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Liu W, Qin Q, Zhang H, Zhao W, Chen X, Xiong J, Han Y, Zheng S, Zhang C, Li G, Li P. Improved recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by reduction roasting and NaHCO 3 leaching. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 187:119-127. [PMID: 39003881 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Lithium supply risk is increasing and driving rapid progress in lithium recovery schemes from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, a facile recycling process consisting mainly of reduction roasting and NaHCO3 leaching was adopted to improve lithium recovery. The Li of spent LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 powder were converted to Li2CO3 and LiAlO2 with the reduction effect of C and residual Al in the roasting process. NaHCO3 leaching was utilized to selectively dissolve lithium from Li2CO3 and water-insoluble LiAlO2. The activation energy of NaHCO3 leaching was 9.31 kJ∙mol-1 and the leaching of lithium was a diffusion control reaction. More than 95.19 % lithium was leached and recovered as a Li2CO3 product with a purity of 99.80 %. Thus, this approach provides a green path to selective recovery of lithium with good economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Qingshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingwei Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Qingshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiachun Xiong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Kexueyuan Road, Ganxian District, Ganzhou, JiangXi 341100, China
| | - Yunwu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Qingshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Kexueyuan Road, Ganxian District, Ganzhou, JiangXi 341100, China
| | - Shili Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- CNPC Petrochemical Research Institute, 7 Kunlun Road, Shahe Town, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guangqiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Qingshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Ping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Kexueyuan Road, Ganxian District, Ganzhou, JiangXi 341100, China.
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2
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Zhang G, Jiang T, He Y, Wang H, Yuan X. Pre-separation combined with reduction roasting for high-quality recovery of graphite and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 187:244-251. [PMID: 39074419 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of spent lithium ion batteries is of great significance because it contains large amounts of valuable metals. But current recovery methods exhibit limited efficiency in selectively extracting lithium from spent electrode materials and spent graphite becomes metallurgical residues. In this study, we propose a novel recycling flowchart that combines flotation with multi-stage water-leaching to enhance the recovery of graphite and lithium from black mass derived from spent lithium ion batteries. Removal of organics can be conducted by pyrolysis, at the same time, the spent ternary cathode material was decomposed into CoO, NiO, and MnO at a temperature of 600 °C for 60 min using pyrolysis product-derived reductant. The sub-microlevel migration behavior of lithium ions in electrode materials was also examined. The electrode material aggregates were broken up by water crushing, and 38.67 % lithium dissolves into water for recycling. Bubble flotation was used to recycle the excess graphite from the black mass while the residual graphite was used as reductant for the carbothermal reduction. Using the developed scheme, we were able to recover 95.51 % of lithium after carbothermal reduction with 12.31 % carbon residue. Based on basic research, a novel recycling flowchart of spent lithium-ion batteries has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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3
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Chen Q, Zhang X, Cheng R, Shi H, Pei Y, Yang J, Zhao Q, Zhao X, Wu F. Crystal phase and nanoscale size regulation utilizing the in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of bamboo sawdust in the recycling of spent lithium batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:186-196. [PMID: 38670002 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Current Li-ion battery (LIB) recycling methods exhibit the disadvantages of low metal recovery efficiencies and high levels of pollution and energy consumption. Here, products generated via the in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of bamboo sawdust (BS) were utilized to regulate the crystal phase and nanoscale size of the NCM cathode to enhance the selective Li extraction and leaching efficiencies of other valuable metals from spent LIBs. The catalytic effect of the NCM cathode significantly promoted the release of gases from BS pyrolysis. These gases (H2, CO, and CH4) finally transformed the crystal phase of the NCM cathode from LiNixCoyMnzO2 into (Ni-Co/MnO/Li2CO3)/C. The size of the spent NCM cathode material was reduced approximately 31.7-fold (from 4.1 μm to 129.2 nm) after roasting. This could be ascribed to the in-situ catalytic decomposition of aromatic compounds generated via the primary pyrolysis of BS into C and H2 on the surface of the cathode material, resulting in the formation of the nanoscale composite (Ni-Co/MnO/Li2CO3)/C. This process enabled the targeted control of the crystal phase and nanoscale size of the material. Water leaching studies revealed a remarkable selective Li extraction efficiency of 99.27 %, and sulfuric acid leaching experiments with a concentration of 2 M revealed high extraction efficiencies of 99.15 % (Ni), 93.87 % (Co), and 99.46 % (Mn). Finally, a novel mechanism involving synergistic thermo-reduction and carbon modification for crystal phase regulation and nanoscale control was proposed. This study provides a novel concept for use in enhancing the recycling of valuable metals from spent LIBs utilizing biomass waste and practices the concept of "treating waste with waste".
