long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of diuron and even AhR agonist pesticides pose a potential ecological risk for marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Kongyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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Bao Y, Zhou Y, Tang R, Yao Y, Zuo Z, Yang C. Parental diuron exposure causes lower hatchability and abnormal ovarian development in offspring of medaka (Oryzias melastigma). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 244:106106. [PMID: 35131552 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diuron is one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide. It has been widely detected in various aquatic environments, especially in marine ecosystems. Although direct effects of diuron exposure on various organisms have been reported, little is known about its effects on marine fishes including multigenerational effects. Herein, the filial generation (F1) of diuron-exposed marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) (F0) was raised in clean seawater from fertilized eggs to adulthood and used as a marine fish model to study the potential multigenerational effects of diuron. We found that the successful hatching of F1 larvae was significantly reduced and that ovarian development in F1 females was retarded. A significant increase in the percentage of previtellogenic oocytes, along with a visual decrease in the percentage of vitellogenic and mature oocytes in the F1 ovary, were observed. The hormone levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad-liver axis and vitellogenin-related transcription were downregulated. In addition, the mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase in the brain, ovary and liver of F1 adult fish exhibited significant upregulation, suggesting that the probable underlying multigenerational mechanism might be associated with epigenetic modifications. Taken together, these results demonstrated that chronic environmental diuron exposure in F0 marine medaka can inhibit F1 ovary development and suggested that diuron may affect marine fish thriving in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Bao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yixi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ruiyao Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanling Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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Zhou Y, Zhao X, Hu W, Ruan F, He C, Huang J, Zuo Z. Acute and subacute oral toxicity of propylene glycol enantiomers in mice and the underlying nephrotoxic mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118050. [PMID: 34461418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG; 1,2-propanediol) has been commonly used as a food additive and vehicle in pharmaceutical preparations. PG can form rectus (R-) enantiomers and sinister (S-) enantiomers. Herein, Kunming mice were used as the animal model to evaluate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG (1:1 racemic mixture of R-PG and S-PG). The median lethal doses of R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG administered by oral gavage to mice were 22.81 g/kg, 26.62 g/kg and 24.92 g/kg, respectively. In the 28-day oral subacute toxicity study, the body weight, organ weights, serum biochemical, and renal histology were examined. There was no difference in subacute toxicity among R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG. The administration of 1 and 5 g/kg/day PG for 28 days caused nephrotoxicity. The kidney somatic index and levels of blood urea nitrogen exhibited a significant increase. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased after the treatment with PG. The levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 significantly increased in the kidney. The results show that the nephrotoxic effects of PG are induced by oxidative stress, and the activation of the inflammatory response is mediated by the NF-κB signaling pathway. Together, these findings provide information on R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG treatments for the risk assessment of toxicity and effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiang'an Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xijing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiang'an Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiang'an Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Fengkai Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiang'an Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiang'an Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jiyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiang'an Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiang'an Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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Chen YN, Bian WP, Liu L, Chen X, Tang M, Pei DS. Generation of a novel transgenic marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) for highly sensitive detection of heavy metals in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126382. [PMID: 34218191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As typic priority pollutants in the marine environment, heavy metals can be accumulated in the human body leading to serious environmental and health problems. The metal regulatory elements (MREs) have been identified to be the main functional parts for the response to heavy metals. To develop a convenient biological monitoring tool for the detection of heavy metals in the oceans, we generated a transgenic marine medaka line Tg(OmMT: eGFP) with a truncated metallothionein promoter, which was only 193 bp and drove the expression of eGFP. After Tg(OmMT:eGFP) embryos were treated with four different heavy metals and different concentrations, the results showed that the expression level of eGFP was consistent with that of the endogenous mt. The transgenic embryos are very sensitive to Hg2+, and the fluorescence could be induced in the 0.0002 μM concentration, which is far lower than the primary water standard. The expression level of eGFP and mt showed a dose-dependent manner to heavy metals concentration. Taken together, the newly established marine medaka is a sensitive, efficient, and convenient tool for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the environment, especially seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Li Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Min Tang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Zhou Y, Han X, Bao Y, Zhu Z, Huang J, Yang C, He C, Zuo Z. Chronic exposure to environmentally realistic levels of diuron impacts the behaviour of adult marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105917. [PMID: 34333370 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diuron, a commonly used herbicide and antifouling biocide, has been frequently detected in seawater. The effects of diuron on fish behaviour are currently poorly understood. Herein, the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) was continuously exposed to environmentally realistic levels of diuron from the fertilised egg stage to the adult stage. Behavioural evaluation of adult marine medaka indicated that exposure to diuron increased anxiety in the light-dark test and increased predator avoidance. In addition, diuron exposure significantly reduced aggression, social interaction, shoaling, and learning and memory ability. However, only negligible variations in foraging behaviour and in behaviour in the novel tank test were observed. Marine medaka chronically exposed to diuron also showed decreased levels of dopamine in the brain, and changes were observed in the transcription of genes related to dopamine synthesis, degradation and receptors. Exposure to 5000 ng/L diuron caused significant downregulation of the expression of the genes of tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase and significantly upregulated the expression of the genes of the D5 dopaminergic receptor. The relative expression of the D4 dopaminergic receptor was significantly upregulated in the 50, 500 and 5000 ng/L diuron-treated groups. These findings highlight the significant neurotoxic effects of diuron and the extent to which this may involve the dopaminergic system of the brain. More broadly, this study reveals the ecological risk associated with environmentally realistic levels of diuron in marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yuanyuan Bao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zihan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiali Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Shen C, Zuo Z. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an excellent vertebrate model for the development, reproductive, cardiovascular, and neural and ocular development toxicity study of hazardous chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43599-43614. [PMID: 32970263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the type of chemicals has gradually increased all over the world, and many of these chemicals may have a potentially toxic effect on human health. The zebrafish, as an excellent vertebrate model, is increasingly used for assessing chemical toxicity and safety. This review summarizes the efficacy of zebrafish as a model for the study of developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and ocular developmental toxicity of hazardous chemicals, and the transgenic zebrafish as biosensors are used to detect the environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China.
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Biochemical Constituent of Ginkgo biloba (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka ( Oryzias javanicus) Model. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:8815313. [PMID: 33029137 PMCID: PMC7530487 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8815313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathophysiological changes leading to the death of nerve cells present in the brain and spinal cord are referred to as neurodegenerative diseases. Presently, treatment of these diseases is not effective and encounters many challenges due to the cost of drug and side effects. Thus, the search for the alternative agents to replace synthetic drugs is in high demand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the anticholinesterase properties of Ginkgo biloba seed. Methods The seed was extracted with 80% methanol. Toxicity studies and evaluation of anticholinesterase activities were carried out in adult Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus). Phytochemical study to identify the bioactive lead constituents of the crude extract was also carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The result shows activities with high significant differences at P < 0.001 between the treated and nontreated groups. A bioactive compound (vitaxin) was identified with the aid of HPLC method. Conclusion The presence of bioactive compound vitaxin is among the major secondary metabolites that contribute to increasing activities of this plant extract. High anticholinesterase activities and low toxicity effect of this plant show its benefit to be used as natural medicine or supplements.
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