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Huang W, Liu S, Zhang T, Wu H, Pu S. Bibliometric analysis and systematic review of electrochemical methods for environmental remediation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:113-136. [PMID: 38802224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods are increasingly favored for remediating polluted environments due to their environmental compatibility and reagent-saving features. However, a comprehensive understanding of recent progress, mechanisms, and trends in these methods is currently lacking. Web of Science (WoS) databases were utilized for searching the primary data to understand the knowledge structure and research trends of publications on electrochemical methods and to unveil certain hotspots and future trends of electrochemical methods research. The original data were sampled from 9080 publications in those databases with the search deadline of June 1st, 2022. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software facilitated data visualization and analysis of document quantities, source journals, institutions, authors, and keywords. We discussed principles, influencing factors, and progress related to seven major electrochemical methods. Notably, publications on this subject have experienced significant growth since 2007. The most frequently-investigated areas in electrochemical methods included novel materials development, heavy metal remediation, organic pollutant degradation, and removal mechanism identification. "Advanced oxidation process" and "Nanocomposite" are currently trending topics. The major remediation mechanisms are adsorption, oxidation, and reduction. The efficiency of electrochemical systems is influenced by material properties, system configuration, electron transfer efficiency, and power density. Electro-Fenton exhibits significant advantages in achieving synergistic effects of anodic oxidation and electro-adsorption among the seven techniques. Future research should prioritize the improvement of electron transfer efficiency, the optimization of electrode materials, the exploration of emerging technology coupling, and the reduction in system operation and maintenance costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Huang
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Shibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qinghai Province, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning 530022, China.
| | - Shengyan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
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2
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Niu B, E S, Song Q, Xu Z, Han B, Qin Y. Physicochemical reactions in e-waste recycling. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00616-z. [PMID: 38862738 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is becoming a global concern owing to its immense quantity, hazardous character and the potential loss of valuable metals. The many processes involved in e-waste recycling stem from a mixture of physicochemical reactions, and understanding the principles of these reactions can lead to more efficient recycling methods. In this Review, we discuss the principles behind photochemistry, thermochemistry, mechanochemistry, electrochemistry and sonochemistry for metal recovery, polymer decomposition and pollutant elimination from e-waste. We also discuss how these processes induce or improve reaction rates, selectivity and controllability of e-waste recycling based on thermodynamics and kinetics, free radicals, chemical bond energy, electrical potential regulation and more. Lastly, key factors, limitations and suggestions for improvements of these physicochemical reactions for e-waste recycling are highlighted, wherein we also indicate possible research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
| | - Shanshan E
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yufei Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jiangxi Green Recycling Co., Ltd, Fengcheng, China
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3
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Nosal-Wiercińska A, Martyna M, Szabelska A, Gołębiowska B. Catalysis of Indium Ion Electroreduction in the Presence of Acetazolamide in Chlorates(VII) Solutions with Varied Water Activity. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300789. [PMID: 38363084 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The influence of acetazolamide (ACT) on the kinetics and the mechanism of electroreduction of In(III) ions as a function of changes of the water activity was investigated using electrochemical methods (DC, SWV, CV and EIS, CV). The multi-step mechanism of the electroreduction process should take into account the dehydration step of indium ions and the presence of In-ACT (,,cap-pair" effect) active complexes, mediating electron transfer, located in the adsorption layer. Differences in the electrode mechanism in the presence of ACT were observed for higher chlorates(VII) concentrations (above 4 mol ⋅ dm-3 chlorates(VII)) reflected by a lack of step wise nature of the electrode process. The highest catalytic activity was observed in 4 mol ⋅ dm-3 chlorates(VII).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nosal-Wiercińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marlena Martyna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Szabelska
- Department of Prothetik Dentistry, Medical University in Lublin, Karmelicka Street 7, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Gołębiowska
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, III Chair of Pediatrics, Medical University in Lublin, Gębali Street 6, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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Wang D, Liang Y, Zeng Y, Liu C, Zhan C, Chen P, Song S, Jia F. Highly selective recovery of gold and silver from E-waste via stepwise electrodeposition directly from the pregnant leaching solution enabled by the MoS 2 cathode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133430. [PMID: 38183940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of electronic waste, i.e., waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs), provides substantial environmental and economic advantages. In fact, the concentration of valuable precious and base metals in WPCBs is even higher compared to those found in mined ores. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to selectively extract precious metals with low concentrations from the pregnant leaching solution, due to the co-deposition of base metals, like Cu, which have higher concentrations. In this research, stepwise recovery of precious metals and copper directly from WPCBs thiosulfate leaching solution was facilitated by the Ti cathode coated with MoS2 (MoS2/Ti). The in-situ enrichment of Au(S2O3)23- and Ag(S2O3)23- at the surface of MoS2 enables the high efficiency and selectivity of electrodeposition, which has been confirmed through COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and visualization. As a result, the first-step electrodeposition at 0.6 V recovered 92.44 % Au and 98.18 % Ag without any co-deposition of Cu. Subsequently, the second-step recovery employed a constant current of 0.03 A, achieving 100 % recovery of copper within 12 h. Furthermore, this study optimized the reduction potential, NH3·H2O concentration, and S2O32- concentration for the stepwise electrodeposition process. These findings provide valuable insights for establishing a closed loop circular economy in the electronics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Yumeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Chun Zhan
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China.
| | - Shaoxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China.
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Zeng WY, Huang M, Fu M. Solid-phase extraction and separation of indium with P 2O 4-UiO-66-MOFs (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-UiO-66-metal-organic frameworks). J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:833-843. [PMID: 36522111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the traditional liquid-liquid extraction method, solid-phase extraction agents are of great significance for the recovery of indium metal due to their convenience, free of organic solvents, and fully exposed activity. In this study, P2O4 (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) was chemically modified by using UiO-66 to form the solid-phase extraction agent P2O4-UiO-66-MOFs (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-UiO-66-metal-organic frameworks) to adsorb In(III). The results show that the Zr of UiO-66 bonds with the P-OH of P2O4 to form a composite P2O4-UiO-66-MOF, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The adsorption process of indium on P2O4-UiO-66-MOFs followed pseudo first-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherms fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption capabilities can reach 192.8 mg/g. After five consecutive cycles of adsorption-desorption-regeneration, the indium adsorption capacity by P2O4-UiO-66-MOFs remained above 99%. The adsorption mechanism analysis showed that the P=O and P-OH of P2O4 molecules coated on the surface of P2O4-UiO-66-MOFs participated in the adsorption reaction of indium. In this paper, the extractant P2O4 was modified into solid P2O4-UiO-66-MOFs for the first time. This work provides a new idea for the development of solid-phase extractants for the recovery of indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minzhong Huang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minglai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Sun H, Song Q, Xu Z. A method for using the residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries by regulating potential with the aid of overvoltage response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213130120. [PMID: 36972452 PMCID: PMC10083535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213130120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The value of considerable residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries (WLIBs) is always neglected. At present, "this energy" is always wasted during the discharge process of WLIBs. However, if this energy could be reused, it would not only save a lot of energy but also avoid the discharge step of recycling of WLIBs. Unfortunately, the instability of WLIBs potential is a challenge to efficient utilization of this residual energy. Here, we propose a method that could regulate the cathode potential and current of the battery by simply adjusting the solution pH to utilize 35.08%, 88.4%, and 84.7% of the residual energy for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, removing Cr (VI) from wastewater, and recovering copper from the solution, respectively. By taking advantage of the high internal resistance R of WLIBs and the sudden change of battery current I caused by iron passivation on the positive electrode of the battery, this method could induce the response of overvoltage η (η = IR) inside the battery at different pH levels to regulate the cathode potential µ of the battery to the three intervals. The potential ranges of the battery cathode corresponding to pH < 3.4, pH ≈ 3.4, and pH > 4 were µ > -0.47V, -0.47V < µ < -0.82V, and µ < -0.82V, respectively. This study provides a promising way and theoretical basis for the development of technologies for reusing residual energy in WLIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghuai Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Xia Q, Song Q, Xu Z. Electrorefining and electrodeposition for metal separation and purification from polymetallic concentrates after waste printed circuit board smelting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 158:146-152. [PMID: 36709680 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi metal recycling from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is attractive for resource conservation and sustainability. While smelting is commonly adopted to produce polymetallic concentrates from WPCBs, current processes cost oxidation smelting and fire refining followed by electrorefining to deport co-existing base metals and recover copper, which can cause substantial metal losses, long steps, and lack of effective methods for subsequent base metal recycling. Here, direct electrorefining of polymetallic concentrates (Cu-Ni-Fe-Pb-sn-Au-Ag) combined with electrodeposition was investigated to realize multi metal separation and purification. It was found that direct electrorefining of concentrates in H2SO4/CuSO4 electrolyte at 0.4 V realized >98% base metal dissolution and copper production (∼99% purity), serving as a combined metal leaching and copper electrowinning procedure. PbSO4-SnO2-Cu5FeS4 precipitate was formed in anode slime, with Ag-Au enriched by 8.5-61 times. Analysis on subsequent selective metal electrodeposition revealed the blocking effect of Zn2+ and overlapped potential region of Fe2+-Ni2+, emphasizing the importance of Zn and Fe pre-separation during smelting and chemical precipitation. Electrodeposition experiments demonstrated high selectivity for Cu and Ni at 0.05 and -0.7 V, where Ni2+ shows complex electroreduction behaviors. The proposed process can serve as an alternative feasible route for multi metal recycling from WPCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Recovery of Au and Cu from waste memory modules by electrolysis with hydrochloric acid-hydrogen peroxide system. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Ciocărlie L, Negrea A, Ciopec M, Duteanu N, Negrea P, Ianasi P, Ianasi C, Nemes NS. Indium Recovery by Adsorption on MgFe 2O 4 Adsorbents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7054. [PMID: 36295119 PMCID: PMC9605174 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indium and its compounds have many industrial applications and are widely used in the manufacture of liquid crystal displays, semiconductors, low temperature soldering, and infrared photodetectors. Indium does not have its own minerals in the Earth's crust, and most commonly, indium is associated with the ores of zinc, lead, copper and tin. Therefore, it must be recovered as a by-product from other metallurgical processes or from secondary raw materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the adsorption properties for recovering indium from aqueous solutions using iron-magnesium composite (MgFe2O4). In addition, the results show that the material offers very efficient desorption in 15% HCl solution, being used for 10 adsorption-desorption cycle test. These results provide a simple and effective process for recovering indium. Present study was focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the material by physico-chemical methods such as: X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, followed by the adsorption tests. The XRD indicates that the MgFe2O4 phase was obtained, and the crystallite size was about 8 nm. New prepared adsorbent materials have a point of zero charge of 9.2. Studies have been performed to determine the influence of pH, initial indium solution concentration, material/solution contact time and temperature on the adsorption capacity of the material. Adsorption mechanism was established by kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies. At equilibrium a maximum adsorption capacity of 46.4 mg/g has been obtained. From kinetic and thermodynamic studies was proved that the studied adsorption process is homogeneous, spontaneous, endothermic and temperature dependent. Based on Weber and Morris model, we can conclude that the In (III) ions takes place at the MgFe2O4/In (III) solution-material interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ciocărlie
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adina Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ciopec
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Narcis Duteanu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Petru Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timişoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Paula Ianasi
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 144th Dr. A.P. Podeanu Street, 300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalin Ianasi
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazul, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Sorina Nemes
- Renewable Energy Research Institute—ICER, University Politehnica of Timisoara, 300501 Timisoara, Romania
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Song Q, Zhang L, Yang C, Xu Z. Novel Electrodeposition Method for Cu-In-Cd-Ga Sequential Separation from Waste Solar Cell: Mechanism, Application, and Environmental Impact Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10724-10733. [PMID: 34269567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While CIGS solar cell has been experiencing an expanded photovoltaic market and increasing research interest in cell design, its treatment after obsoletion remains an upcoming issue. The heavy metals involved, such as Cd, can threat the environment, while strategic resources, such as rare metals In and Ga, offer a great recycling oppotunity. However, due to its multimetal feature, traditional recycling methodology shows poor separation-extraction efficiency and additional environmental burdens with intense reagent consumption and waste generation. Here, we report a sequential electrodeposition method for pure metal recycling from this Cu-In-Cd-Ga quaternary system in a more environmentally friendly and efficient manner. Stability constant-corrected redox potential supplemented with metal electroreduction tests predicts well the potential window for sequential electrodeposition. Cu and In electrodeposition shows 100% separation with high Coulombic efficiency (>80%), whereas Ga electrodeposition presents slower kinetics and performs better at a pH of 2.5. Environmental impact assessment indicates that the proposed recycling route allows remarkable reduction of global warming and toxicity impacts compared with metal production from virgin mining and reference processes. We further unveiled the applicability of the electrodeposition technique in the context of anthropogenic mineral recycling, emphasizing resource sustainability and cleaner production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingen Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Caoyu Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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