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Hu T, Zhang M, Wei X, Xu Z, Li D, Deng J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Lin X, Wang J. Efficient Pb(II) removal from contaminated soils by recyclable, robust lignosulfonate/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogels embedded with Fe 2O 3 via one-pot synthesis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135712. [PMID: 39236531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Soil heavy metal removal strategies are increasingly valued for effectively reducing contamination and preventing secondary pollution. In this work, a double network hydrogel (Fe2O3@LH), consisting of lignosulfonate (LS) and polyacrylamide with embedded Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was synthesized successfully via a one-pot method and subsequently applied to adsorb lead (Pb) from contaminated soil. Incorporating Fe2O3 into the hydrogel enhances the adsorption capacity of Fe2O3@LH for Pb(II). The Fe2O3@LH hydrogel demonstrates a maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 143.11 mg g-1, with Pb(II) removal mechanisms involving electrostatic adsorption, cation exchange, precipitation reactions, and the formation of coordination complexes, achieving a 22.3 % maximum removal efficiency in soil cultivation experiments. Additionally, the application of Fe2O3@LH markedly reduces the concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the soil, meanwhile enhances the levels of total nitrogen (TN), soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 23.1 %, 10.6 %, and 16.9 %, respectively. Following 90 days of continuous application in the soil, the recovery rate of Fe2O3@LH remains above 75 %. The toxicity assay using zebrafish larvae indicates that Fe2O3@LH demonstrates good biosafety. This study demonstrates the considerable potential of Fe2O3@LH hydrogel for practical application in reducing Pb(II) levels in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingkai Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiujiao Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoxin Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Deyun Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianbin Deng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Land Use and Consolidation, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Land Use and Consolidation, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xueming Lin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jinjin Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Xue ZF, Cheng WC, Rahman MM, Wang L, Xie YX. Immobilization of Pb(II) by Bacillus megaterium-based microbial-induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) considering bacterial phosphorolysis ability and Ca-mediated alleviation of lead toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124229. [PMID: 38801876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Inappropriate handling of lead (Pb)-containing wastewater that is produced as a result of smelting activities threatens the surrounding environment and human health. The microbial-induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP) technology was applied to immobilize Pb2+ in an aqueous solution considering bacterial phosphorolysis ability and Ca-mediated alleviation of lead toxicity. Pb immobilization was accompanied by sample characterization in order to explore the inherent mechanism that affected the immobilization efficiency. Results showed that Ca2+ use elevated the immobilization efficiency through the prevention of bacterial physisorption and chemisorption, an enhancement to the phosphatase activity and the degree of SGP hydrolysis, and the provision of nucleation sites for Pb2+ to attach. The formation of the Pb-GP complex helped the bacteria to maintain its activity at the commencement of catalyzing SGP hydrolysis. The nucleated minerals that were precipitated in a columnar shape through a directional stacking manner under MIPP featured higher chemical stability compared to non-nucleated minerals. As a result, there were three pathways, namely, bacterial physisorption, bacterial chemisorption, and substrate chelation, applied for Pb immobilization. The immobilization efficiency of 99.6% is achieved by precipitating bioprecipitates including Pb5(PO4)3Cl, Pb10(PO4)6Cl2, and Ca2Pb3(PO4)3Cl. The findings accentuate the potential of applying the MIPP technology to Pb-containing wastewater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Fei Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Wen-Chieh Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Geotechnical Engineering, UniSA STEM, ScaRCE, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Yi-Xin Xie
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
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3
