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Huang T, Chen Q, Jiang H, Zhang K. Research Progress in the Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants Using Metal-Organic Frameworks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1108. [PMID: 38998714 PMCID: PMC11243471 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents primarily comprise organophosphorus nerve agents, saliva alkaloids, cyanides, and mustard gas. Exposure to these agents can result in severe respiratory effects, including spasms, edema, and increased secretions leading to breathing difficulties and suffocation. Protecting public safety and national security from such threats has become an urgent priority. Porous metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the degradation of chemical warfare agents due to their large surface area, tunable pore size distribution, and excellent catalytic performance. Furthermore, combining MOFs with polymers can enhance their elasticity and processability and improve their degradation performance. In this review, we summarize the literature of the past five years on MOF-based composite materials and their effectiveness in degrading chemical warfare agents. Moreover, we discuss key factors influencing their degradation efficiency, such as MOF structure, pore size, and functionalization strategies. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in the design of MOF-polymer composites, which offer enhanced degradation performance and stability for practical applications in CWA degradation. These composite materials exhibit good performance in degrading chemical warfare agents, playing a crucial role in protecting public safety and maintaining national security. We can expect to see more breakthroughs in the application of metal-organic framework porous materials for degrading chemical warfare agents. It is hoped that these innovative materials will play a positive role in achieving social stability and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
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Chang S, Jin S, Kim J. Facile Recycling Strategy of Dyed Polyester Waste by Template-Based Synthesis of UiO-66 for Value-Added Transformation into Self-detoxifying Fabrics. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15074-15084. [PMID: 38585128 PMCID: PMC10993279 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) accounts for a significant portion of textile waste, and recycling strategies for this material have attracted much attention. This study proposes a facile and innovative PET recycling method applicable to environmental remediation that involves the conversion of dyed PET fabric waste into a value-added fabric. Herein, a template-based synthesis approach capable of growing a UiO-66 metal-organic framework (MOF) directly on a dyed PET fabric is reported. The advantage of this process lies in its simplicity, where the partial hydrolysis of PET followed by a zirconium chloride treatment results in the successful growth of UiO-66 on a dyed PET fabric with the concurrent removal of the dye without additional steps. The catalytic performance of the UiO-66-grown fabric was evaluated through the degradation of dimethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), a nerve agent simulant. The fabric produced by the simple metal treatment (Zr@PEThyd) exhibited excellent DMNP degradation performance with t1/2 = 43.3 min and maintained functional stability after a harsh washing procedure, an outcome attributed to the surface-assisted UiO-66 growth that ensured good bonding stability. The developed process is innovative in that it uses dyed PET waste as a template for the direct growth of UiO-66, simplifying the process without compromising the catalytic functionality. This research provides an informative option for a sustainable textile recycling strategy by transforming dyed PET waste into an advanced self-detoxifying material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhee Chang
- Department
of Fashion and Textiles, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jin
- Department
of Fashion and Textiles, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jooyoun Kim
- Department
of Fashion and Textiles, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
- Research
Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
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Noga M, Michalska A, Jurowski K. The prediction of hydrolysis and biodegradation of organophosphorus-based chemical warfare agents (G-series and V-series) using toxicology in silico methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116018. [PMID: 38325275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents (G- and V-series) are a group of extremely toxic organophosphorus chemical warfare agents that we have had the opportunity to encounter many times on a massive scale (Matsumoto City, Tokyo subway and Gulf War). The threat of using nerve agents in terrorist attacks or military operations is still present, even with establishing the Chemical Weapons Convention as the legal framework. Understanding their environmental sustainability and health risks is critical to social security. Due to the risk of contact with dangerous nerve agents and animal welfare considerations, in silico methods were used to assess hydrolysis and biodegradation safely. The environmental fate of the examined nerve agents was elucidated using QSAR models. The results indicate that the investigated compounds released into the environment hydrolyse at a different rate, from extremely fast (<1 day) to very slow (over a year); V-agents undergo slower hydrolysis compared to G-agents. V-agents turned out to be relatively challenging to biodegrade, the ultimate biodegradation time frame of which was predicted as weeks to months, while for G-agents, the overwhelming majority was classified as weeks. In silico methods for predicting various parameters are critical to preparing for the forthcoming application of nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Noga
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland
| | - Kamil Jurowski
- Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205 Łódź, Poland; Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
