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Marwitz A, Dutta AK, Conner RL, Sanz LA, Jacobsohn LG, Knope KE. Unlocking Arene Phosphorescence in Bismuth-Organic Materials. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11053-11062. [PMID: 38823026 PMCID: PMC11186004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Three novel bismuth-organic compounds, with the general formula [Bi2(HPDC)2(PDC)2]·(arene)·2H2O (H2PDC = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid; arene = pyrene, naphthalene, and azulene), that consist of neutral dinuclear Bi-pyridinedicarboxylate complexes and outer coordination sphere arene molecules were synthesized and structurally characterized. The structures of all three phases exhibit strong π-π stacking interactions between the Bi-bound PDC/HPDC and outer sphere organic molecules; these interactions effectively sandwich the arene molecules between bismuth complexes and thereby prevent molecular vibrations. Upon UV irradiation, the compounds containing pyrene and naphthalene displayed red and green emission, respectively, with quantum yields of 1.3(2) and 30.8(4)%. The emission was found to originate from the T1 → S0 transition of the corresponding arene and result in phosphorescence characteristic of the arene employed. By comparison, the azulene-containing compound displayed very weak blue-purple phosphorescence of unknown origin and is a rare example of T2 → S0 emission from azulene. The pyrene- and naphthalene-containing compounds both display radioluminescence, with intensities of 11 and 38% relative to bismuth germanate, respectively. Collectively, these results provide further insights into the structure-property relationships that underpin luminescence from Bi-based materials and highlight the utility of Bi-organic molecules in the realization of organic emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
C. Marwitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of
Columbia 20057, United States of America
| | - Anuj K. Dutta
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of
Columbia 20057, United States of America
| | - Robin L. Conner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
| | - Lulio A. Sanz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of
Columbia 20057, United States of America
| | - Luiz G. Jacobsohn
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States of America
| | - Karah E. Knope
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of
Columbia 20057, United States of America
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2
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Liu L, Peng M, Xu K, Xia H, Peng X, Peng L, Zhang JZ. Molecularly imprinted fluorescence assay based on lead halide perovskite quantum dots for determination of benzo(a)pyrene. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:380. [PMID: 37695413 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers with methylammonium lead halide perovskite quantum dots (MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs) have been prepared and applied to the determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) for the first time. The photoluminescence (PL) of MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs was enhanced due to the surface passivation of defects by BaP. PL excitation and emission spectra, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and time-resolved PL studies suggest that the interaction between MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs and BaP is a dynamic process. After MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs were incubated with BaP, the benzene ring in the molecular structure of BaP can interact with MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs through π electrons, which reduces non-radiative recombination of MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs and lengthens excited state lifetime. The PL intensity of the MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs-BaP system was monitored at 520 nm with 375 nm excitation. Under optimized conditions, the PL intensity of MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs is linear with the concentration of BaP in the 10 to 100 ng·mL-1 range, with a detection limit of 1.6 ng·mL-1. The imprinting factor was 3.9, indicating excellent specificity of MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs for BaP. The MIP@MAPbBr3 PQDs were subsequently applied to the PL analysis of BaP in sunflower seed oil, cured meat, and grilled fish samples, achieving recoveries from 79.3 to 107%, and relative standard deviations below 10%. This molecularly imprinted fluorescence assay improves the selectivity of BaP in complex mixtures and could be extended to other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Research Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Maomin Peng
- Research Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Research Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Xitian Peng
- Research Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, China.
