1
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Kim H, Im I, Jeon JS, Kang EH, Lee HA, Jo S, Kim JW, Woo DH, Choi YJ, Kim HJ, Han JS, Lee BS, Kim JH, Kim SK, Park HJ. Development of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic organoids as an alternative model for drug safety assessment. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Is tumour-expressed aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) structurally and functionally unique? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188641. [PMID: 34695533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that acts as a peptidase, receptor, and signalling molecule in a tissue-dependent manner. The activities of APN have been implicated in the progression of many cancers, pointing toward significant therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. However, despite the tumour-specific functions of this protein that have been uncovered, the ubiquitous nature of its expression in normal tissues as generally reported remains a limitation to the potential utility of APN as a target for cancer therapeutics and drug discovery. With this in mind, we have extensively explored the literature, and present a comprehensive review that for the first-time provides evidence to support the suggestion that tumour-expressed APN may in fact be unique in structure, function, substrate specificity and activity, contrary to its nature in normal tissues. The review also focuses on the biology of APN, and its "moonlighting" functional roles in both normal physiology and cancer development. Several APN-targeting approaches that have been explored over recent decades as therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment, including APN-targeting agents reported both in preclinical and clinical studies, are also extensively discussed. This review concludes by posing critical questions about APN that remain unanswered and unexplored, hence providing opportunities for further research.
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3
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Bram Y, Nguyen DHT, Gupta V, Park J, Richardson C, Chandar V, Schwartz RE. Cell and Tissue Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:517-546. [PMID: 33974812 PMCID: PMC8864721 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-112619-044026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is an important clinical problem, impacting 600 million people worldwide. It is the 11th-leading cause of death in the world. Despite constant improvement in treatment and diagnostics, the aging population and accumulated risk factors led to increased morbidity due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Liver transplantation, first established in the 1960s, is the second-most-common solid organ transplantation and is the gold standard for the treatment of liver failure. However, less than 10% of the global need for liver transplantation is met at the current rates of transplantation due to the paucity of available organs. Cell- and tissue-based therapies present an alternative to organ transplantation. This review surveys the approaches and tools that have been developed, discusses the distinctive challenges that exist for cell- and tissue-based therapies, and examines the future directions of regenerative therapies for the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Duc-Huy T Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Jiwoon Park
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chanel Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vasuretha Chandar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; .,Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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4
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Wang X, Yang L, Wang YC, Xu ZR, Feng Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xu CR. Comparative analysis of cell lineage differentiation during hepatogenesis in humans and mice at the single-cell transcriptome level. Cell Res 2020; 30:1109-1126. [PMID: 32690901 PMCID: PMC7784864 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the liver is the site of hepatogenesis and hematopoiesis and contains many cell lineages derived from the endoderm and mesoderm. However, the characteristics and developmental programs of many of these cell lineages remain unclear, especially in humans. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of whole human and mouse fetal livers throughout development. We identified four cell lineage families of endoderm-derived, erythroid, non-erythroid hematopoietic, and mesoderm-derived non-hematopoietic cells, and defined the developmental pathways of the major cell lineage families. In both humans and mice, we identified novel markers of hepatic lineages and an ID3+ subpopulation of hepatoblasts as well as verified that hepatoblast differentiation follows the “default-directed” model. Additionally, we found that human but not mouse fetal hepatocytes display heterogeneity associated with expression of metabolism-related genes. We described the developmental process of erythroid progenitor cells during human and mouse hematopoiesis. Moreover, despite the general conservation of cell differentiation programs between species, we observed different cell lineage compositions during hematopoiesis in the human and mouse fetal livers. Taken together, these results reveal the dynamic cell landscape of fetal liver development and illustrate the similarities and differences in liver development between species, providing an extensive resource for inducing various liver cell lineages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Zi-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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5