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Fu H, Deng Y, Cai Z, Pan Y, Yang L, Fujita T, Wang N, Wang Y, Wang X. Designing Z-scheme In 2O 3 @ZnIn 2S 4 core-shell heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic multi-pollutant removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132820. [PMID: 37898084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In water bodies, the coexistence of and interaction between multiple pollutants complicate remediation. In this study, the In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 Z-scheme heterojunction with a stratified core-shell structure was constructed and used to remove multiple pollutants (tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr(VI)). The large number of active sites and the mechanism of photogenerated charge separation ensured the substantially enhanced catalytic activity of this photocatalyst, making it superior to In2O3 nanospheres and pure ZnIn2S4. The optimised In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 nano-flowers (In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 NFs) realised 99.8% removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and 100% removal of Cr(VI) within 60 min under visible-light. The material's high stability was demonstrated by five experiment cycles. Effects of organics, inorganics, and pH about the photocatalytic performance of the optimised In2O3 @ZnIn2S4 NFs when tetracycline hydrochloride and Cr(VI) coexist were also explored. Finally, the intermediates and degradation pathways were analysed, and the possible photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated by performing density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Deng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuehua Pan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Libo Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Nannan Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Youbin Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Oliver MC, Huang L. Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Removal of Chemical Warfare Agents: Insights into Hydrolysis and Oxidation Reaction Mechanisms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2178. [PMID: 37570496 PMCID: PMC10420847 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The destruction of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is a crucial area of research due to the ongoing evolution of toxic chemicals. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous crystalline solids, have emerged as promising materials for this purpose. Their remarkable porosity and large surface areas enable superior adsorption, reactivity, and catalytic abilities, making them ideal for capturing and decomposing target species. Moreover, the tunable networks of MOFs allow customization of their chemical functionalities, making them practicable in personal protective equipment and adjustable to dynamic environments. This review paper focuses on experimental and computational studies investigating the removal of CWAs by MOFs, specifically emphasizing the removal of nerve agents (GB, GD, and VX) via hydrolysis and sulfur mustard (HD) via selective photooxidation. Among the different MOFs, zirconium-based MOFs exhibit extraordinary structural stability and reusability, rendering them the most promising materials for the hydrolytic and photooxidative degradation of CWAs. Accordingly, this work primarily concentrates on exploring the intrinsic catalytic reaction mechanisms in Zr-MOFs through first-principles approximations, as well as the design of efficient degradation strategies in the aqueous and solid phases through the establishment of Zr-MOF structure-property relationships. Recent progress in the tuning and functionalization of MOFs is also examined, aiming to enhance practical CWA removal under realistic battlefield conditions. By providing a comprehensive overview of experimental findings and computational insights, this review paper contributes to the advancement of MOF-based strategies for the destruction of CWAs and highlights the potential of these materials to address the challenges associated with chemical warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liangliang Huang
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
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Zeng Z, Deng Z, Wang T, Huang H, Guo Y. Environmentally friendly synthesis of S-scheme heterojunction UiO-66-NH2/Bi7O9I3 for promoted degradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light: DFT calculation, degradation mechanism and toxicity evaluation. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Sharma G, Naushad M, ALOthman ZA, Iqbal J, Bathula C. High interfacial charge separation in visible-light active Z- scheme g-C 3N 4/MoS 2 heterojunction: Mechanism and degradation of sulfasalazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136162. [PMID: 36037951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Examination of highly proficient photoactive materials for the degradation of antibiotics from the aqueous solution is the need of the hour. In the present study, a 2D/2D binary junction GCM, formed between graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), was synthesized using facile hydrothermal method and its photo-efficacy was tested for the degradation of sulfasalazine (SUL) from aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation. Morphological analysis indicated the nanosheets arrangement of MoS2 and g-C3N4. The visible-light driven experiments indicated that 97% antibiotic was degraded by GCM-30% within 90 min which was found to be quite high than pristine g-C3N4 and MoS2 at solution pH of 6, GCM-30% dose of 20 mg, and SUL concentration of 20 mgL-1. The degradation performance of GCM-30% was selectively improved due to enhanced visible-light absorption, high charge carrier separation, and high redox ability of the photogenerated charges which was induced by the effective Z-scheme 2D/2D heterojunction formed between g-C3N4 and MoS2. The reactive radicals as determined by the scavenging study were •O2-, and h+. A detailed degradation mechanism of SUL by GCM-30% was also predicted based on the detailed examination of the band gaps of g-C3N4 and MoS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab. for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, P.O. Box 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chinna Bathula
