1
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Momin ZH, Lingamdinne LP, Kulkarni R, Pal CA, Choi YL, Chang YY, Koduru JR. Exploring recyclable alginate-enhanced GCN-LDO sponge for U(VI) and Cd(II) removal: Insights from batch and column studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134015. [PMID: 38518691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Developing effective water treatment materials, particularly through proven adsorption methods, is crucial for removing heavy metal contaminants. This study synthesizes a cost-effective three-dimensional material encapsulating graphitic carbon nitride-layered double oxide (GCN-LDO) in sodium alginate (SA) through the freeze-drying method. The material is applied to remove uranium (U(VI)) and cadmium (Cd(II)) in real water systems. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses conclusively verified the elemental composition and successful encapsulation of GCN-LDO within the SA matrix. Removal effectiveness was tested under various conditions, including adsorbent dose, ionic strength, contact time, temperature, different initial pollutant concentrations, and the impact of co-existing ions. The adsorption of U(VI) and Cd(II) conformed to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, signifying a chemical interaction between the sodium alginate-graphitic carbon nitride-layered double oxide (SA-GCN-LDO) sponge and the metal ions. The Langmuir isotherm indicated monolayer, homogeneous adsorption for U(VI) and Cd(II) with capacities of 158.25 and 165.00 mg/g. SA-GCN-LDO recyclability was found in up to seven adsorption cycles with a removal efficacy of 70%. The temperature effect study depicts the exothermic nature of the U(VI) and Cd(II) ion removal process. Various mechanisms involved in U(VI) and Cd(II) removal were proposed. Further, continuous fixed bed column studies were performed, and Thomas and the Yoon-Nelson model were studied. These insights from this investigation contribute to advancing our knowledge of the material's performance within the context of U(VI) and Cd(II) adsorption, paving the way for optimized and sustainable water treatment solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Husain Momin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Rakesh Kulkarni
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yu-Lim Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Janardhan Reddy Koduru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhu B, Gao P, Fan Y, Jin Q, Chen Z, Guo Z, Liu B. Efficient removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution using poly(amidoxime-hydroxamic acid) functionalized graphene oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:24064-24076. [PMID: 38438637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The efficient development of selective materials for uranium recovery from wastewater and seawater is crucial for the utilization of uranium resources and environmental protection. The potential of graphene oxide (GO) as an effective adsorbent for the removal of environmental contaminants has been extensively investigated. Further modification of the functional groups on the basal surface of GO can significantly enhance its adsorption performance. In this study, a novel poly(amidoxime-hydroxamic acid) functionalized graphene oxide (pAHA-GO) was synthesized via free radical polymerization followed by an oximation reaction, aiming to enhance its adsorption efficiency for U(VI). A variety of characterization techniques, including SEM, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, and XPS, were employed to demonstrate the successful decoration of amidoxime and hydroxamic acid functional groups onto GO. Meanwhile, the adsorption of U(VI) on pAHA-GO was studied as a function of contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, ionic strength, initial U(VI) concentration, and interfering ions by batch-type experiments. The results indicated that the pAHA-GO exhibited excellent reuse capability, high stability, and anti-interference ability. Specially, the U(VI) adsorption reactions were consistent with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isothermal adsorption models. The maximum U(VI) adsorption capacity was evaluated to be 178.7 mg/g at pH 3.6, displaying a higher U(VI) removal efficiency compared with other GO-based adsorbents in similar conditions. Regeneration of pAHA-GO did not significantly influence the adsorption towards U(VI) for up to four sequential cycles. In addition, pAHA-GO demonstrated good adsorption capacity stability when it was immersed in HNO3 solution at different concentrations (0.1-1.0 mol/L) for 72 h. pAHA-GO was also found to have anti-interference ability for U(VI) adsorption in seawater with high salt content at near-neutral pH condition. In simulated seawater, the adsorption efficiency was above 94% for U(VI) across various initial concentrations. The comprehensive characterization results demonstrated the involvement of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups in pAHA-GO in the adsorption process of U(VI). Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of the pAHA-GO composite used for the capture of U(VI) from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowu Zhu
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengyuan Gao
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- China MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ye Fan
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- China MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- China MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zongyuan Chen
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- China MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhijun Guo