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Haider FU, Zulfiqar U, Ain NU, Mehmood T, Ali U, Ramos Aguila LC, Li Y, Siddique KHM, Farooq M. Managing antimony pollution: Insights into Soil-Plant system dynamics and remediation Strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142694. [PMID: 38925521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Researchers are increasingly concerned about antimony (Sb) in ecosystems and the environment. Sb primarily enters the environment through anthropogenic (urbanization, industries, coal mining, cars, and biosolid wastes) and geological (natural and chemical weathering of parent material, leaching, and wet deposition) processes. Sb is a hazardous metal that can potentially harm human health. However, no comprehensive information is available on its sources, how it behaves in soil, and its bioaccumulation. Thus, this study reviews more than 160 peer-reviewed studies examining Sb's origins, geochemical distribution and speciation in soil, biogeochemical mechanisms regulating Sb mobilization, bioavailability, and plant phytotoxicity. In addition, Sb exposure effects plant physio-morphological and biochemical attributes were investigated. The toxicity of Sb has a pronounced impact on various aspects of plant life, including a reduction in seed germination and impeding plant growth and development, resulting from restricted essential nutrient uptake, oxidative damages, disruption of photosynthetic system, and amino acid and protein synthesis. Various widely employed methods for Sb remediation, such as organic manure and compost, coal fly ash, biochar, phytoremediation, microbial-based bioremediation, micronutrients, clay minerals, and nanoremediation, are reviewed with a critical assessment of their effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and suitability for use in agricultural soils. This review shows how plants deal with Sb stress, providing insights into lowering Sb levels in the environment and lessening risks to ecosystems and human health along the food chain. Examining different methods like bioaccumulation, bio-sorption, electrostatic attraction, and complexation actively works to reduce toxicity in contaminated agricultural soil caused by Sb. In the end, the exploration of recent advancements in genetics and molecular biology techniques are highlighted, which offers valuable insights into combating Sb toxicity. In conclusion, the findings of this comprehensive review should help develop innovative and useful strategies for minimizing Sb absorption and contamination and thus successfully managing Sb-polluted soil and plants to reduce environmental and public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasih Ullah Haider
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department Sensors and Modeling, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Umed Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University, Sibi 82000, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yuelin Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman.
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4
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Qu G, Zhang Y, Duan Z, Li K, Xu C. Regulating the FeS x assembly pattern of sulfidated zero-valent iron: All-in-one interface modulation with activated carbon. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120860. [PMID: 37984041 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Specifically designing the heterogeneous interface in sulfidated zero-valent iron (S-ZVI) has been an effective, yet usually overlooked method to improve the decontamination ability. However, the mechanism behind FeSx assembly remains elusive and the lack of modulating strategies that can essentially tune the applicability of S-ZVI further imposes difficulties in creating better-performing S-ZVI with heterogeneous interface. In this study, by introducing powdered activated carbon (PAC) during S-ZVI preparation, S-ZVI/PAC microparticles were prepared to modulate the assembly pattern of FeSx for the applicability and reactivity of the material. S-ZVI/PAC showed robust performance in Cr(VI) sequestration, with 11.16 and 1.78 fold increase in Cr(VI) reactivity compared to ZVI and S-ZVI, respectively. This was attributed to the fact that the introduced PAC could acquire FeSx to enhance the electron transfer capacity matching its adsorption threshold, thus helping to accommodate the transfer of the reduction center to PAC in S-ZVI/PAC. In optimizing the FeSx allocation between ZVI and PAC, the chemical assembly of FeSx on S-ZVI was superior to physical adsorption. Critically, we found that isolated FeSx in the prepared solution was physically adsorbed by the PAC, allowing chemically assembled FeSx on the S-ZVI. This was achieved by controlling the addition sequence of Na2S and PAC, as it effectively controlled the release rate and content of Fe(II) in the preparation solution. S-ZVI/PAC was demonstrated to be extremely effective in simulated wastewater and electrokinetics-permeable reactive barrier (EK-PRB) treatments. Introducing PAC enriches the diversity of sulfidation mechanisms and may realize the universality of the S-ZVI/PAC application scenarios. This study provides a new interface optimization strategy for S-ZVI targeted design towards environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Qu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhongkai Duan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ke Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Yang Y, Xu M, Jin W, Jin J, Dong F, Zhang Z, Yan X, Shao M, Wan Y. PANI/MCM-41 adsorption for removal of Cr(VI) ions and its application in enhancing electrokinetic remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121684-121701. [PMID: 37953422 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a polyaniline/mesoporous silica (PANI/MCM-41) composite material that can be used as a filler for permeable reactive barrier (PRB) was prepared by in situ polymerization. Firstly, the adsorption capacity of PANI/MCM-41 on Cr (VI) in solution was investigated. The results show that the