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Wang S, Xiong Z, Wang L, Yang X, Yan X, Li Y, Zhang C, Liang T. Potential hot spots contaminated with exogenous, rare earth elements originating from e-waste dismantling and recycling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119717. [PMID: 35810987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dismantling and recycling e-waste has been recognized as a potential emission source of rare earth elements (REEs). However, the presence of REEs in typical regional soils has yet to be studied. Given the potential health implications of such soil contamination, it is vital to study the characteristics, spatial distribution, and pollution level of REEs caused by e-waste dismantling as well as determine the influencing mechanism. This study focused on Guiyu Town as an example site, which is a typical e-waste dismantling base. From the site, 39 topsoil samples of different types were collected according to grid distribution points. Soil profiles were also collected in the dismantling and non-dismantling areas. The REE characteristic parameters showed that the REE distribution was abnormal and was affected by multiple factors. The results of the integrated pollution index showed that approximately 61.5% of soil samples were considered to be lightly polluted. Spatial distribution and correlation analysis showed that hot spots of REE-polluted soil coincided with known, main pollution sources. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation (p ≤0.05) between the REE concentration and the distance from the pollution source. E-waste disassembly and recycling greatly affect the physical and chemical properties of the surrounding soil as well as downward migration areas. In the disassembly area, REE accumulated more easily in the surface layer (0-20 cm). Geographical detector results showed that distance factor was the main contribution factor for both light rare earth elements (LREE) and heavy rare earth element (HREE) (q = 34.59% and 53.33%, respectively). REE distribution in soil was nonlinear enhanced by different factors. Taken together, these results showed that e-waste disassembling and recycling not only directly affected the spatial distribution of REEs, but that their distribution was also affected by land use type and soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhunan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaosheng Zhang
- Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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A critical review on extraction of valuable metals from solid waste. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Batueva TD, Gorbunova MN. Nitrogen-containing multifunctional copolymers as reagents to sorb rare-earth metals. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2099420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana D. Batueva
- Laboratory of Organic Complexing Reagents, Institute of Technical Chemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - A Branch of the Perm Federal Research Centre, Perm, Russian Federation
| | - Marina N. Gorbunova
- Laboratory of Organic Complexing Reagents, Institute of Technical Chemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences - A Branch of the Perm Federal Research Centre, Perm, Russian Federation
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Yuksekdag A, Kose-Mutlu B, Siddiqui AF, Wiesner MR, Koyuncu I. A holistic approach for the recovery of rare earth elements and scandium from secondary sources under a circular economy framework - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133620. [PMID: 35033522 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited natural resources and a continuous increase in the demand for modern technological products, is creating a demand and supply gap for rare earth elements (REEs) and Sc. There is therefore a need to adopt the sustainable approach of the circular economy system (CE). In this review, we defined six steps required to close the loop and recover REEs, using a holistic approach. Recent statistics on REEs and Sc demand and the number of waste generations are reported and studies on more environmentally friendly, economic, and/or efficient recovery processes are summarized. Pilot-scale recovery facilities are described for several types of secondary sources. Finally, we identify obstacles to closing the REE loop in a circular economy and the reasons why secondary sources are not preferred over primary sources. Briefly, recovery from secondary sources should be environmentally and economically friendly and of an acceptable standard concerning final product quality. However, current technologies for recovery from for secondary sources are limiting and technology needs will vary depending on the source type. The quality/purity of the recovered metals should be proven so that they do not result in any adverse effects on the product quality, when they are being used as secondary raw material. In addition, for industrial-scale facilities, process improvements are required that consider environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Yuksekdag
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Borte Kose-Mutlu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Azmat Fatima Siddiqui
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Duke University, 27708, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wilfong WC, Ji T, Duan Y, Shi F, Wang Q, Gray ML. Critical review of functionalized silica sorbent strategies for selective extraction of rare earth elements from acid mine drainage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127625. [PMID: 34857400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous and growing global reliance on rare earth elements (REEs) for modern technology and the need for reliable domestic sources underscore the rising trend in REE-related research. Adsorption-based methods for REE recovery from liquid waste sources are well-positioned to compete with those of solvent extraction, both because of their expected lower negative environmental impact and simpler process operations. Functionalized silica represents a rising category of low cost and stable sorbents for heavy metal and REE recovery. These materials have collectively achieved high capacity and/or high selective removal of REEs from ideal solutions and synthetic or real coal wastewater and other leachate sources. These sorbents are competitive with conventional materials, such as ion exchange resins, activated carbon; and novel polymeric materials like ion-imprinted particles and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). This critical review first presents a data mining analysis for rare earth element recovery publications indexed in Web of science, highlighting changes in REE recovery research foci and confirming the sharply growing interest in functionalized silica sorbents. A detailed examination of sorbent formulation and operation strategies to selectively separate heavy (HREE), middle (MREE), and light (LREE) REEs from the aqueous sources is presented. Selectivity values for sorbents were largely calculated from available figure data and gauged the success of the associated strategies, primarily: (1) silane-grafted ligands, (2) impregnated ligands, and (3) bottom-up ligand/silica hybrids. These were often accompanied by successful co-strategies, especially bite angle control, site saturation, and selective REE elution. Recognizing the need to remove competing fouling metals to achieve purified REE "baskets," we highlight techniques for eliminating these species from acid mine drainage (AMD) and suggest a novel adsorption-based process for purified REE extraction that could be adapted to different water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Wilfong
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA.