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- China MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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3
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Weng XC, Ajmal M, Shehzad H, Chen J, Farooqi ZH, Liu Z, Sharif A, Ahmed E, Zhou L, Xu L, Ouyang J, Irfan A, Chaudhry AR, Begum R, Shaukat S. Tungsten oxide encapsulated phosphate-rich porous alginate composites for efficient U(VI) capture: Insights into synthesis, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129962. [PMID: 38316322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, novel monoclinic tungsten oxide (WO3)-encapsulated phosphate-rich porous sodium alginate (PASA) microspherical hydrogel beads were prepared for efficient U(VI) capture. These macroporous and hollow beads were systematically characterized through XRD, FTIR, EDX-mapping, and SEM-EDS techniques. The O and P atoms in the PO and monoclinic WO3 offered inner-spherical complexation with U(VI). The in situ growth of WO3 played a significant role inside the phosphate-rich biopolymeric network to improve its chemical stability, specific surface area, adsorption capacity, and sorption rate. The phytic acid (PA) served for heteroatom doping and crosslinking. The encapsulated WO3 mass ratio was optimized in different composites, and WO3/PASA3 (the microspherical beads with a mass ratio of 30.0 % w/w) exhibited remarkable maximum sorption capacity qm (336.42 mg/g) computed through the best-fit Langmuir model (R2 ≈ 0.99) and rapid sorption equilibrium, teq (150 min). The isothermal sorption studies were conducted at different temperatures (298, 303, and 308 K) and thermodynamic parameters concluded that the process of U(VI) sorption using WO3/PASA3 is endothermic and feasible having ΔHo (8.19 kJ/mol), ΔGo (-20.75, -21.38, and - 21.86 kJ/mol) and proceeds with a minute increase in randomness ΔSo (0.09 kJ/mol.K). Tungsten oxide (WO3)-encapsulated phosphate-rich porous microspherical beads could be promising material for uranium removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen Weng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory for Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Muhammad Ajmal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Shehzad
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory for Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China.
| | - Jiaai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Zahoor H Farooqi
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Zhirong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory for Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China.
| | - Ahsan Sharif
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Limin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Jinbo Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, P.O. Box 551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robina Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Shaukat
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
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4
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Ma M, Ye Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Ning S, Yin X, Fujita T, Chen Y, Wu H, Wang X. Synthesis and fabrication of segregative and durable MnO 2@chitosan composite aerogel beads for uranium(VI) removal from wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120819. [PMID: 37931357 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
To address the imperative need for efficient removal of uranium-containing wastewater and mitigate radioactive contamination risks associated with nuclear energy, the development of materials with high removal efficiency and facile separation is crucial. This study designed and synthesised MnO2@chitosan (CTS) composite aerogel beads by in-situ growing δ-MnO2 on porous CTS aerogel beads. This approach not only mitigates the agglomeration of MnO2 nanospheres but also significantly enhances the porous structure and surface area of MnO2@CTS. These cost-effective and eco-friendly millimeter-scale spherical aerogels exhibited convenient separation properties after adsorption. These characteristics help mitigate the risk of equipment seam blockage and secondary pollution that are often associated with powdered adsorbents. Additionally, MnO2@CTS exhibited remarkable mechanical strength (stress approximately 0.55 MPa at 60 % strain), enabling rapid separation and easy regeneration while maintaining high adsorption performance even after five cycles. Significantly, MnO2@CTS exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 410.7 mg/g at pH 6 and 298 K, surpassing reported values for most CTS/MnO2-based adsorbents. The chemisorption process of U(VI) on MnO2@CTS followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Dubinin-Radushkevish models. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis further confirmed the reduction of U(VI) to U(V/IV). These findings highlight the substantial potential of MnO2@CTS aerogel beads for U(VI) removal from aqueous solutions, positioning them as a promising solution for addressing U(VI) contamination in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhenxiong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Youbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shunyan Ning
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, 28 Changsheng West Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xiangbiao Yin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, 28 Changsheng West Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Toyohisa Fujita
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yanliang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Hanyu Wu
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, PR China.