prepared PANI/MCM-41 exhibits a significant Cr (VI) adsorption capacity (~ 340 mg/g), and the adsorption process is more accurately described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic functions evidenced that the Cr(VI) adsorption was an endothermic spontaneous process. In addition, adsorption-desorption cycle experiments proved the excellent reusability of the material. Subsequently, the material was utilized as a filler in the PRB for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil using electrokinetic-permeable reactive barrier (EK-PRB) technology. The results show that compared with traditional electrokinetic remediation, the use of PANI/MCM-41 as an active filler can enlarge the current during remediation and enhance the conductivity of soil, which increases the removal rates of total Cr and Cr(VI) in soil (17.4% and 10.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Mingchen Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Wenlou Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Jiacheng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Fan Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Min Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yushan Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Zang L, Zhao Y, Wei Q, Han J. Removal of Pb from Contaminated Kaolin by Pulsed Electrochemical Treatment Coupled with a Permeable Reactive Barrier: Tuning Removal Efficiency and Energy Consumption. TOXICS 2023; 11:961. [PMID: 38133362 PMCID: PMC10747039 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Lead contamination in soil has emerged as a significant environmental concern. Recently, pulse electrochemical treatment (PECT) has garnered substantial attention as an effective method for mitigating lead ions in low-permeability soils. However, the impact of varying pulse time gradients, ranging from seconds to hours, under the same pulse duty cycle on lead removal efficiency (LRE) and energy consumption in PECT has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, a novel, modified PECT method is proposed, which couples PECT with a permeable reaction barrier (PRB) and adds acetic acid to the catholyte. A comprehensive analysis of LRE and energy consumption is conducted by transforming pulse time. The results show that the LREs achieved in these experiments were as follows: PCb-3 s (89.5%), PCb-1 m (91%), PCb-30 m (92.9%), and PCb-6 h (91.9%). Importantly, these experiments resulted in significant reductions in energy consumption, with decreases of 68.5%, 64.9%, 51.8%, and 47.4% compared to constant voltage treatments, respectively. It was observed that LRE improved with an increase in both pulse duration and voltage gradient, albeit with a corresponding rise in energy consumption. The results also revealed that corn straw biochar as a PRB could enhance LRE by 6.1% while adsorbing migrating lead ions. Taken together, the present data highlights the potential of modified PECT technology for remediation of lead-contaminated soil, which provides an optimal approach to achieve high LRE while minimizing energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Libin Zang
- College of GeoExploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China; (Y.Z.); (J.H.)
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Hu W, Cheng WC, Wang Y, Wen S, Xue ZF. Applying a nanocomposite hydrogel electrode to mitigate electrochemical polarization and focusing effect in electrokinetic remediation of a Cu- and Pb-contaminated loess. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122039. [PMID: 37336350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate handling of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb)-containing wastewater resulting from metallurgical and smelting industries in Northwest China encourages their migration to surrounding environments. Their accumulation causes damage to liver and kidney function. The electrokinetic (EK) technology is considered to be an alternative to traditional remediation technologies because of its great maneuverability. The EK remediation is accompanied by the electrode polarization and the focusing effect toward affecting removal efficiency. In this study, a nanocomposite hydrogel (NCH) electrode was proposed and applied to the EK remediation of Cu- and Pb-contaminated loess. The mechanical, adsorption capacity, adsorption kinetics, and electrochemical properties of the NCH electrode were investigated in detail, followed by microscopic analyses of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectrometer. Results showed that the enhancement of the mechanical properties of the NCH electrode was attributed to the crosslinks of graphene nanoparticles, calcium alginate, and hydrogen bonds, while the Cu or Pb adsorption by the NCH electrode was in a chemisorption manner. The second layer formation might address the increase in adsorption capacity with increasing temperature. These results highlight the relative merits of the NCH electrode and verify the potential of applying the NCH electrode to the EK remediation of Cu- and Pb-contamianted loess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenle Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Wen-Chieh Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Yihan Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Shaojie Wen
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Zhong-Fei Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering (XAUAT), Xi'an, 710055, China.
