1
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Zheng M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Impacts of QM region sizes and conformation numbers on modelling enzyme reactions: a case study of polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31596-31603. [PMID: 37917137 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach is a broadly used tool in computational enzymology. Treating the QM region with a high-level DFT method is one of the important branches. Here, taking leaf-branch compost cutinase-catalyzed polyethylene terephthalate depolymerization as an example, the convergence behavior of energy barriers as well as key structural and charge features with respect to the size of the QM region (up to 1000 atoms) is systematically investigated. BP86/6-31G(d)//CHARMM and M06-2X/6-311G(d,p)//CHARMM level of theories were applied for geometry optimizations and single-point energy calculations, respectively. Six independent enzyme conformations for all the four catalytic steps (steps (i)-(iv)) were considered. Most of the twenty-four cases show that at least 500 QM atoms are needed while only two rare cases show that ∼100 QM atoms are sufficient for convergence when only a single conformation was considered. This explains why most previous studies showed that 500 or more QM atoms are required while a few others showed that ∼100 QM atoms are sufficient for DFT/MM calculations. More importantly, average energy barriers and key structural/charge features from six conformations show an accelerated convergence than that in a single conformation. For instance, to reach energy barrier convergence (within 2.0 kcal mol-1) for step (ii), only ∼100 QM atoms are required if six conformations are considered while 500 or more QM atoms are needed with a single conformation. The convergence is accelerated to be more rapid if hundreds and thousands of conformations were considered, which aligns with previous findings that only several dozens of QM atoms are required for convergence with semi-empirical QM/MM MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Zheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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2
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Sui B, Wang T, Fang J, Hou Z, Shu T, Lu Z, Liu F, Zhu Y. Recent advances in the biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate with cutinase-like enzymes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1265139. [PMID: 37849919 PMCID: PMC10577388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer in the polyester family. It is widely found in objects used daily, including packaging materials (such as bottles and containers), textiles (such as fibers), and even in the automotive and electronics industries. PET is known for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and transparency. However, these features (e.g., high hydrophobicity and high molecular weight) also make PET highly resistant to degradation by wild-type microorganisms or physicochemical methods in nature, contributing to the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. Therefore, accelerated PET recycling is becoming increasingly urgent to address the global environmental problem caused by plastic wastes and prevent plastic pollution. In addition to traditional physical cycling (e.g., pyrolysis, gasification) and chemical cycling (e.g., chemical depolymerization), biodegradation can be used, which involves breaking down organic materials into simpler compounds by microorganisms or PET-degrading enzymes. Lipases and cutinases are the two classes of enzymes that have been studied extensively for this purpose. Biodegradation of PET is an attractive approach for managing PET waste, as it can help reduce environmental pollution and promote a circular economy. During the past few years, great advances have been accomplished in PET biodegradation. In this review, current knowledge on cutinase-like PET hydrolases (such as TfCut2, Cut190, HiC, and LCC) was described in detail, including the structures, ligand-protein interactions, and rational protein engineering for improved PET-degrading performance. In particular, applications of the engineered catalysts were highlighted, such as improving the PET hydrolytic activity by constructing fusion proteins. The review is expected to provide novel insights for the biodegradation of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Sui
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxiang Fang
- Rizhao Administration for Market Regulation, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoxuan Hou
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Shu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Youshuang Zhu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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3
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Jayasekara SK, Joni HD, Jayantha B, Dissanayake L, Mandrell C, Sinharage MM, Molitor R, Jayasekara T, Sivakumar P, Jayakody LN. Trends in in-silico guided engineering of efficient polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolyzing enzymes to enable bio-recycling and upcycling of PET. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:3513-3521. [PMID: 37484494 PMCID: PMC10362282 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the largest produced polyester globally, and less than 30% of all the PET produced globally (∼6 billion pounds annually) is currently recycled into lower-quality products. The major drawbacks in current recycling methods (mechanical and chemical), have inspired the exploration of potentially efficient and sustainable PET depolymerization using biological approaches. Researchers have discovered efficient PET hydrolyzing enzymes in the plastisphere and have demonstrated the selective degradation of PET to original monomers thus enabling biological recycling or upcycling. However, several significant hurdles such as the less efficiency of the hydrolytic reaction, low thermostability of the enzymes, and the inability of the enzyme to depolymerize crystalline PET must be addressed in order to establish techno-economically feasible commercial-scale biological PET recycling or upcycling processes. Researchers leverage a synthetic biology-based design; build, test, and learn (DBTL) methodology to develop commercially applicable efficient PET hydrolyzing enzymes through 1) high-throughput metagenomic and proteomic approaches to discover new PET hydrolyzing enzymes with superior properties: and, 2) enzyme engineering approaches to modify and optimize PET hydrolyzing properties. Recently, in-silico platforms including molecular mechanics and machine learning concepts are emerging as innovative tools for the development of more efficient and effective PET recycling through the exploration of novel mutations in PET hydrolyzing enzymes. In-silico-guided PET hydrolyzing enzyme engineering with DBTL cycles enables the rapid development of efficient variants of enzymes over tedious conventional enzyme engineering methods such as random or directed evolution. This review highlights the potential of in-silico-guided PET degrading enzyme engineering to create more efficient variants, including Ideonella sakaiensis PETase (IsPETase) and leaf-branch compost cutinases (LCC). Furthermore, future research prospects are discussed to enable a sustainable circular economy through the bioconversion of PET to original or high-value platform chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya K. Jayasekara
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Hriday Dhar Joni
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Bhagya Jayantha
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Lakshika Dissanayake
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Mandrell
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Manuka M.S. Sinharage
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Molitor
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Thushari Jayasekara
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Poopalasingam Sivakumar
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Lahiru N. Jayakody
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Fermentation Science Institute, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
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4
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Fayon P, Devémy J, Emeriau-Viard C, Ballerat-Busserolles K, Goujon F, Dequidt A, Marty A, Hauret P, Malfreyt P. Energetic and Structural Characterizations of the PET-Water Interface as a Key Step in Understanding Its Depolymerization. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3543-3555. [PMID: 37018548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
We report molecular simulations of the interaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surfaces and water molecules with a short-term goal to better evaluate the different energy contributions governing the enzymatic degradation of amorphous PET. After checking that the glass transition temperature, density, entanglement mass, and mechanical properties of an amorphous PET are well reproduced by our molecular model, we extend the study to the extraction of a monomer from the bulk surface in different environments, i.e., water, vacuum, dodecane, and ethylene glycol. We complete this energetic characterization by the calculation of the work of adhesion of PET surfaces with water and dodecane molecules and by the determination of the contact angle of water droplets. These calculations are compared with experiments and should help us to better understand the enzymatic degradation of PET from both the thermodynamic and molecular viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fayon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Constance Emeriau-Viard
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Karine Ballerat-Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Goujon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux, Batiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Hauret
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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5
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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6
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Zhou J, Zhang X, Li Y, Feng S, Zhang Q, Wang W. Endocrine-disrupting metabolic activation of 2-nitrofluorene catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 1A1: A QM/MM approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107355. [PMID: 35751956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) present one of the most important airborne pollutants. Recent studies have shown that one of the most abundant NPAHs, 2-Nitrofluorene (NF), was supposed to be converted to endocrine-disrupting metabolites by cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) in human cells. However, the mechanism is still largely unexplored. Here the metabolic activation and transformation mechanism of NF catalyzed by CYP1A1 were systematically studied with the aid of Molecular Dynamics, Density Functional Theory and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics techniques. We evidence that CYP1A1 can activate NF through two elementary processes: (i) electrophilic addition (12.4 kcal·mol-1) or hydrogen abstraction (38.2 kcal·mol-1) and (ii) epoxidation (5.9 and 8.7 kcal·mol-1) or NIH shift (12.5 and 14.9 kcal·mol-1) or proton shuttle (12.1 kcal·mol-1). Electrophilic addition was found to be the rate-determining step while epoxidation rather than NIH shift or proton shuttle is the more feasible pathway after electrophilic addition. Metabolites 6,7-epoxide-2-nitrofluorene and 7,8-epoxide-2-nitrofluorene were identified as the major epoxidation products. Epoxides are unstable and easy to react with hydrated hydrogen ions and hydroxyls to produce endocrine disrupter 7-hydroxy-2-nitrofluorene. Toxic analysis shows that some of the metabolites are more toxic to model aquatic organisms (e.g. Green algea) than NF. Binding affinity analysis to human sex hormone binding globulin reveals that NF metabolites all have endocrine-disrupting potential. This study provides a comprehensive understanding on the biotransformation process of NF and may aid future studies on various NPAHs activation catalyzed by human P450 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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7