| | - Lijun Peng
- Research Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Jin Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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Meng H, Wang Y, Wu R, Li Y, Wei D, Li M, Zhu N, Zhu F, Zhang Z, Zhao H. Identification of multi-component metal ion mixtures in complex systems using fluorescence sensor arrays. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131546. [PMID: 37163891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing co-contamination of multiple metal ions seriously influences human health due to their synergistic and additive toxicological effects, whereas the rapid discrimination of multiple heavy metal ions in complex aquatic systems remains a major challenge. Herein, a high- throughput fluorescence sensor array was fabricated based on three gold nanoclusters (GSH-Au NCs, OVA-Au NCs, and BSA-Au NCs) for the direct identification and quantification of seven heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ag+, Hg2+ and As3+) from environmental waters without sample pretreatment other than filtration. At the detection system, three gold nanoclusters with various ligands possessed distinct binding capacities against metal ions and induced aggregation-induced fluorescence enhancement and quenching, resulting in a unique pattern of fluorescence variations. Meanwhile, integrated the collected fluorescence fingerprints with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), a discrete database was obtained for the accurate recognition and sensitive detection of metal ions. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the proposed fluorescence sensor array for metal ions detection at nM concentration level along with a satisfactory accuracy. Importantly, our study indicated that the fluorescence sensor array could be widely used as a general platform in environmental monitoring against multiple targets at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Meng
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ruoxi Wu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yumo Li
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dali Wei
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nuanfei Zhu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Hongjun Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Quzhou People's Hospital, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou 324000, China.
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Verma AK, Noumani A, Yadav AK, Solanki PR. FRET Based Biosensor: Principle Applications Recent Advances and Challenges. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081375. [PMID: 37189476 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors are being fabricated for specific detection of biomolecules or changes in the microenvironment. FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from an excited donor fluorophore molecule to a nearby acceptor fluorophore molecule. In a FRET-based biosensor, the donor and acceptor molecules are typically fluorescent proteins or fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs) or small molecules that are engineered to be in close proximity to each other. When the biomolecule of interest is present, it can cause a change in the distance between the donor and acceptor, leading to a change in the efficiency of FRET and a corresponding change in the fluorescence intensity of the acceptor. This change in fluorescence can be used to detect and quantify the biomolecule of interest. FRET-based biosensors have a wide range of applications, including in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, and drug discovery. This review article provides a substantial approach on the FRET-based biosensor, principle, applications such as point-of-need diagnosis, wearable, single molecular FRET (smFRET), hard water, ions, pH, tissue-based sensors, immunosensors, and aptasensor. Recent advances such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) are used for this type of sensor and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Verma
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashab Noumani
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amit K Yadav
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pratima R Solanki
- Lab D NanoBiolab, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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5
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Li T, Zhu X, Hai X, Bi S, Zhang X. Recent Progress in Sensor Arrays: From Construction Principles of Sensing Elements to Applications. ACS Sens 2023; 8:994-1016. [PMID: 36848439 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The traditional sensors are designed based on the "lock-and-key" strategy with high selectivity and specificity for detecting specific analytes, which however are not suitable for detecting multiple analytes simultaneously. With the help of pattern recognition technologies, the sensor arrays excel in distinguishing subtle changes caused by multitarget analytes with similar structures in a complex system. To construct a sensor array, the multiple sensing elements are undoubtedly indispensable units that will selectively interact with targets to generate the unique "fingerprints" based on the distinct responses, enabling the identification among various analytes through pattern recognition methods. This comprehensive review mainly focuses on the construction strategies and principles of sensing elements, as well as the applications of sensor array for identification and detection of target analytes in a wide range of fields. Furthermore, the present challenges and further perspectives of sensor arrays are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Sai Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