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Sato A, Kakinuma S, Miyoshi M, Kamiya A, Tsunoda T, Kaneko S, Tsuchiya J, Shimizu T, Takeichi E, Nitta S, Kawai-Kitahata F, Murakawa M, Itsui Y, Nakagawa M, Azuma S, Koshikawa N, Seiki M, Nakauchi H, Asahina Y, Watanabe M. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Derived From Liver Mesenchymal Cells Mediates Tight Junction Assembly in Mouse Intrahepatic Bile Ducts. Hepatol Commun 2019; 4:235-254. [PMID: 32025608 PMCID: PMC6996346 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs) proceeds in accordance with their microenvironment. Particularly, mesenchymal cells around portal veins regulate the differentiation and ductular morphogenesis of cholangiocytes in the developing liver; however, further studies are needed to fully understand the arrangement of IHBDs into a continuous hierarchical network. This study aims to clarify the interaction between biliary and liver mesenchymal cells during IHBD formation. To identify candidate factors contributing to this cell–cell interaction, mesenchymal cells were isolated from embryonic day 16.5 matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14)‐deficient (knockout [KO]) mice livers, in which IHBD formation is retarded, and compared with those of the wild type (WT). WT mesenchymal cells significantly facilitated the formation of luminal structures comprised of hepatoblast‐derived cholangiocytes (cholangiocytic cysts), whereas MMP14‐KO mesenchymal cells failed to promote cyst formation. Comprehensive analysis revealed that expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was significantly suppressed in MMP14‐KO mesenchymal cells. VIP and VIP receptor 1 (VIPR1) were mainly expressed in periportal mesenchymal cells and cholangiocytic progenitors during IHBD development, respectively, in vivo. VIP/VIPR1 signaling significantly encouraged cholangiocytic cyst formation and up‐regulated tight junction protein 1, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, and aquaporin 1, in vitro. VIP antagonist significantly suppressed the tight junction assembly and the up‐regulation of ion/water transporters during IHBD development in vivo. In a cholestatic injury model of adult mice, exogenous VIP administration promoted the restoration of damaged tight junctions in bile ducts and improved hyperbilirubinemia. Conclusion: VIP is produced by periportal mesenchymal cells during the perinatal stage. It supports bile duct development by establishing tight junctions and up‐regulating ion/water transporters in cholangiocytes. VIP contributes to prompt recovery from cholestatic damage through the establishment of tight junctions in the bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences School of Medicine Tokai University Isehara Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Eiko Takeichi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Seishin Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Naohiko Koshikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Research Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell Research Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA.,Division of Stem Cell Therapy Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan.,Advanced Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
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6
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Wang W, Wan L, Chen Z, Jin X, Li D. Myofibroblasts control the proliferation of fetal hepatoblasts and their differentiated cholangiocytes during the hepatoblast-to-cholangiocyte transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:845-851. [PMID: 31801666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells in the liver provide the microenvironment for hepatoblasts expansion and differentiation. We have previously demonstrated that myofibroblasts (MFs) promoted hepatoblasts differentiation into cholangiocytes, whereas its role in controlling the proliferation of hepatoblasts and their differentiated cholangiocytes remains elusive. Here, we investigated the role of MFs in regulating the proliferation of hepatoblasts and their differentiated cholangiocytes using an indirect coculture system. When cocultured with hepatoblasts, MFs promoted hepatoblasts differentiation into cholangiocytes and inhibited the proliferation and stemness of hepatoblasts. However, when hepatoblasts already differentiated into cholangiocytes, MFs promoted the differentiated cholangiocytes proliferation. In addition, hepatoblast proliferation genes such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 and 2 (IGF-1 and 2), midkine 1 (Mdk1), and pleiotrophin (Ptn) expression in MFs were down-regulated compared with their levels in fibroblasts. Our findings uncover the role of MFs in controlling the proliferation of hepatoblasts and their differentiated cholangiocytes, potentially providing a novel therapeutic strategy for cholangiocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dewei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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7
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Yamashita H, Fukuda K, Hattori F. Hepatocyte-like Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Can Be Enriched by a Combination of Mitochondrial Content and Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule. JMA J 2019; 2:174-183. [PMID: 33615028 PMCID: PMC7889733 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-genetic purification methods for pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells are useful for liver regenerative therapy and pharmaceutical applications. Methods Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to separate cells by combining two parameters: cellular mitochondrial content evaluated by the mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent fluorescent probe (TMRM) and immunocytochemical detection of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). This method was applied to murine fetal, human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell-mixtures. Separately sorted cell fractions were evaluated by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and cytochemistry for HNF4a, AFP, and albumin mRNA and/or protein expression. Results Hepatocyte-like cells were segregated into the high TMRM signal and ALCAM-positive population. The purity of hepatocyte-like cells derived from human iPSCs was 97 ± 0.38% (n = 5). Conclusions This hepatocyte-like cell purification method may be applicable to the quality control of cells for liver regenerative cell therapy and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yamashita
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Hattori
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,iPS Stem cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
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8
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Long-Term Culture of Mouse Fetal Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30536085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8961-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Mouse fetal liver includes abundant hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Easy expansion with passage of HSPCs is necessary to obtain steady data. However, it is often difficult to enrich only HSPCs, and HSPCs can die when usual trypsin is used for replating. Here, we introduce serum-free long-term culture with passage of HSPCs using fetal mouse liver without a cell sorter.
