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Fletcher J, Noghanibehambari H. The Siren Song of Cicadas: Early-Life Pesticide Exposure and Later-Life Male Mortality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 123:102903. [PMID: 38222798 PMCID: PMC10785703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This paper studies the long-term effects of in-utero and early-life exposure to pesticide use on adulthood and old-age longevity. We use the cyclical emergence of cicadas in the eastern half of the United States as a shock that raises the pesticide use among tree crop growing farmlands. We implement a difference-in-difference framework and employ Social Security Administration death records over the years 1975-2005 linked to the complete count 1940 census. We find that males born in top-quartile tree-crop counties and exposed to a cicada event during fetal development and early-life live roughly 2.2 months shorted lives; those with direct farm exposure face a reduction of nearly a year. We provide empirical evidence to examine mortality selection before adulthood, endogenous fertility, and differential data linkage rates. Additional analyses suggests that reductions in education and income during adulthood are potential mechanisms of impact. Our findings add to our understanding of the relevance of early-life insults for old-age health and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Fletcher
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1211, USA
| | - Hamid Noghanibehambari
- College of Business, Austin Peay State University, Marion St, Clarksville, TN 37040, USA
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Attridge MM, Heneghan JA, Akande M, Ramgopal S. Association of Pediatric Mortality With the Child Opportunity Index Among Children Presenting to the Emergency Department. Acad Pediatr 2023; 23:980-987. [PMID: 36682452 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Child health and development is influenced by neighborhood context. The Child Opportunity Index (COI) is a multidimensional measure of neighborhood conditions. We sought to evaluate the association of COI with mortality among children presenting to the emergency department (ED). METHODS We performed a multicenter cross-sectional study of pediatric (<18 years) ED encounters from a statewide dataset from 2016 to 2020. We constructed a multivariable logistic regression model to evaluate the association between COI and in-hospital mortality after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and medical complexity. RESULTS Among 4,653,070 included encounters, in-hospital mortality occurred in 1855 (0.04%). There was a higher proportion of encounters with mortality in the lower COI categories relative to the higher COI categories (0.053%, 0.038%, 0.031%, 0.034%, 0.034% ranging from Very Low to Very High, respectively). In adjusted models, child residence in Low (adjusted odds ratio 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.53) and Very Low (adjusted odds ratio 1.58; 95% CI, 1.31-1.90) COI neighborhoods was associated with mortality relative to residence in Very High COI neighborhoods. This association was noted across all domains of COI (education, health and environment, and social and economic), using an expanded definition of mortality, using nationally normed COI, and excluding patients with complex chronic conditions. Other factors associated with increased odds of mortality included age, medical complexity, payor status, age, and race and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the association of neighborhood context on child mortality can inform public health interventions to improve child mortality rates and reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Attridge
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (MM Attridge and S Ramgopal), Chicago, Ill.
| | - Julia A Heneghan
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital; University of Minnesota (JA Heneghan), Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Manzilat Akande
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (M Akande), Oklahoma City, Okla
| | - Sriram Ramgopal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (MM Attridge and S Ramgopal), Chicago, Ill
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3
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Chen K, Ferrier GD, Jiang R, Shen Z. Housing market capitalization of environmental risk: evidence from the Tianjin explosion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:36588-36606. [PMID: 36562970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Do environmental risks affect housing prices in the vicinity of industrial plants? Prior studies concentrated on the capitalization effect of infrequent natural disasters instead of industry-related environmental risks caused by production accidents in our everyday lives. In this paper, we first use the 2015 Tianjin explosion in China as an exogenous shock, which led to serious casualties and property damage with nationwide concern, to estimate the effects of environmental risk on housing prices far away from the explosion site. Based on the housing transaction units and chemical plant datasets in Beijing with the difference-in-differences hedonic model, the results indicate that first, housing prices near chemical plants decreased significantly after the explosion and lasted for at least 2 years. Second, the mitigation effects of production and consumption amenities and regional demographic features were examined. The conclusions of this paper provide a policy basis for constantly implementing public sentiment management and safety supervision, balancing industrial and residential land layouts, and improving local amenities and demographics to ensure the stability of the land market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Chen
- Shanghai Gold Exchange, No.699 South Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | | | - Ruochen Jiang
- Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, No.777 Guoding RD, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhiyang Shen
- Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 Zhongguancunnan RD, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Shao S, Liu L, Tian Z. Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3133-3156. [PMID: 33847864 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental inequality theory reveals that the risk of environmental pollution exposure varies among regions and groups and that particular groups face a higher threat of environmental pollution. In recent years, studies on the environmental inequality issue in developed countries have been increasing, while related literature on developing countries is very scarce. It has been found that some factors, such as race and economic status, have a close relationship with the risk of environmental pollution exposure faced by individuals. For the first time, this paper provides an extensive review of existing theoretical and empirical studies on environmental inequality. We review, in detail, the evolution of the environmental inequality theory, including the definition and measurement of environmental inequality. Further, we provide a systematic refresher on the main performance of environmental inequality, including health, education, labor productivity, and real estate prices. We also identify several causes of environmental inequality, such as ethnic differences, economic status, human capital, and household registration systems. Finally, we discuss prospects for the future research on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- School of Urban and Regional Science, Institute of Finance and Economics Research, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liwen Liu
- School of Urban and Regional Science, Institute of Finance and Economics Research, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhihua Tian
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
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Serrano-Lomelin J, Nielsen CC, Jabbar MSM, Wine O, Bellinger C, Villeneuve PJ, Stieb D, Aelicks N, Aziz K, Buka I, Chandra S, Crawford S, Demers P, Erickson AC, Hystad P, Kumar M, Phipps E, Shah PS, Yuan Y, Zaiane OR, Osornio-Vargas AR. Interdisciplinary-driven hypotheses on spatial associations of mixtures of industrial air pollutants with adverse birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104972. [PMID: 31299602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse birth outcomes (ABO) such as prematurity and small for gestational age confer a high risk of mortality and morbidity. ABO have been linked to air pollution; however, relationships with mixtures of industrial emissions are poorly understood. The exploration of relationships between ABO and mixtures is complex when hundreds of chemicals are analyzed simultaneously, requiring the use of novel approaches. OBJECTIVE We aimed to generate robust hypotheses spatially linking mixtures and the occurrence of ABO using a spatial data mining algorithm and subsequent geographical and statistical analysis. The spatial data mining approach aimed to reduce data dimensionality and efficiently identify spatial associations between multiple chemicals and ABO. METHODS We discovered co-location patterns of mixtures and ABO in Alberta, Canada (2006-2012). An ad-hoc spatial data mining algorithm allowed the extraction of primary co-location patterns of 136 chemicals released into the air by 6279 industrial facilities (National Pollutant Release Inventory), wind-patterns from 182 stations, and 333,247 singleton live births at the maternal postal code at delivery (Alberta Perinatal Health Program), from which we identified cases of preterm birth, small for gestational age, and low birth weight at term. We selected secondary patterns using a lift ratio metric from ABO and non-ABO impacted by the same mixture. The relevance of the secondary patterns was estimated using logistic models (adjusted by socioeconomic status and ABO-related maternal factors) and a geographic-based assignment of maternal exposure to the mixtures as calculated by kernel density. RESULTS From 136 chemicals and three ABO, spatial data mining identified 1700 primary patterns from which five secondary patterns of three-chemical mixtures, including particulate matter, methyl-ethyl-ketone, xylene, carbon monoxide, 2-butoxyethanol, and n-butyl alcohol, were subsequently analyzed. The significance of the associations (odds ratio > 1) between the five mixtures and ABO provided statistical support for a new set of hypotheses. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that, in complex research settings, spatial data mining followed by pattern selection and geographic and statistical analyses can catalyze future research on associations between air pollutant mixtures and adverse birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Serrano-Lomelin
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, 10240 Kingsway Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5H 3V9, Canada.
| | - Charlene C Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Science Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - M Shazan M Jabbar
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 32 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada.
| | - Osnat Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Colin Bellinger
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 32 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada.
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Herzberg Building, Room 5413, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Dave Stieb
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Nancy Aelicks
- Alberta Health Services, Alberta Perinatal Health Program, Suite 310, 1403-29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Khalid Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Irena Buka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Sue Chandra
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, 10240 Kingsway Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5H 3V9, Canada.
| | - Susan Crawford
- Alberta Health Services, Alberta Perinatal Health Program, Suite 310, 1403-29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Paul Demers
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 105-515 West Hastings St, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada.
| | - Anders C Erickson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Erica Phipps
- Canadian Partnership for Children's Health & Environment, 1500-55 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2H7, Canada.
| | - Prakesh S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-231A, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Osmar R Zaiane
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 32 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada.