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Pfaff L, Gao J, Li Z, Jäckering A, Weber G, Mican J, Chen Y, Dong W, Han X, Feiler CG, Ao YF, Badenhorst CPS, Bednar D, Palm GJ, Lammers M, Damborsky J, Strodel B, Liu W, Bornscheuer UT, Wei R. Multiple Substrate Binding Mode-Guided Engineering of a Thermophilic PET Hydrolase. ACS Catal 2022; 12:9790-9800. [PMID: 35966606 PMCID: PMC9361285 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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Thermophilic polyester hydrolases (PES-H) have recently
enabled
biocatalytic recycling of the mass-produced synthetic polyester polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), which has found widespread use in the packaging
and textile industries. The growing demand for efficient PET hydrolases
prompted us to solve high-resolution crystal structures of two metagenome-derived
enzymes (PES-H1 and PES-H2) and notably also in complex with various
PET substrate analogues. Structural analyses and computational modeling
using molecular dynamics simulations provided an understanding of
how product inhibition and multiple substrate binding modes influence
key mechanistic steps of enzymatic PET hydrolysis. Key residues involved
in substrate-binding and those identified previously as mutational
hotspots in homologous enzymes were subjected to mutagenesis. At 72
°C, the L92F/Q94Y variant of PES-H1 exhibited 2.3-fold and 3.4-fold
improved hydrolytic activity against amorphous PET films and pretreated
real-world PET waste, respectively. The R204C/S250C variant of PES-H1
had a 6.4 °C higher melting temperature than the wild-type enzyme
but retained similar hydrolytic activity. Under optimal reaction conditions,
the L92F/Q94Y variant of PES-H1 hydrolyzed low-crystallinity PET materials
2.2-fold more efficiently than LCC ICCG, which was previously the
most active PET hydrolase reported in the literature. This property
makes the L92F/Q94Y variant of PES-H1 a good candidate for future
applications in industrial plastic recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pfaff
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhishuai Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Anna Jäckering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gert Weber
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yinping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu Han
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Christian G. Feiler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Department Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Weidong Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Wei R, von Haugwitz G, Pfaff L, Mican J, Badenhorst CP, Liu W, Weber G, Austin HP, Bednar D, Damborsky J, Bornscheuer UT. Mechanism-Based Design of Efficient PET Hydrolases. ACS Catal 2022; 12:3382-3396. [PMID: 35368328 PMCID: PMC8939324 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most widespread synthetic polyester, having been utilized in textile fibers and packaging materials for beverages and food, contributing considerably to the global solid waste stream and environmental plastic pollution. While enzymatic PET recycling and upcycling have recently emerged as viable disposal methods for a circular plastic economy, only a handful of benchmark enzymes have been thoroughly described and subjected to protein engineering for improved properties over the last 16 years. By analyzing the specific material properties of PET and the reaction mechanisms in the context of interfacial biocatalysis, this Perspective identifies several limitations in current enzymatic PET degradation approaches. Unbalanced enzyme-substrate interactions, limited thermostability, and low catalytic efficiency at elevated reaction temperatures, and inhibition caused by oligomeric degradation intermediates still hamper industrial applications that require high catalytic efficiency. To overcome these limitations, successful protein engineering studies using innovative experimental and computational approaches have been published extensively in recent years in this thriving research field and are summarized and discussed in detail here. The acquired knowledge and experience will be applied in the near future to address plastic waste contributed by other mass-produced polymer types (e.g., polyamides and polyurethanes) that should also be properly disposed by biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wei
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany,
| | - Gerlis von Haugwitz
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lara Pfaff
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic,International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital and
Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christoffel P.
S. Badenhorst
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Weidong Liu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport
Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Gert Weber
- Macromolecular
Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harry P. Austin
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic,International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital and
Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic,International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital and
Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany,
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