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Yang W, Li Y, Wang X, Zheng Y, Li D, Zhao X, Yang X, Shan J. One-stop quantification of microplastics and nanoparticles based on meniscus self-assembly technology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174946. [PMID: 39053531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Micro-nano plastics (MNPs) pollution is currently a hot topic of global concern. However, there is still a lack of reliable analytical methods for completely quantitative analysis of MNPs, especially nanoplastics. This study proposes meniscus self-assembly enrichment method, which deposits nanoplastics more uniformly in a specific area. The meniscus self-assembly method greatly overcomes the agglomeration or dispersion of nanoplastics caused by traditional enrichments, and facilitates particles counting. This study investigates the effect of key parameters (e.g. time and initial concentration) on meniscus self-assembly enrichment performance. Besides, due to the large size difference between MNPs, it leads to incomplete quantification analysis when MNPs are counted at the same scale. In response to this problem, this study proposes a one-stop method to count MNPs separately through filtering. The plastics (>1 μm) are collected on the filter paper, then plastics (<1 μm) in the filtrate are homogeneously enriched by meniscus self-assembly, and finally statistically counted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The migration of MNPs from take-out plastic containers are detected, with microplastics of 460.55 particles/mL and nanoplastics of 4196.61 particles/mL found. The method has the advantages of saving time and effort, economic efficiency and comprehensive statistics compared with the traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xv Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jiajia Shan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China..
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Hua J, Zhang T, Chen X, Zhu B, Zhao M, Fu K, Zhang Y, Tang H, Pang H, Guo Y, Han J, Yang L, Zhou B. Behavioral impairments and disrupted mitochondrial energy metabolism induced by polypropylene microplastics in zebrafish larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174541. [PMID: 38977091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) are emerging pollutant commonly detected in various environmental matrices and organisms, while their adverse effects and mechanisms are not well known. Here, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PP-MPs (0.08-50 mg/L) from 2 h post-fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. The results showed that the body weight was increased at 2 mg/L, heart rate was reduced at 0.08 and 10 mg/L, and behaviors were impaired at 0.4, 10 or 50 mg/L. Subsequently, transcriptomic analysis in the 0.4 and 50 mg/L PP-MPs treatment groups indicated potential inhibition on the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. These findings were validated through alterations in multiple biomarkers related to glucose metabolism. Moreover, abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructures were observed in the intestine and liver in 0.4 and 50 mg/L PP-MPs treatment groups, accompanied by significant decreases in the activities of four mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes and ATP contents. Oxidative stress was also induced, as indicated by significantly increased ROS levels and significant reduced activities of CAT and SOD and GSH contents. All the results suggested that environmentally relevant concentrations of PP-MPs could induce disrupted mitochondrial energy metabolism in zebrafish, which may be associated with the observed behavioral impairments. This study will provide novel insights into PP-MPs-induced adverse effects and highlight need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghuan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China.
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xianglin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Biran Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yindan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huijia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Pang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yongyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Han
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Yang H, Ju J, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Lu W, Zhang Y. Micro-and nano-plastics induce kidney damage and suppression of innate immune function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172952. [PMID: 38703841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic environments serve as critical repositories for pollutants and have significantly accumulated micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) due to the extensive production and application of plastic products. While the disease resistance and immunity of fish are closely linked to the condition of their aquatic habitats, the specific effects of nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) within these environments on fish immune functions are still not fully understood. The present study utilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae as model organisms to examine the impacts of polystyrene NPs (100 nm) and MPs (5 μm) on fish immune responses. Our findings reveal that NPs and MPs tend to accumulate on the surfaces of embryos and within the intestines of larvae, triggering oxidative stress and significantly increasing susceptibility to Edwardsiella piscicida infection in zebrafish larvae. Transmission electron microscopy examined that both NPs and MPs inflicted damage to the kidney, an essential immune organ, with NPs predominantly inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and MPs causing lipid accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis further demonstrated that both NPs and MPs significantly suppress the expression of key innate immune pathways, notably the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway and the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Within these pathways, the immune factor interleukin-1 beta (il1b) was consistently downregulated in both exposure groups. Furthermore, exposure to E. piscicida resulted in restricted upregulation of il1b mRNA and protein levels, likely contributing to diminished disease resistance in zebrafish larvae exposed to MNPs. Our findings suggest that NPs and MPs similarly impair the innate immune function of zebrafish larvae and weaken their disease resistance, highlighting the significant environmental threat posed by these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Yahaya TO, Ibrahim AB, Kalgo AS, Adewale MK, Emmanuela CC, Abdulkadir B, Fari AZ, Attahiru AK, Saadatu A, Wanda JD. Microplastics exposure altered hematological and lipid profiles as well as liver and kidney function parameters in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2024; 39:e2024021-0. [PMID: 39054835 PMCID: PMC11294664 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2024021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The global occurrence of microplastics and their poorly understood health implications underscore the need for scientific investigation. This study aimed to assess the effects of microplastics exposure. Twenty-five (25) albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five (5) groups, each consisting of five rats. Group 1 (the negative control) received normal feed; group 2 (the positive control) was administered a 10 % lead acetate solution; and groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered 1 %, 5 %, and 10 % microplastic solutions, respectively. The rats were monitored for 28 days, after which blood samples were taken for hematological and lipid profiles as well as liver and kidney function parameters. The results revealed dose-dependent significant (p < 0.05) alterations in the health indices of the treated rats and the positive control compared with the negative control. Specifically, the hematological parameters, including the white blood cells (WBC) and its