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Rui Cheng
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Huawei Shi
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yanbo Pei
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jingjing Yang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Qing Zhao
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Bruno M, Fiore S. Review of lithium-ion batteries' supply-chain in Europe: Material flow analysis and environmental assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120758. [PMID: 38593735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
European legislation stated that electric vehicles' sale must increase to 35% of circulating vehicles by 2030, and concern is associated to the batteries' supply chain. This review aims at analysing the impacts (about material flows and CO2 eq emissions) of Lithium-Ion Batteries' (LIBs) recycling at full-scale in Europe in 2030 on the European LIBs' supply-chain. Literature review provided the recycling technologies' (e.g., pyro- and hydrometallurgy) efficiencies, and an inventory of existing LIBs' production and recycling plants in Europe. European production plants exhibit production capacity adequate for the expected 2030 needs. The key critical issues associated to recycling regard pre-treatments and the high costs and environmental impacts of metallurgical processes. Then, according to different LIBs' composition and market shares in 2020, and assuming a 10-year battery lifetime, the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of the metals embodied in End of Life (EoL) LIBs forecasted in Europe in 2030 was modelled, and the related CO2 eq emissions calculated. In 2030 the European LIBs' recycling structure is expected to receive 664 t of Al, 530 t of Co, 1308 t of Cu, 219 t of Fe, 175 t of Li, 287 t of Mn and 486 t of Ni. Of these, 99% Al, 86% Co, 96% Cu, 88% Mn and 98% Ni will be potentially recovered by pyrometallurgy, and 71% Al, 92% Co, 92% Fe, 96% Li, 88 % Mn and 90% Ni by hydrometallurgy. However, even if the recycling efficiencies of the technologies applied at full-scale are high, the treatment capacity of European recycling plants could supply as recycled metals only 2%-wt of the materials required for European LIBs' production in 2030 (specifically 278 t of Al, 468 t of Co, 531 t of Cu, 114 t of Fe, 95 t of Li, 250 t of Mn and 428 t of Ni). Nevertheless, including recycled metals in the production of new LIBs could cut up 28% of CO2 eq emissions, compared to the use of virgin raw materials, and support the European batteries' value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bruno
- DIATI, Department of Engineering for Environment, Land, and Infrastructures, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Fiore
- DIATI, Department of Engineering for Environment, Land, and Infrastructures, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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Wang J, Ma J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Jia K, Ji G, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2839-2887. [PMID: 38427022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption of lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about the disposal and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. However, the recycling rate of lithium-ion batteries worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit the promotion of the battery recycling rate: outdated recycling technology is the most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based recycling methods rely on continuous decomposition and extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes and many chemical reagents. These methods are tedious with worse economic feasibility, and the recycling products are mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify the process and improve the economic benefits, novel recycling methods are in urgent demand, and direct recycling/regeneration is therefore proposed as a next-generation method. Herein, a comprehensive review of the origin, current status, and prospect of direct recycling methods is provided. We have systematically analyzed current recycling methods and summarized their limitations, pointing out the necessity of developing direct recycling methods. A detailed analysis for discussions of the advantages, limitations, and obstacles is conducted. Guidance for future direct recycling methods toward large-scale industrialization as well as green and efficient recycling systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Jia
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality/Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China
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6