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8
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Li M, Zhou H, Wangjin Y, Ye M, Xu X, Li X. Remediation of Cd-contaminated soil by electrokinetics coupled with the permeable reactive barrier from immobilized yeast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163451. [PMID: 37061052 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Yeast was used to prepare permeable reactive barrier (PRB) with immobilized microbial technology, and the electrokinetics coupled with the immobilized yeast PRB (IMEK-PRB) was established to remediate Cd-contaminated soil. The effect of the different PRBs prepared by immobilized microbial technology on Cd removal was explored. The voltage gradient had influence on the removal of Cd, and the removal reached as high as 53.70 % at a voltage gradient of 2.5 V/cm. The lowest removal about 34.12 % was obtained with yeast pellets prepared by the embedding method used as PRB. The yeast in PRB was partially broken and adhered, and the intensity of the absorption peak of the group analyzed with infrared spectra and the crystal diffraction peak from X-ray diffraction changed, leading to a decrease in its activity. The average removal of Cd increased by >10 % when fly ash-based yeast pellets prepared with the adsorption-embedding method, and fly ash-adsorbed yeast prepared by the adsorption method were used as PRB. IMEK-PRB remediation would greatly reduce the toxicity of Cd-contaminated soil, weaken harmful effects on the soil environment and reduce environmental risks. The fly ash-based yeast pellets used in IMEK-PRB have great application prospects for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Haidong Zhou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yadan Wangjin
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai Technical Institute of Electronics Information, Shanghai, China
| | - Mixuan Ye
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xinxuan Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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9
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Wang M, Song J, Yin B, Wang R, Huang M. MIL-101(Fe) based biomass as permeable reactive barrier applied to EK-PRB remediation of antimony contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138889. [PMID: 37164193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that electrokinetic-permeable reactive barrier (EK-PRB) can be used for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils, and their remediation efficiency is mainly determined by the filler material selected. By growing MIL-101(Fe) in situ on hollow loofah fiber (HLF), a novel material entitled HLF@MIL-101(Fe) was developed. The morphological characteristics and loading conditions were investigated, the adsorption characteristics were analyzed, and finally the synthesized composite material was applied to treat antimony-contaminated soil with EK-PRB as the reaction medium. The results show that MIL-101(Fe) is stably loaded on HLF. The adsorption capacity of Sb(III) can reach up to 82.31 mg g-1, and the adsorption is in accordance with the quasi-secondary kinetic model, which indicates that chemisorption is dominant. The isothermal adsorption model indicates that the adsorption form of HLF@MIL-101(Fe) is mainly monolayer adsorption with more uniform adsorption binding energy. In the EK-PRB experiment, when ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used as the cathodic electrolyte, it can effectively enhance the electromigration and electroosmotic effects, and the overall remediation efficiency of the soil is increased by 38.12% compared with the citric acid (CA) group. These demonstrate the feasibility of HLF@MIL-101(Fe) in collaboration with EK-PRB in the treatment of antimony-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jialing Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bingkui Yin
- Shanghai Jierang Environmental Technology Co., LTD, Shanghai, 201101, China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Cao B, Yin H, Meng L, Jin W, Wang F, Xu J, Al-Tabbaa A. Application of zeolites in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for in-situ groundwater remediation: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136290. [PMID: 36058373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is one of the most promising in-situ groundwater remediation technologies due to its low costs and wide immobilization suitability for multiple contaminants. Reactive medium is a key component of PRBs and their selection needs to consider removal effectiveness as well as permeability. Zeolites have been extensively reported as reactive media owing to their high adsorption capacity, diverse pore structure and high stability. Moreover, the application of zeolites can reduce the PRBs fouling and clogging compared to reductants like zero-valence iron (ZVI) due to no formation of secondary precipitates, such as iron monosulfide, in spite of their reactivity to remove organics. This study gives a detailed review of lab-scale applications of zeolites in PRBs in terms of sorption characteristics, mechanisms, column performance and desorption features, as well as their field-scale applications to point out their application tendency in PRBs for contaminated groundwater remediation. On this basis, future prospects and suggestions for using zeolites in PRBs for groundwater remediation were put forward. This study provides a comprehensive and critical review of the lab-scale and field-scale applications of zeolites in PRBs and is expected to guide the future design and applications of adsorbents-based PRBs for groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Benyi Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Hailong Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Lite Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wei Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Abir Al-Tabbaa
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom.