| | - Alvaro R Osornio-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
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Currie J, Davis L, Greenstone M, Walker R. Environmental Health Risks and Housing Values: Evidence from 1,600 Toxic Plant Openings and Closings. THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 2015; 105:678-709. [PMID: 27134284 PMCID: PMC4847734 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory oversight of toxic emissions from industrial plants and understanding about these emissions' impacts are in their infancy. Applying a research design based on the openings and closings of 1,600 industrial plants to rich data on housing markets and infant health, we find that: toxic air emissions affect air quality only within 1 mile of the plant; plant openings lead to 11 percent declines in housing values within 0.5 mile or a loss of about $4.25 million for these households; and a plant's operation is associated with a roughly 3 percent increase in the probability of low birthweight within 1 mile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Currie
- Department of Economics, Princeton University, 316 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540 ( )
| | - Lucas Davis
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 ( )
| | - Michael Greenstone
- Department of Economics, University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 ( )
| | - Reed Walker
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 ( )
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Hendryx M, Luo J, Chen BC. Total and cardiovascular mortality rates in relation to discharges from Toxics Release Inventory sites in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:36-41. [PMID: 24906066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study analyzed Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) discharges in association with covariate-adjusted total and cardiovascular mortality rates for males and females in US counties. METHODS Average annual county-level reported releases from TRI facilities measured in pounds per square mile which were calculated for the years 1990-1999, and tested for associations with age-adjusted mortality rates for 2006-2010. Chemicals were grouped into four categories: 1) carcinogens, 2) metals, 3) hazardous air pollutants, and 4) chemicals in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. For each of these chemical groups the reported total, water, and air emissions were measured. Age-adjusted mortality rates were found separately for males and females from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for total and cardiovascular disease. Covariates included rates of smoking, obesity, high school and college education, race/ethnicity, poverty, unemployment, percent without health insurance, and urban-rural setting. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Greater average annual TRI releases in 1990-1999 in all four chemical categories were significantly associated with higher mortality rates in 2006-2010 for both total and cardiovascular mortality, and for both males and females, adjusted for covariates. Associations were stronger for air releases than for water releases. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that greater amounts of TRI releases are related to higher population mortality rates for cardiovascular disease. In addition, the study showed that adverse TRI effects were broadly present for both males and females for multiple chemical groups. Further progress is needed to reduce the use and release of harmful chemicals from TRI facilities in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hendryx
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Bo-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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8
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Cordioli M, Ranzi A, Freni Sterrantino A, Erspamer L, Razzini G, Ferrari U, Gatti MG, Bonora K, Artioli F, Goldoni CA, Lauriola P. A comparison between self-reported and GIS-based proxies of residential exposure to environmental pollution in a case-control study on lung cancer. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2014; 9:37-45. [PMID: 24889992 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In epidemiological studies both questionnaire results and GIS modeling have been used to assess exposure to environmental risk factors. Nevertheless, few studies have used both these techniques to evaluate the degree of agreement between different exposure assessment methodologies. As part of a case-control study on lung cancer, we present a comparison between self-reported and GIS-derived proxies of residential exposure to environmental pollution. 649 subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire and give information about residential history and perceived exposure. Using GIS, for each residence we evaluated land use patterns, proximity to major roads and exposure to industrial pollution. We then compared the GIS exposure-index values among groups created on the basis of questionnaire responses. Our results showed a relatively high agreement between the two methods. Although none of these methods is the "exposure gold standard", understanding similarities, weaknesses and strengths of each method is essential to strengthen epidemiological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cordioli
- University of Parma, Department of Bio-Sciences, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli 13, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - A Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli 13, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - A Freni Sterrantino
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli 13, 41121 Modena, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Statistical Sciences, Via Belle Arti 41, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L Erspamer
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli 13, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - G Razzini
- Clinical Trials Office, Cancer Unit of the Carpi General Hospital, Via Guido Molinari 2, Carpi, Modena, Italy.
| | - U Ferrari
- Clinical Trials Office, Cancer Unit of the Carpi General Hospital, Via Guido Molinari 2, Carpi, Modena, Italy.
| | - M G Gatti
- Department of Public Health, Unit of Epidemiology, Local Health Unit of Modena, Strada Martiniana 21, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy.
| | - K Bonora
- Department of Public Health, Unit of Epidemiology, Local Health Unit of Modena, Strada Martiniana 21, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy.
| | - F Artioli
- Clinical Trials Office, Cancer Unit of the Carpi General Hospital, Via Guido Molinari 2, Carpi, Modena, Italy.
| | - C A Goldoni
- Department of Public Health, Unit of Epidemiology, Local Health Unit of Modena, Strada Martiniana 21, Baggiovara, 41126 Modena, Italy.
| | - P Lauriola
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli 13, 41121 Modena, Italy.
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Hendryx M, Luo J. Cancer hospitalizations in rural-urban areas in relation to carcinogenic discharges from Toxics Release Inventory facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 23:155-169. [PMID: 22838640 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.708919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines whether carcinogenic pollutants discharged from US Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) facilities are related to cancer hospitalization rates among the general population in rural and urban areas. We analyzed cancer hospitalizations (N = 440,061) across 20 states to find age- and sex-adjusted population cancer hospitalization rates. Multiple regression models were used to determine whether cancer hospitalization rates at the county level (N = 1102 counties) were associated with higher levels of carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities, controlling for other risks. Significantly higher hospitalization rates were found in relation to higher TRI discharges for several cancer types that varied from urban to rural setting. Carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities were associated with excess inpatient cancer treatment costs of $902.8 million in 2009. Future research may strive to move beyond ecological designs to examine cancer risks from TRI releases to better our understanding of cancer etiology and to establish appropriate environmental safeguards as indicated by the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hendryx
- Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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10
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Hendryx M, Fedorko E. The Relationship Between Toxics Release Inventory Discharges and Mortality Rates in Rural and Urban Areas of the United States. J Rural Health 2011; 27:358-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2011.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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