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Wang T, Tao T, Lv W, Zhao Y, Kang F, Cao H, Sun Z. Selective Recovery of Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Material with a Near-Room-Temperature Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10267-10276. [PMID: 38363101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Effective separation of cathode materials from the current collector is a critical step in recycling a spent lithium-ion battery (LIB). This typically necessitates the decomposition or dissolution of the organic binder, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), to achieve efficient recovery of cathode materials. However, this process requires a high decomposition temperature, typically between 400 and 600 °C, and can lead to side reactions, such as current collector oxidation/brittleness, decomposition of cathode materials, and formation of metal fluorides. In this study, we propose that non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment can be used to achieve an extremely high separation of cathode materials and aluminum current collector at near room temperature. Instead of relying on PVDF decomposition, which requires high temperatures, PVDF can be deactivated by partially breaking down long molecular chains with appropriate NTP conditions. With a total treatment time of around 2000 s and an environmental temperature of approximately 80 °C, minor side reactions can be avoided. The separation rate can reach up to 95.69%, and high-quality cathode materials can be obtained with only 0.02 wt % aluminum impurity content. This research could potentially offer a new approach toward minimizing recycling steps and reducing energy consumption in the recycling of spent LIBs. It could also be extended to the recovery of a broader range of electronic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianya Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Tao
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguang Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Kang
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Niu B, Xu Z, Xiao J, Qin Y. Recycling Hazardous and Valuable Electrolyte in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Urgency, Progress, Challenge, and Viable Approach. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37339582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming a hot global issue due to the huge amount of scrap, hazardous, and valuable materials associated with end-of-life LIBs. The electrolyte, accounting for 10-15 wt % of spent LIBs, is the most hazardous substance involved in recycling spent LIBs. Meanwhile, the valuable components, especially Li-based salts, make recycling economically beneficial. However, studies of electrolyte recycling still account for only a small fraction of the number of spent LIB recycling papers. On the other hand, many more studies about electrolyte recycling have been published in Chinese but are not well-known worldwide due to the limitations of language. To build a bridge between Chinese and Western academic achievements on electrolyte treatments, this Review first illustrates the urgency and importance of electrolyte recycling and analyzes the reason for its neglect. Then, we introduce the principles and processes of the electrolyte collection methods including mechanical processing, distillation and freezing, solvent extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide. We also discuss electrolyte separation and regeneration with an emphasis on methods for recovering lithium salts. We discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of recycling processes. Moreover, we propose five viable approaches for industrialized applications to efficiently recycle electrolytes that combine different processing steps, ranging from mechanical processing with heat distillation to mechanochemistry and in situ catalysis, and to discharging and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for electrolyte recycling. This Review will contribute to electrolyte recycling more efficiently, environmentally friendly, and economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Baoding 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jiemei Road 668, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yufei Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Green Recycling Co., Ltd., Fengcheng 331100, Jiangxi China
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Hu Q, Luo Z, Zhou H, Cao Z. High-efficiency selective leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: Effects of Na 2S 2O 8 on the leaching of metals. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 167:204-212. [PMID: 37269584 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new method was presented for the high-efficiency selective leaching of Li and the efficient recovery of transition metals (TMs) from the cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries (spent LIBs). Selective leaching of Li was achieved by carbothermic reduction roasting and leaching with Na2S2O8. After reduction roasting, high-valence TMs were reduced to low-valence metals or metal oxides, and Li was converted to Li2CO3. Then Na2S2O8 solution selectively extracted 94.15% of Li from roasted product with leaching selectivity of more than 99%. At last, TMs were leached with H2SO4 without adding reductant with the leaching efficiency of metals all exceeding 99%. Na2S2O8 added during the leaching process destroyed the agglomerated structure of the roasted product to open the way Li entered the solution. Under the oxidative environment of Na2S2O8 solution, TMs would not be extracted. At the same time, it helped to regulate the phase of TMs and improved the extraction of TMs. Furthermore, the phase transformation mechanism of roasting and leaching was discussed through thermodynamic analysis, XRD, XPS, and SEM-EDS. This process not only realized the selectively comprehensive recycling of valuable metals in spent LIBs cathode materials; but also followed the principle of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongyan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China; Fujian Zijin Liyuan Material Technology Co., Ltd, Fujian 364200, China
| | - Huixiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Zhanfang Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China.