subtypes, were reduced, indicating immunosuppressive effects, and the red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelets, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were reduced, indicating anemia. The 1 % and 5 % microplastic solutions raised the lipid profiles of the treated rats, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while the 10 % concentration decreased them, causing hyperlipidemia and hypolipidemia, respectively. The liver function parameters, including total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were elevated, indicating liver damage. Elevation of kidney function parameters, including sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), chloride ion (Cl-), urea, and creatinine (CRT), were noticed, suggesting kidney injuries. It can be inferred from these results that microplastics are toxic. Hence, human exposure to microplastics should be reduced to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdulrahman Sani Kalgo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Baliqees Abdulkadir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Zainab Fari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Asiya Koko Attahiru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Saadatu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Dahali Wanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
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Zhang Z, Jia Y, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Jin F, Pan D, Li D, Wu X. Efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its underlying mechanism in preventing bisphenol-A-induced metabolic disorders in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134098. [PMID: 38522198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its underlying mechanism in preventing bisphenol-A-induced metabolic disorders, in this study, a mice model of metabolic disorders induced by BPA was developed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of EGCG using microbiomes and metabolomics. The results showed that EGCG reduced body weight, liver weight ratio, and triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in mice by decreasing the mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis (Elov16) and cholesterol synthesis (CYP4A14) and increasing the mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation (Lss) and cholesterol metabolism (Cyp7a1). In addition, EGCG normalized BPA-induced intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that low-dose EGCG was more effective than high-dose EGCG at affecting the biosynthesis of L-cysteine, glycerophosphorylcholine, and palmitoleic acid. These results provide specific data and a theoretical basis for the risk assessment of BPA and the utilization of EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China
| | - Yaoyi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China
| | - Zikang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China
| | - Fangsha Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China
| | - Dandan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China
| | - Daxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China.
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, PR China.
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Liu B, Zhao S, Qiu T, Cui Q, Yang Y, Li L, Chen J, Huang M, Zhan A, Fang L. Interaction of microplastics with heavy metals in soil: Mechanisms, influencing factors and biological effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170281. [PMID: 38272091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals (HMs) in soil contamination are considered an emerging global problem that poses environmental and health risks. However, their interaction and potential biological effects remain unclear. Here, we reviewed the interaction of MPs with HMs in soil, including its mechanisms, influencing factors and biological effects. Specifically, the interactions between HMs and MPs mainly involve sorption and desorption. The type, aging, concentration, size of MPs, and the physicochemical properties of HMs and soil have significant impacts on the interaction. In particular, MP aging affects specific surface areas and functional groups. Due to the small size and resistance to decomposition characteristics of MPs, they are easily transported through the food chain and exhibit combined biological effects with HMs on soil organisms, thus accumulating in the human body. To comprehensively understand the effect of MPs and HMs in soil, we propose combining traditional experiments with emerging technologies and encouraging more coordinated efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling 712100, China; The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, CAS and MOE, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling 712100, China; The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, CAS and MOE, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingliang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling 712100, China; The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, CAS and MOE, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lili Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ai Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling 712100, China; The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, CAS and MOE, Yangling 712100, China; College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Linchuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling 712100, China; The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, CAS and MOE, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Xuan L, Luo J, Qu C, Guo P, Yi W, Yang J, Yan Y, Guan H, Zhou P, Huang R. Predictive metabolomic signatures for safety assessment of three plastic nanoparticles using intestinal organoids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169606. [PMID: 38159744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanoplastic particles are pervasive environmental contaminants with potential health risks, while mouse intestinal organoids provide accurate in vitro models for studying these interactions. Metabolomics, especially through LC-MS, enables detailed cellular response studies, and there's a novel interest in comparing metabolic changes across nanoparticle species using gut organoids. This study used a mouse intestinal organoid combined with cell model to explore the differences in metabolites and toxicity mechanisms induced by exposure to three nanoplastics (PS, PTFE, and PMMA). The results showed that PS, PTFE, and PMMA exposure reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular ROS accumulation and oxidative stress, and inhibited the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Non-targeted metabolomics results confirmed that three types of nanoplastic particles regulate cellular status by regulating fatty acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, necroptosis and autophagy pathways. More importantly, these representative metabolites were further validated in model groups after mouse intestinal organoids and HCT116 cells were exposed to the respective NPs, indicating that organoid metabolomics results can be used to effectively predict toxicity. Untargeted metabolomics is sensitive enough to detect subtle metabolomic changes when functional cellular analysis shows no significant differences. Overall, our study reveals the underlying metabolic mechanism of NPs-induced intestinal organoid toxicity and provides new insights into the possible adverse consequences of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Xuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China.
| | - Jinhua Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China.
| | - Can Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China.
| | - Peiyu Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China.
| | - Wensen Yi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China
| | - Yuhui Yan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Ruixue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410078, China.
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