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Che H, Yan S, Xiong M, Nie Y, Tian X, Li Y. Ultra-trace detection and efficient adsorption removal of multiple water-soluble volatile organic compounds by fluorescent sensor array. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130182. [PMID: 36279650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extremely low concentration, complex composition and easy to be converted into each other in water and air of water-soluble volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is a great challenge to the traditional detection technology, pollution control and traceability, etc. Therefore, developing a convenient, swift and on-site detection method for simultaneous quantification of multiple VOCs is highly anticipated. In this paper, a multifunctional sensor array with adsorption and sensing of VOCs has been constructed by four fluorescence channels of small-sized Eu@Uio-66 and Tb@Uio-66. Due to the obvious cross-reactive characteristics between 4 fluorescence channels and VOCs, the sensor array could detect 8 VOCs simultaneously with all detection limits as low as ppb level. In addition, the detection results of sensor array for actual water samples coexisting with multiple VOCs confirmed that it has strong anti-interference performance and could be used for simultaneous detection of multiple VOCs in real water. The construction of sensor array with VOC adsorption function not only helps to reduce the detection limit of VOCs benefiting from the pre-concentration of materials, but also has significant value to reduce the harmfulness of pollutants. Predictably, this work is of great significance for VOC traceability, analysis of ecotoxicological effects and monitoring of pollution distribution characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Che
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Shulin Yan
- Wuxi Little Swan Electric Co., Ltd., National High-tech Development Zone, No. 18 South Changjiang RD, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Ming Xiong
- Wuxi Little Swan Electric Co., Ltd., National High-tech Development Zone, No. 18 South Changjiang RD, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Yulun Nie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Xike Tian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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7
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Saravanakumar K, Sivasantosh S, Sathiyaseelan A, Sankaranarayanan A, Naveen KV, Zhang X, Jamla M, Vijayasarathy S, Vishnu Priya V, MubarakAli D, Wang MH. Impact of benzo[a]pyrene with other pollutants induce the molecular alternation in the biological system: Existence, detection, and remediation methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119207. [PMID: 35351595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) in recent times is rather unavoidable than ever before. BaP emissions are sourced majorly from anthropogenic rather than natural provenance from wildfires and volcanic eruptions. A major under-looked source is via the consumption of foods that are deep-fried, grilled, and charcoal smoked foods (meats in particular). BaP being a component of poly aromatic hydrocarbons has been classified as a Group I carcinogenic agent, which has been shown to cause both systemic and localized effects in animal models as well as in humans; has been known to cause various forms of cancer, accelerate neurological disorders, invoke DNA and cellular damage due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and involve in multi-generational phenotypic and genotypic defects. BaP's short and accumulated exposure has been shown in disrupting the fertility of gamete cells. In this review, we have discussed an in-depth and capacious run-through of the various origins of BaP, its economic distribution and its impact as well as toxicological effects on the environment and human health. It also deals with a mechanism as a single compound and its ability to synergize with other chemicals/materials, novel sensitive detection methods, and remediation approaches held in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Alwarappan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Life Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Navanihal, Karnataka, 585 313, India.
| | - Kumar Vishven Naveen
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Monica Jamla
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Sampathkumar Vijayasarathy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Davoodbasha MubarakAli
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India.
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Caroleo F, Magna G, Naitana ML, Di Zazzo L, Martini R, Pizzoli F, Muduganti M, Lvova L, Mandoj F, Nardis S, Stefanelli M, Di Natale C, Paolesse R. Advances in Optical Sensors for Persistent Organic Pollutant Environmental Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22072649. [PMID: 35408267 PMCID: PMC9002670 DOI: 10.3390/s22072649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical chemical sensors are widely applied in many fields of modern analytical practice, due to their simplicity in preparation and signal acquisition, low costs, and fast response time. Moreover, the construction of most modern optical sensors requires neither wire connections with the detector nor sophisticated and energy-consuming hardware, enabling wireless sensor development for a fast, in-field and online analysis. In this review, the last five years of progress (from 2017 to 2021) in the field of optical chemical sensors development for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is provided. The operating mechanisms, the transduction principles and the types of sensing materials employed in single selective optical sensors and in multisensory systems are reviewed. The selected examples of optical sensors applications are reported to demonstrate the benefits and drawbacks of optical chemical sensor use for POPs assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Caroleo
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Gabriele Magna
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Mario Luigi Naitana
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorena Di Zazzo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.D.Z.); (C.D.N.)
| | - Roberto Martini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Francesco Pizzoli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Mounika Muduganti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Larisa Lvova
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06725974732
| | - Federica Mandoj
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.D.Z.); (C.D.N.)
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (F.M.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (R.P.)
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