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9
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Jadhao PR, Mishra S, Singh A, Pant KK, Nigam KDP. A sustainable route for the recovery of metals from waste printed circuit boards using methanesulfonic acid. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 335:117581. [PMID: 36867901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in electronic waste (e-waste) generation and its unsustainable management pose a threat to the environment and human well-being. However, various valuable metals are present in e-waste, which makes it a potential secondary source to recover metals. Therefore, in the present study, efforts were made to recover valuable metals (Cu, Zn, and Ni) from waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) of computers using methanesulfonic acid (MSA). MSA is contemplated as a biodegradable green solvent and has a high solubility for various metals. The effect of various process parameters (MSA concentration, H2O2 concentration, stirring speed, liquid to solid ratio, time, and temperature) was investigated on metal extraction to optimize the process. At the optimized process conditions, 100% extraction of Cu and Zn was achieved, while Ni extraction was around 90%. The kinetic study for metal extraction was performed using a shrinking core model and findings showed that MSA-aided metal extraction is a diffusion-controlled process. Activation energies were found to be 9.35, 10.89, and 18.86 kJ/mol for Cu, Zn, and Ni extraction, respectively. Furthermore, the individual recovery of Cu and Zn was achieved using the combination of cementation and electrowinning, which resulted in 99.9% purity of Cu and Zn. The current study proposes a sustainable solution for the selective recovery of Cu and Zn from WPCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Snigdha Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - K D P Nigam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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10
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Yu J, Li J, Zhang S, Wei F, Liu Y, Li J. Mechanochemical upcycling of spent LiCoO 2 to new LiNi 0.80Co 0.15Al 0.05O 2 battery: An atom economy strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217698120. [PMID: 36996111 PMCID: PMC10083615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217698120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of strong acids and low atom efficiency in conventional hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) results in significant secondary wastes and CO2 emissions. Herein, we utilize the waste metal current collectors in spent LIBs to promote atom economy and reduce chemicals consumption in a conversion process of spent Li1-xCoO2 (LCO) → new LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathode. Mechanochemical activation is employed to achieve moderate valence reduction of transition metal oxides (Co3+→Co2+,3+) and efficient oxidation of current collector fragments (Al0→Al3+, Cu0→Cu1+,2+), and then due to stored internal energy from ball-milling, the leaching rates of Li, Co, Al, and Cu in the ≤4 mm crushed products uniformly approach 100% with just weak acetic acid. Instead of corrosive precipitation reagents, larger Al fragments (≥4 mm) are used to control the oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) in the aqueous leachate and induce the targeted removal of impurity ions (Cu, Fe). After the upcycling of NCA precursor solution to NCA cathode powders, we demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance of the regenerated NCA cathode and improved environmental impact. Through life cycle assessments, the profit margin of this green upcycling path reaches about 18%, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Shang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Fan Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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11
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Wei N, He Y, Zhang G, Feng Y, Li J, Lu Q, Fu Y. Recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by self-supplied reductant roasting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117107. [PMID: 36566732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The massive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) need to be recycled due to their increasing decommission in recent years. This paper aims to propose an effective process that uses self-supplied reductant roasting and acid leaching to recover Lithium, Nickle, Cobalt and Manganese from spent LIBs. In the absence of external carbon resources, the waste membrane from spent LIBs was used as the reductant in the self-supplied reductant roasting. A thermodynamic analysis was conducted to judge the possible reduction reaction between the cathode material and waste membrane. Then, the effects of roasting temperature, roasting time and membrane dosage on the crystal structure and phase transformation of roasting products were investigated and optimized. After the roasting process, the valence state of metals in the cathode material decreased and the structure became loose and porous. Moreover, the layer structure of the cathode material was transformed into groups of Li2CO3, Ni, Co, NiO, CoO and MnO. Further, the reduction effect of cathode powders under each roasting condition was verified under the same leaching conditions. After leaching for 30 min, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co and Mn were over 99% under the optimum roasting conditions. Finally, economic assessments proved that the proposed process is profitable. The whole process demonstrates an effective and positive way for recycling spent LIBs and making full use of their waste membrane, which promotes resource recovery and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Qichang Lu