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11
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Neshati J, Biabanaki F, Shariatmadari N. An investigation into the efficiency of electrokinetic and electrokinetic coupled with calcium peroxide permeable reactive barriers techniques for soil remediation using a statistical analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:145. [PMID: 36418576 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study emphasizes on the applicability of combining the electrokinetic (EK) and permeable reactive barriers (PRB) techniques compared to the simple EK technique. For this purpose, a statistical analysis is conducted using the Fractional Factorial Design statistical method. Also, General Linear Model and Two-sample T-Test analyzes are considered to clarify which type of soil remediation technique represents the highest efficiency. Calcium peroxide, an affordable material with easy capability for cultivation, is utilized in the PRB process to eliminate the soil from diesel contamination. The experiments were performed for 3 days and 10 days, according to which the initial contamination rates of 10 and 20% were selected, and the applied voltages were 20 V and 30 V. Using the innovative remediation technique, the experiments were conducted for 10 days with 20% initial pollution content and the applied voltage of 30 V, the initial gasoil content was about 190.5 mg/g, and after applying the proposed technique, the average final pollution content throughout soil reached approximately 37 mg/g. This experiment was also conducted for the approximately initial gasoil content of 185, 206, and 191 mg/g, which led to the removal efficiency of 79.59%, 78.93%, and 79.15%, respectively. The main novelty of this paper is attributed to the use of calcium peroxide in the EK-PRB technique and the statistical analysis conducted in this study that indicates the remarkable efficiency of the proposed approach. It was also revealed that the efficiency of the proposed technique is on par with the other state-of-art ones presented in the literature and even sometimes outperforms them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Neshati
- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), PO Box, 14665-137, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faraz Biabanaki
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Nader Shariatmadari
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
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12
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Song P, Xu D, Yue J, Ma Y, Dong S, Feng J. Recent advances in soil remediation technology for heavy metal contaminated sites: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156417. [PMID: 35662604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing development of industry and urbanization, heavy metal contaminated sites have become progressively conspicuous, particularly by unreasonable emissions from electroplating, nonferrous metals smelting, mine tailing, etc. In recent years, soil remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated sites have developed rapidly. New and effective remediation technologies have emerged successively, and more successful practical applications have appeared. Therefore, systematical summarization of the current progress is essential. As a result, in this paper, some mainstream soil remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated sites, including physical remediation (soil thermal desorption and soil replacement), bioremediation (phytoremediation and microbial remediation), chemical remediation (chemical leaching, chemical stabilization, electrokinetic remediation-permeable reactive barrier, and chemical oxidation/reduction), as well as various combined remediation are comprehensively reviewed. The influencing factors, advantages, disadvantages, remediation mechanism, and practical applications are also deeply discussed. Besides, the corresponding remediation strategies are put forward for the remediation of heavily polluted sites such as the chemical industry, smelting, and tailing areas. Overall, this review will be beneficial for the in-depth understanding and provide references for the reasonable selection and development of soil remediation technology for heavy metal contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Tai'an 271018, PR China.
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Yue
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Yuanchen Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Hunan University of Arts and Sciences, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Jing Feng
- PowerChina ZhongNan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha 410014, PR China
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13
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Wang J, Yu Q, Zheng Y, Li J, Jiao B, Li D. Adsorption and reduction from modified polypyrrole enhance electrokinetic remediation of hexavalent chromium-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44845-44861. [PMID: 35141822 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metal pollutant Cr(VI) in the environment will pose a severe threat to animal and human health. In this work, Fe3O4@PPy, Arg@PPy, and Arg/Fe3O4@PPy were prepared to enhance adsorption of Cr(VI) by doping Fe3O4 nanoparticles and amino radicals into the original PPy structure. Their characteristics were investigated by FTIR, SEM, EDS, BET analysis, and batch adsorption experiments. And they were used as permeable reaction barriers (PRB) to combine with electrokinetic remediation (EKR) to remediate Cr-contaminated soil. Adsorption experiment results showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of PPy, Fe3O4@PPy, Arg@PPy, and Arg/Fe3O4@PPy for Cr(VI) were 60.43 mg/g, 67.12 mg/g, 159.86 mg/g, and 141.50 mg/g, respectively. They all followed the kinetic pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isothermal model with a monolayer adsorption behavior. In the EKR/PRB system, the presence of Fe3O4@PPy, Arg@PPy, and Arg/Fe3O4@PPy obtained the higher Cr(VI) removal efficiency near the anode than that of the PPy, increasing by 74.60%, 26.04%, and 68.64%, respectively. A strong electrostatic attraction between anion contaminants and protonated modified PPy and a reduction from Cr(VI) to Cr(III) appeared in the EKR remediation process under acid conditions. This study opened up a prospect for applying modified PPy composites to treat toxic metal-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Binquan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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14