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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Xiao H, Zhang Y, Gong J, Li K, Chen X, Fang D, Lv G, Wu G, Deng S, Zeng Z. Carbon Quantum Dots-Functionalized UiO-66-NH 2 Enabling Efficient Infrared Light Conversion of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfuryl with Waste Ethanol into 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10437. [PMID: 36012071 PMCID: PMC9408137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic etherification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with the waste ethanol into high-energy-density 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) has been considered as a promising way to simultaneously alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, the energy consumption is rather high as the synthesis of EMF requires a high temperature to open the etherification reaction. Herein, we demonstrate a clever design and construction of acidified biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (BCQDs)-modified UiO-66-NH2 that is immobilized on cermasite (H+/BCQDs/UiO-66-NH2@ceramsite), which can use the IR light as driven energy and wasted ethanol to trigger the catalytic conversion of HMF into EMF. The temperature on the surface of the immobilized catalyst could reach as high as 139 °C within 15 min IR irradiation. Due to the aforementioned advantages, the as-prepared catalyst exhibited excellent IR-triggered catalytic performance toward EMF production, where the EMF yields and selectivity were as high as 45% and 65%, respectively. The high catalytic performance originates from the outstanding photo-to-thermal conversion by the introduction of BCQDs, as well as the strong interactions between BCQDs and UiO-66-NH2 that boosts the etherification reactions. The immobilization of catalyst on cermasite not only benefits catalyst recycling, but more importantly reduces catalyst loss during practical applications. The conceptual study shown here provides new viewpoints in designing energy-effective materials for the conversion of wastes into high-value-added resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiao
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- ZHTH Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junran Gong
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- ZHTH Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dexin Fang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guochun Lv
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ganxue Wu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shihuai Deng
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhenxing Zeng
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Label-Free ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemically Assessing Fish Freshness by Monitoring Xanthine and Hypoxanthine. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Considering that simultaneous detection of xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HXA) has been proved to be a reliable and feasible method for assessing fish freshness, a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on the ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was constructed in this study for XA and HXA determination. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed to exhibit the morphology and structural characteristics of ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) displayed that the introduction of UiO-66-NH2 can improve the specific surface area of the hybrid. Besides, the electrochemical sensing performance of ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). For simultaneously detecting XA and HXA, the fabricated electrochemical sensor shows wide linear ranges (0.025–40 µM and 0.3–40 µM) with low detection limits (0.0083 µM and 0.1 µM). This sensor also has 96–103% recovery in detecting XA and HXA content in large yellow croaker meat samples, demonstrating a promising application in the marine food industry.
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Wang X, Jiang Z, Yang C, Zhen S, Huang C, Li Y. Facile synthesis of binary two-dimensional lanthanide metal-organic framework nanosheets for ratiometric fluorescence detection of mercury ions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126978. [PMID: 34461548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three boric acid-functionalized two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D MOFs) nanosheets, namely, 2D Tb-bop, Eu-bop and Tb/Eu-bop nanosheets, were synthesized through simple mixing of a reaction mixture of Tb/Eu salts and 5-boronoisophthalic acid (5-bop) in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) at room temperature. The product had excellent mercury ions (Hg2+) sensing properties. The highly exposed boric acid sites on the surface of the 2D structure can undergo a transmetalation reaction with Hg2+ to promote the energy transfer between the ligand and the lanthanide ions, thus enhancing the emission of 2D Tb-bop and Eu-bop nanosheets and resulting in high sensitivity for Hg2+ sensing. Significantly, the Hg2+-induced transmetalation reaction in 2D binary Tb/Eu-bop nanosheets also enhanced the energy transfer between Tb3+ and Eu3+ nodes, showing a ratiometric fluorescence response toward Hg2+, and further improving the sensitivity. This novel 2D ratiometric fluorescence probe showed good linearity from 0.1 to 40 μM for Hg2+ with a detection limit of 4.83 nM. This work not only provided a simple and efficient strategy for synthesizing 2D MOFs but also yielded new insights for designing fluorescence probes with excellent sensing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhongwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Changping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shujun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Chengzhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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