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Yuanpeng Fu
- Taiyuan University of Technology, School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
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12
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Jin X, Zhang P, Teng L, Rohani S, He M, Meng F, Liu Q, Liu W. Acid-free extraction of valuable metal elements from spent lithium-ion batteries using waste copperas. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:189-198. [PMID: 37149393 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of hazardous spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is produced every year. Recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs is significant to achieve environmental protection and alleviate resource shortages. In this study, a green and facile process for recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs by waste copperas was proposed. The effects of heat treatment parameters on recovery efficiency of valuable metals and the redox mechanism were studied systematically through phase transformation behavior and valence transition. At low temperature (≤460 °C), copperas reacted with lithium on the outer layer of LIBs preferentially, but the reduction of transition metals was limited. As the temperature rose to 460-700 °C, the extraction efficiency of valuable metals was greatly enhanced due to the generation of SO2, and the gas-solid reaction proceeded much fast than the solid-solid reaction. In the final stage (≥700 °C), the main reactions were the thermal decomposition of soluble sulfates and the combination of decomposed oxides with Fe2O3 to form insoluble spinel. Under the optimum roasting conditions, i.e., at a copperas/LIBs mass ratio of 4.5, and a roasting temperature of 650 °C and roasting time of 120 min, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co and Mn were 99.94%, 99.2%, 99.5% and 99.65%, respectively. The results showed that valuable metals can be selectively and efficiently extracted from the complex cathode materials by water leaching. This study used waste copperas as an aid to recover metals and provided an alternative technical route for green recycling of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Pengyang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liumei Teng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Sohrab Rohani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Minyu He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Fei Meng
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qingcai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Weizao Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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13
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Liu C, Long J, Luo W, Liu H, Gao Y, Wan Z, Wang X. Synergistic strengthening mechanisms of mechanical activation-microwave reduction for selective lithium extraction from spent lithium batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:281-291. [PMID: 36403412 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbothermal reduction of cathode materials is an effective method to selectively extract lithium carbonate, both mechanical activation and microwave heating can enhance thermal reduction of mixed electrode materials. However, the mechanism of enhanced lithium extraction has not been fully revealed. This study attempts to uncover the synergistic strengthening mechanisms of mechanical activation-microwave reduction from the aspects of material structure, dielectric properties, reduction kinetics and lithium recovery rate. Mechanical activation induces amorphization and structural defects. The enhanced dielectric properties of materials and the induced hotspots/arc plasmas are also responsible for the enhancement of the reduction reaction. The average dissociation activation energy in the activated sample is 18.0 kJ·mol-1, which is 20.3 kJ·mol-1 lower than that of unactivated sample. The model-free method reveals that the carbothermic reduction process can be divided into three stages: (I) initial stage (α < 0.4(0.6)): the activation energy gradually decreases with the formation of strong microwave acceptor-reduction products; (II) transitional stage (0.4(0.6) < α < 0.7): the increase in mass transfer resistance leads to gradual increase in activation energy. Mechanical activation shortens the transitional reaction stage; (III) later reaction stage (α > 0.7), the decrease in activation energy may be attributed to the enhanced microwave absorption and CO reduction. The model-fitting method reveals that after mechanical activation, the reaction kinetic changes from reaction-order model to Ginstling-Brounshtein diffusion model. The optimized lithium extraction process parameters were: activation 300 rpm for 1.5 h, reduction temperature 550 °C. The research results can provide theoretical support for the enhanced extraction of cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Long
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yingying Gao
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zicong Wan
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuegang Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China.
