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Wang Z, Li X, Li Y, Liu H, Ki Lin CS, Sun J, Wang Q. Unveiling the occurrence and ecological risks of triclosan in surface water through meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124901. [PMID: 39243936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan, a widely used antimicrobial agent, is frequently detected in aquatic environments, prompting concerns about its toxic effects on aquatic species. Understanding its occurrence and ecological risks is crucial for mitigating triclosan contamination, formulating water quality criteria, and protecting aquatic organisms. This study systematically analyzed triclosan occurrence and ecological risks in surface water across China using the Risk Quotient methodology. A total of 139 and 134 data points were collected for triclosan concentrations and toxicities of aquatic organisms, respectively. Triclosan concentrations in surface water across China ranged from 0.06 to 612 ng/L. Higher triclosan levels were observed in Eastern China compared to Central and Western China, with the average concentration being 4.21- and 7.25-fold higher, respectively. Specifically, the Southeast Rivers Basin (132.98 ng/L) and Pearl River Basin (86.64 ng/L) exhibited maximum triclosan levels, 2.57-19.58 times higher than the other river basins. Further analysis revealed elevated triclosan concentrations in small rivers and surface water within residential areas, with values of 246.1 ng/L in Zhejiang, 86.64 ng/L in Guangdong, 67.58 ng/L in Jiangsu, and 127.99 ng/L in Beijing. Additionally, species sensitivity distribution curves indicated that algae was the most sensitive species to triclosan exposure, followed by invertebrates, while fish exhibited the highest tolerance. The Predicted No-Effect Concentration for the algae, invertebrates, fish, and combined aquatic species were determined to be 0.09, 2.95, 4.44, and 1.51 μg/L, respectively. The occurrence of triclosan in surface water across China did not pose widespread ecological risks. However, targeted monitoring and mitigation efforts are needed, especially in highly developed regions. This study provides crucial insights into the status of triclosan contaminations and risks in China and contributes valuable knowledge to global efforts aimed at safeguarding aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Yin Y, Ren H, Wu H, Lu Z. Triclosan Dioxygenase: A Novel Two-component Rieske Nonheme Iron Ring-hydroxylating Dioxygenase Initiates Triclosan Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13833-13844. [PMID: 39012163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The emerging contaminant triclosan (TCS) is widely distributed both in surface water and in wastewater and poses a threat to aquatic organisms and human health due to its resistance to degradation. The dioxygenase enzyme TcsAB has been speculated to perform the initial degradation of TCS, but its precise catalytic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the function of TcsAB was elucidated using multiple biochemical and molecular biology methods. Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) heterologously expressing tcsAB from Sphingomonas sp. RD1 converted TCS to 2,4-dichlorophenol. TcsAB belongs to the group IA family of two-component Rieske nonheme iron ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases. The highest amino acid identity of TcsA and the large subunits of other dioxygenases in the same family was only 35.50%, indicating that TcsAB is a novel dioxygenase. Mutagenesis of residues near the substrate binding pocket decreased the TCS-degrading activity and narrowed the substrate spectrum, except for the TcsAF343A mutant. A meta-analysis of 1492 samples from wastewater treatment systems worldwide revealed that tcsA genes are widely distributed. This study is the first to report that the TCS-specific dioxygenase TcsAB is responsible for the initial degradation of TCS. Studying the microbial degradation mechanism of TCS is crucial for removing this pollutant from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Ren
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenmei Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Xiang X, Zhang M, Huang Q, Mao Y, Jia J, Zeng X, Dong Y, Liao J, Chen X, Yao X, Zheng Q, Chen W. Construction of S-scheme CuInS 2/ZnIn 2S 4 heterostructures for enhanced photocatalytic activity towards Cr(VI) removal and antibiotics degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141351. [PMID: 38340997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The efficient and ecofriendly removal of pharmaceutical antibiotics and heavy metal Cr(VI) from water sources is a crucial challenge in current environmental management. Photocatalysis presents a viable environmentally friendly solution for eliminating organic contaminants and heavy-metal ions. In this study, a novel S-scheme CuInS2/ZnIn2S4 (CIS/ZIS) heterojunction was developed using a one-pot solvothermal method. The optimized CIS/ZIS heterojunction exhibited considerably improved photocatalytic activity for the removal of antibiotics and Cr(VI), achieving over 90% removal for both tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) (20 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (20 mg/L) under visible light irradiation. The study also delved into the effect of coexisting inorganic anions and assessed the cyclic stability of the composite photocatalysts. This enhancement mechanism can be delineated into three key elements. First, the incorporation of the narrow-gap semiconductor CuInS2 effectively augmented the photoabsorption capacity. Second, the inclusion of ZnIn2S4 caused an increase in surface active sites. Most importantly, the internal electric field at the interface between CuInS2 and ZnIn2S4 expedited the separation of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the results revealed that superoxide radical and photogenerated holes are the primary active substance responsible for TC removal, while photogenerated electrons play a central role in the photoreduction of Cr(VI). To gain insights into the transport pathways of photogenerated carriers, we conducted experiments with nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) and photodeposited gold. This study offers an innovative approach to enhancing the photocatalytic performance of ternary In-based materials by constructing S-scheme heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Xiang
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China; East China University of Science and Technology Changshu Research Institute Co., Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215000, China.
| | - Qitao Huang
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Yue Mao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junhao Jia
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Xiantao Zeng
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Yunyuan Dong
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Jianming Liao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Xiaxi Yao
- East China University of Science and Technology Changshu Research Institute Co., Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215000, China
| | - Qifu Zheng
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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