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
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5
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Roy Barman S, Gavit P, Chowdhury S, Chatterjee K, Nain A. 3D-Printed Materials for Wastewater Treatment. JACS AU 2023; 3:2930-2947. [PMID: 38034974 PMCID: PMC10685417 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing levels of water pollution pose an imminent threat to human health and the environment. Current modalities of wastewater treatment necessitate expensive instrumentation and generate large amounts of waste, thus failing to provide ecofriendly and sustainable solutions for water purification. Over the years, novel additive manufacturing technology, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has propelled remarkable innovation in different disciplines owing to its capability to fabricate customized geometric objects rapidly and cost-effectively with minimal byproducts and hence undoubtedly emerged as a promising alternative for wastewater treatment. Especially in membrane technology, 3D printing enables the designing of ultrathin membranes and membrane modules layer-by-layer with different morphologies, complex hierarchical structures, and a wide variety of materials otherwise unmet using conventional fabrication strategies. Extensive research has been dedicated to preparing membrane spacers with excellent surface properties, potentially improving the membrane filtration performance for water remediation. The revolutionary developments in membrane module fabrication have driven the utilization of 3D printing approaches toward manufacturing advanced membrane components, including biocarriers, sorbents, catalysts, and even whole membranes. This perspective highlights recent advances and essential outcomes in 3D printing technologies for wastewater treatment. First, different 3D printing techniques, such as material extrusion, selective laser sintering (SLS), and vat photopolymerization, emphasizing membrane fabrication, are briefly discussed. Importantly, in this Perspective, we focus on the unique 3D-printed membrane modules, namely, feed spacers, biocarriers, sorbents, and so on. The unparalleled advantages of 3D printed membrane components in surface area, geometry, and thickness and their influence on antifouling, removal efficiency, and overall membrane performance are underlined. Moreover, the salient applications of 3D printing technologies for water desalination, oil-water separation, heavy metal and organic pollutant removal, and nuclear decontamination are also outlined. This Perspective summarizes the recent works, current limitations, and future outlook of 3D-printed membrane technologies for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Roy Barman
- Department
of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Pratik Gavit
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Saswat Chowdhury
- Department
of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department
of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Amit Nain
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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6
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Deng X, Duan F, Zhu Y, Wang A, Zheng Y. Fabrication of porous adsorbent by quinoa husk stabilized foam templates for dye adsorption and carbonization for soil remediation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129754. [PMID: 37696336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel adsorbent with a sufficient porous structure was fabricated using a green and highly stable water-based foam template. This template was stabilized with agricultural waste quinoa husk (QH) and applied to remove dye pollutants in wastewater. The porous adsorbent exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 740.95 mg/g for methylene blue and 1022.1 mg/g for methyl violet. The adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir-Freundlich model and the pseudo second-order kinetic model. A sustainable concept for handling the spent adsorbent was also proposed, involving its conversion into biochar and safe return to the soil. An additional benefit was observed, as the biochar effectively adjusted the physicochemical properties of the soil and improved crop growth with the addition of 1 wt%. The potential application of porous adsorbent in wastewater treatment and the reference of sustainable strategy for disposing of other adsorbents are both noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Fangzhi Duan
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Yian Zheng
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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7
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Guo L, Peng L, Li J, Zhang W, Shi B. Highly efficient U(VI) capture from nuclear wastewater by an easily synthesized lignin-derived biochar: Adsorption performance and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115416. [PMID: 36738769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The efficient recycling of uranium (U) by adsorbents remains challenging due to the strong interference from coexisting impurities, insufficient desorption efficiency, and weak irradiation instability. In this work, a novel lignin-derived biochar (AL/BC) with high surface area and abundant functional groups was developed through a green and simple pyrolysis process, and an adsorbent for U(VI) capture was used. The optimist AL/BC-600 exhibited ultrahigh adsorption capacity for U(VI) of 4007 mg/g, possessing a wide pH range of 1-11, and powerful anti-interference ability when coexisting with various common cations and anions. In addition, AL/BC-600 showed high tolerance even under strong irradiation at a dose of 350 kGy. Most importantly, after the tenth round of the adsorption-desorption cyclic utilization, the adsorption efficiency and desorption rate of AL/BC-600 were actually over 95% and 80%, respectively. Hence, this study provides a green and simple process for synthesizing a novel adsorbent for highly efficient U(VI) capture, not only paving a path for alleviating the increasingly serious energy crisis, but also facilitating the low-carbon and circular development of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Liangqiong Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Jiheng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
| | - Bi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
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