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14
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Zhang CC, Zhang FS, Zhu NM, Yue XH. A carbothermic hybrid synthesized using waste halogenated plastic in sub/supercritical CO 2 and its application for lithium recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114777. [PMID: 36370818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Facile fabrication of porous carbon materials from waste halogenated plastic is highly attractive but frequently hampered due to potential release of halogenated organic pollutants. In this study, a novel type of carbon hybrid was tentatively synthesized from a real-world halogenated plastic as an inexpensive carbon source by sub/supercritical carbon dioxide carbonization technique. It was found that halogen-free carbon carrier was advantageously synthesized through carbonization of halogenated plastic without using catalysts due to zip depolymerization, random chain cracking and free radical reactions induced by sub/supercritical carbon dioxide technique. Exhibiting with more abundant functional groups including C-O, CO groups than pyrolytic carbon carrier, the derived carbon carrier demonstrated excellent performance in selective recovery of lithium from cathode powder with highest recovery efficiency of 93.6%. Mechanism study indicated that cathode powder was transformed into low-valence states of transition metals/metal oxides and released lithium as lithium carbonate due to collapse of oxygen framework via carbothermic reduction. This work provides an applicable and green process for synthesis of alternative carbon carrier from waste halogenated plastic and its application as carbothermic reductant in lithium recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Zhang
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Fu-Shen Zhang
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Neng-Min Zhu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Yue
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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15
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Zhou X, Yang W, Liu X, Tang J, Su F, Li Z, Yang J, Ma Y. One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from mixed spent lithium batteries in the phosphoric acid system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:53-64. [PMID: 36343600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable elements in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted more and more attention. Efficient recovery of valuable elements from spent LIBs with lower consumption and shorter process is the target that people have been pursuing. In this study, the valuable metals (Ni, Co, Mn and Li) and FePO4 products are simultaneously recovered from mixed spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 and LiFePO4 in one step under the optimized condition of 0.88 M H3PO4, a mass ratio of LFP/NCM of 2:1, a L/S ratio of 33:1 and 80 ℃ for 120 min without additional auxiliary reagents. Over 60 % of acid consumption is reduced and the process of adjusting pH is avoidable. The leaching efficiencies of the valuable elements reach up to 99.1 % for Ni, 98.9 % for Co, 99.6 % for Li and 97.3 % for Mn. Almost all of Fe is precipitated as FePO4·2H2O. By means of the empirical model, the research on leaching kinetics demonstrates that the leaching reaction is internal diffusion-controlled with the apparent activation energy of valuable metals less than 30 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the redox reaction mechanism between spent LiBs has been explored. And the intrinsic driving force in the phosphoric acid system is found out. This finding may provide an innovative and selective recycling method for valuable elements from mixed spent LIBs with high economic benefit and fewer environmental footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fanyun Su
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenxiao Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yayun Ma
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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16
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Study on selective recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powder by electrochemical method. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Jiang H, Li Z, Xie W, Zhang G, Yu Z, Lu Q, He Y. Study on the thermal reduction effect of organic components in spent ternary lithium battery cathode active materials. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 148:33-42. [PMID: 35660255 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the adhesion between cathode materials and current collector, and increase the electronic conductivity among electroactive substances, a certain proportion of conductive agents (acetylene black) and agglomerant (PVDF) are usually added in the battery manufacturing process. However, these conductive agents have negative effects on the recovery of cathode materials by pyrolysis or calcination. Recognizing this issue, a method based on the concept of "treating spent with spent" was developed in this paper. Organic matters contained in cathode active materials functioned as the reduction reagents, which can reduce the valence state of transition metals, resulting in the breakdown of the strong chemical bond and the stable layered structure of cathode materials. In this study, the thermal reduction effect of different organic components on cathode active materials was analyzed respectively to evaluate the reduction function of each component. XRD, XPS and ICP-MS were used to compare and analyze changes of phase, element compound state and ion leaching efficiencies of different cathode materials before and after thermal reduction under different amounts of reducing agents. The results show that both PVDF and acetylene black reduced the high-valent metals to low-valent oxides or elemental substances, demonstrating their thermal reduction capabilities. Comparisons of the XRD, XPS analysis and ion leaching results of thermal reduced products suggest that acetylene black has a stronger thermal reduction ability than that of PVDF. The results also show that the reduction of the high nickel cathode material (NCM811) is easier than that of the low nickel cathode material (NCM111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Weining Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Zhaoyi Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Qichang Lu
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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