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Effective Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils by EK-PRB of Fe/Mn/C-LDH: Performance, Characteristics, and Mechanism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074389. [PMID: 35410068 PMCID: PMC8998996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is highly toxic and carcinogenic. The aim of the present work is to develop a good remediation technique for arsenic-contaminated soils. Here, a novel remediation technique by coupling electrokinetics (EK) with the permeable reactive barriers (PRB) of Fe/Mn/C-LDH composite was applied for the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils. The influences of electric field strength, PRB position, moisture content and PRB filler type on the removal rate of arsenic from the contaminated soils were studied. The Fe/Mn/C-LDH filler synthesized by using bamboo as a template retained the porous characteristics of the original bamboo, and the mass percentage of Fe and Mn elements was 37.85%. The setting of PRB of Fe/Mn/C-LDH placed in the middle was a feasible option, with the maximum and average soil leaching toxicity removal rates of 95.71% and 88.03%, respectively. When the electric field strength was 2 V/cm, both the arsenic removal rate and economic aspects were optimal. The maximum and average soil leaching toxicity removal rates were similar to 98.40% and 84.49% of 3 V/cm, respectively. Besides, the soil moisture content had negligible effect on the removal of arsenic but slight effect on leaching toxicity. The best leaching toxicity removal rate was achieved when the soil moisture content was 35%, neither higher nor lower moisture content in the range of 25-45% was conducive to the improvement of leaching toxicity removal rate. The results showed that the EK-PRB technique could effectively remove arsenic from the contaminated soils. Characterizations of Fe/Mn/C-LDH indicated that the electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, and surface functional group complexation were the primary ways to remove arsenic.
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Li S, Wu Y, Li X, Liu Q, Li H, Tu W, Luo X, Luo Y. Enhanced remediation of Cd-contaminated soil using electrokinetic assisted by permeable reactive barrier with lanthanum-based biochar composite filling materials. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35244499 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2049891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation (EK) combined with a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a relatively new technique for efficiently remediating Cd-contaminated soil in situ. Eupatorium adenophorum, which is a malignant invasive plant, was used to synthesise biochar and a novel lanthanum-based biochar composite (LaC). The biochar and LaC were used as cheap and environmentally benign PRB filling materials to remediate simulated and real Cd-contaminated soils. The pH and residual Cd concentration in the simulated contaminated soil during remediation gradually increased from the anode to the cathode used to apply an electric field to the EK-PRB system. However, the soil conductivity changed in the opposite way, and the current density first increased and then decreased. For simulated contaminated soils with initial Cd concentrations of 34.9 and 100.6 mg kg-1, the mean Cd removal rates achieved using LaC were 90.6% and 89.3%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of biochar (P < 0.05). Similar results were achieved using natural soils from mining area and polluted farmland, and the Cd removal rates were 66.9% and 72.0%, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that there were many functional groups on the LaC surfaces. The removal mechanism of EK-PRB for Cd in contaminated soil includes electromigration, electroosmotic flow, surface adsorption, and ion exchange. The results indicated that the LaC could be used in the EK-PRB technique as a cheap and 'green' material to efficiently decontaminate soil polluted with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wu
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueling Li
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Li
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Tu
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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16
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Li Y, Shao M, Huang M, Sang W, Zheng S, Jiang N, Gao Y. Enhanced remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils with EK-PRB using β-CD/hydrothermal biochar by waste cotton as reactive barrier. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131470. [PMID: 34311401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in the soil are major global environmental problems. Waste cotton was used to synthesize a novel β-CD/hydrothermal biochar (KCB), which is a low-cost and environment-friendly adsorbent for heavy metal soil remediation. KCB were used as reactive materials of electrokinetic-permeable reactive barrier (EK-PRB) to explore the removal characteristics of heavy metals. FTIR and XPS analysis revealed that KCB contained large numbers of surface functional groups. Adsorption of KCB for Pb2+ and Cd2+ reached 50.44 mg g-1 and 33.77 mg g-1, respectively. Metal ions in contaminated soil were removed by reactive barrier through electromigration, electrodialysis and electrophoresis, the removal efficiency of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in soil reached 92.87% and 86.19%. This finding proves that KCB/EK-PRB can be used as a cheap and green process to effectively remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Mengyu Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, China; Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Wenjing Sang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shengyang Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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