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Kim KH, Kim HR, Oh J, Choi J, Park S, Yun ST. Predicting leachate impact on groundwater using electrical conductivity and oxidation-reduction potential measurements: An empirical and theoretical approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134733. [PMID: 38810580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This study developed innovative predictive models of groundwater pollution using in situ electrical conductivity (EC) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) measurements at livestock carcass burial sites. Combined electrode analysis (EC and ORP) and machine learning techniques efficiently and accurately distinguished between leachate and background groundwater. Two models-empirical and theoretical-were constructed based on a supervised classification framework. The empirical model constructs a classifier with high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, utilizing the comprehensive in situ EC and ORP measurements. The theoretical model with only two end members achieves comparable performance by simulating the leachate-groundwater interactions using a geochemical mixing model. Besides enhancing the early detection capabilities, our approach considerably reduces the reliance on extensive hydrochemical analyses, thus streamlining the monitoring process. Moreover, the use of field parameters was found to proactively identify potential pollution incidents, enhancing the efficiency of groundwater monitoring strategies. Our approach is applicable to various waste disposal sites, indicating its extensive potential for environmental monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, South Korea
| | - Ho-Rim Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, South Korea.
| | - Junseop Oh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jaehoon Choi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sunhwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-170, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
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Oh J, Kim KH, Kim HR, Park S, Yun ST. Using isometric log-ratio in compositional data analysis for developing a groundwater pollution index. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12196. [PMID: 38806627 PMCID: PMC11133307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a novel groundwater pollution index (GPI) formulated through compositional data analysis (CoDa) and robust principal component analysis (RPCA) to enhance groundwater quality assessment. Using groundwater quality monitoring data from sites impacted by the 2010-2011 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in South Korea, CoDa uncovers critical hydrochemical differences between leachate-influenced and background groundwater. The GPI was developed by selecting key subcompositional parts (NH4+-N, Cl-, and NO3--N) using RPCA, performing the isometric log-ratio (ILR) transformation, and normalizing the results to environmental standards, thereby providing a more precise and accurate assessment of pollution. Validated against government criteria, the GPI has shown its potential as an alternative assessment tool, with its reliability confirmed by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. This study highlights the essential role of CoDa, especially the ILR -transformation, in overcoming the limitations of traditional statistical methods that often neglect the relative nature of hydrochemical data. Our results emphasize the utility of the GPI in significantly advancing groundwater quality monitoring and management by addressing a methodological gap in the quantitative assessment of groundwater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseop Oh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, South Korea.
| | - Ho-Rim Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, South Korea
| | - Sunhwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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Abba SI, Yassin MA, Shah SMH, Egbueri JC, Elzain HE, Agbasi JC, Saini G, Usaman J, Khan NA, Aljundi IH. Trace element pollution tracking in the complex multi-aquifer groundwater system of Al-Hassa oasis (Saudi Arabia) using spatial, chemometric and index-based techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118320. [PMID: 38331148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In a global context, trace element pollution assessment in complex multi-aquifer groundwater systems is important, considering the growing concerns about water resource quality and sustainability worldwide. This research addresses multiple objectives by integrating spatial, chemometric, and indexical study approaches, for assessing trace element pollution in the multi-aquifer groundwater system of the Al-Hassa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. Groundwater sampling and analysis followed standard methods. For this purpose, the research employed internationally recognized protocols for groundwater sampling and analysis, including standardized techniques outlined by regulatory bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Average values revealed that Cr (0.041) and Fe (2.312) concentrations surpassed the recommended limits for drinking water quality, posing serious threats to groundwater usability by humans. The trace elemental concentrations were ranked as: Li < Mn < Co < As < Mo < Zn < Al < Ba < Se < V < Ni < Cr < Cu < B < Fe < Sr. Various metal(loid) pollution indices, including degree of contamination, heavy metal evaluation index, heavy metal pollution index, and modified heavy metal index, indicated low levels of groundwater pollution. Similarly, low values of water pollution index and weighted arithmetic water quality index were observed for all groundwater points, signifying excellent groundwater quality for drinking and domestic purposes. Spatial distribution analysis showed diverse groundwater quality across the study area, with the eastern and western parts displaying a less desirable quality, while the northern has the best, making water users in the former more vulnerable to potential pollution effects. Thus, the zonation maps hinted the necessity for groundwater quality enhancement from the western to the northern parts. Chemometric analysis identified both human activities and geogenic factors as contributors to groundwater pollution, with human activities found to have more significant impacts. This research provides the scientific basis and insights for protecting the groundwater system and ensuring efficient water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Abba
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed A Yassin
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johnbosco C Egbueri
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.
| | - Hussam Eldin Elzain
- Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. 50, AlKhoud 123, Oman.
| | - Johnson C Agbasi
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria.
| | - Gaurav Saini
- Department of Civil Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Jamilu Usaman
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isam H Aljundi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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