| | - Tuo Ji
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - Yuhua Duan
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - Fan Shi
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - Qiuming Wang
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - McMahan L Gray
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
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Shyam Sunder GS, Rohanifar A, Alipourasiabi N, Lawrence JG, Kirchhoff JR. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid) for Preconcentration and Determination of Rare Earth Elements and Heavy Metals in Water Matrices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34782-34792. [PMID: 34254511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrole was N-functionalized with solid carbon dioxide followed by chemical polymerization to create a new air-stable, granular, and water-insoluble sorbent, poly(pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid) (PPy-CO2). PPy-CO2 exhibited enhanced affinity for the sorption of metal ions compared to unfunctionalized PPy due to the incorporation of carboxylate functional groups directly onto the polymer backbone. As a freestanding sorbent material, immobilization to an additional solid support is not needed. Sorption, and therefore preconcentration, occurs simultaneously to achieve efficient removal and recovery of metal ions by a pH-dependent sorption-desorption mechanism. PPy-CO2 was evaluated on the analytical scale for the solid-phase extraction of a range of metal ions and found to efficiently preconcentrate rare earth elements (REEs), Th, and heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Cd, and Pb), which allowed quantitation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The impact of sorption parameters, such as solution pH, amount of sorbent, and sorption time, and the effect of desorption flow rate for recovery were investigated and optimized using ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction (UAD-SPE) with ICP-MS analysis. Maximum efficiency for sorption and recovery of most metal ions was achieved at a solution pH of 6.0, 10 mg of sorbent, a sorption time of 5 min, and desorption conditions of 1 mL of 2 M nitric acid applied at a flow rate of 0.25 mL min-1. Detection limits for REEs and Th ranged from 0.2-3.4 ng L-1 for REEs and Th and 0.9-5.7 ng L-1 for heavy metals. Linear ranges from 0.1-1000 μg L-1 for REEs and 0.1-500 μg L-1 for heavy metals and Th were also observed. PPy-CO2 successfully preconcentrated and facilitated the determination of the targeted metal ions in water matrices of varying complexity, including tap water, well water, river water, and produced water samples. These results indicate the potential application of PPy-CO2 for larger-scale recovery and removal of valuable or hazardous metal ions.
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Wei Y, Salih KAM, Hamza MF, Fujita T, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Guibal E. Synthesis of a New Phosphonate-Based Sorbent and Characterization of Its Interactions with Lanthanum (III) and Terbium (III). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1513. [PMID: 34066682 PMCID: PMC8125837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-tech applications require increasing amounts of rare earth elements (REE). Their recovery from low-grade minerals and their recycling from secondary sources (as waste materials) are of critical importance. There is increasing attention paid to the development of new sorbents for REE recovery from dilute solutions. A new generation of composite sorbents based on brown algal biomass (alginate) and polyethylenimine (PEI) was recently developed (ALPEI hydrogel beads). The phosphorylation of the beads strongly improves the affinity of the sorbents for REEs (such as La and Tb): by 4.5 to 6.9 times compared with raw beads. The synthesis procedure (epicholorhydrin-activation, phosphorylation and de-esterification) is investigated by XPS and FTIR for characterizing the grafting route but also for interpreting the binding mechanism (contribution of N-bearing from PEI, O-bearing from alginate and P-bearing groups). Metal ions can be readily eluted using an acidic calcium chloride solution, which regenerates the sorbent: the FTIR spectra are hardly changed after five successive cycles of sorption and desorption. The materials are also characterized by elemental, textural and thermogravimetric analyses. The phosphorylation of ALPEI beads by this new method opens promising perspectives for the recovery of these strategic metals from mild acid solutions (i.e., pH ~ 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
- Guangdong Institute of Rare Metals, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Khalid A. M. Salih
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Mohammed F. Hamza
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
- Nuclear Materials Authority, El-Maadi, Cairo POB 530, Egypt
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.W.); (K.A.M.S.); (T.F.)
| | | | - Eric Guibal
- Polymers Composites & Hybrids (PCH), IMT—Mines Ales, 30100 Alès, France;
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