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9
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Tsuchiya A, Ogawa M, Watanabe T, Takeuchi S, Kojima Y, Watanabe Y, Kimura N, Hayashi K, Yokoyama J, Terai S. Diverse perspectives to address for the future treatment of heterogeneous hepatocellular carcinoma. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01325. [PMID: 30911692 PMCID: PMC6416651 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), which often arise from chronic liver damage, have poor conditional 5-year survival and are recognized as heterogeneous tumors. Considering the heterogeneity of HCCs, diverse perspectives need to be addressed for treating such tumors, besides the findings of conventional imaging modalities and tumor markers. Data from the latest technologies, such as liquid biopsy, and the detection of the presence of cancer cells with stem/progenitor cell markers, gene mutations and diverse pathways, crosstalk with immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, and mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition provide diverse lines of information. Integration of these data with clinical data might be necessary to develop effective therapies for precision medicine. Here, we review several aspects of dealing with the complexity of heterogeneous HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Suguru Takeuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kojima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Naruhiro Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunao Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Junji Yokoyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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10
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Su X, Shi Y, Zou X, Lu ZN, Xie G, Yang JYH, Wu CC, Cui XF, He KY, Luo Q, Qu YL, Wang N, Wang L, Han ZG. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis reveals dynamic trajectories during mouse liver development. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:946. [PMID: 29202695 PMCID: PMC5715535 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differentiation and maturation trajectories of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) are not fully understood at single-cell resolution, and a priori knowledge of limited biomarkers could restrict trajectory tracking. RESULTS We employed marker-free single-cell RNA-Seq to characterize comprehensive transcriptional profiles of 507 cells randomly selected from seven stages between embryonic day 11.5 and postnatal day 2.5 during mouse liver development, and also 52 Epcam-positive cholangiocytes from postnatal day 3.25 mouse livers. LSPCs in developing mouse livers were identified via marker-free transcriptomic profiling. Single-cell resolution dynamic developmental trajectories of LSPCs exhibited contiguous but discrete genetic control through transcription factors and signaling pathways. The gene expression profiles of cholangiocytes were more close to that of embryonic day 11.5 rather than other later staged LSPCs, cuing the fate decision stage of LSPCs. Our marker-free approach also allows systematic assessment and prediction of isolation biomarkers for LSPCs. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide not only a valuable resource but also novel insights into the fate decision and transcriptional control of self-renewal, differentiation and maturation of LSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Su
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Ning Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean Y H Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chong-Chao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kun-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Lan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ze-Guang Han
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Goto F, Kakinuma S, Miyoshi M, Tsunoda T, Kaneko S, Sato A, Asano Y, Otani S, Azuma S, Nagata H, Kawai-Kitahata F, Murakawa M, Nitta S, Itsui Y, Nakagawa M, Asahina Y, Watanabe M. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 modulates proliferation and terminal differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:941-952. [PMID: 27670640 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells, called hepatoblasts, play central roles in liver organogenesis; however, molecular mechanisms regulating proliferation and terminal differentiation of such cells have not been completely elucidated. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is essential for the development of stem cells in various tissues, but its function in regulating the phenotype of hepatoblasts after the mid-gestational fetal stage remains unclear. The aim of this study is to clarify a functional role for BMP-4 in proliferation and terminal differentiation of murine hepatoblasts in mid-gestational fetal livers. METHODS A functional role for BMP-4 in proliferation and terminal differentiation of murine hepatoblasts was validated by assay of colony formation, biliary luminal formation, and hepatic maturation using primary hepatoblasts in vitro. Molecular mechanisms regulating such effects of BMP-4 on primary hepatoblasts were also analyzed. RESULTS Stimulation of BMP-4 upregulated phosphorylation of Smad1/5 in hepatoblasts. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 significantly suppressed colony formation of primary hepatoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, significantly suppressed cholangiocytic luminal formation of hepatoblasts, and promoted hepatic maturation of primary hepatoblasts. Stimulation of BMP-4 regulated the activation of several mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα in primary hepatoblasts. Moreover, Wnt5a, a molecule regulating cholangiocytic luminal formation, and BMP-4 coordinately suppressed proliferation and cholangiocytic luminal formation of hepatoblasts. CONCLUSION This study shows that BMP-4-mediated signaling controls proliferation and terminal differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department for Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishin Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department for Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Fukuda T, Takayama K, Hirata M, Liu YJ, Yanagihara K, Suga M, Mizuguchi H, Furue MK. Isolation and expansion of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic progenitor cells by growth factor defined serum-free culture conditions. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:333-345. [PMID: 28215634 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Limited growth potential, narrow ranges of sources, and difference in variability and functions from batch to batch of primary hepatocytes cause a problem for predicting drug-induced hepatotoxicity during drug development. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells in vitro are expected as a tool for predicting drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Several studies have already reported efficient methods for differentiating hPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells, however its differentiation process is time-consuming, labor-intensive, cost-intensive, and unstable. In order to solve this problem, expansion culture for hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells, including hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts which can self-renewal and differentiate into hepatocytes should be valuable as a source of hepatocytes. However, the mechanisms of the expansion of hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells are not yet fully understood. In this study, to isolate hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells, we tried to develop serum-free growth factor defined culture conditions using defined components. Our culture conditions were able to isolate and grow hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells which could differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells through hepatoblast-like cells. We have confirmed that the hepatocyte-like cells prepared by our methods were able to increase gene expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes upon encountering rifampicin, phenobarbital, or omeprazole. The isolation and expansion of hPSC-derived hepatic progenitor cells in defined culture conditions should have advantages in terms of detecting accurate effects of exogenous factors on hepatic lineage differentiation, understanding mechanisms underlying self-renewal ability of hepatic progenitor cells, and stably supplying functional hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fukuda
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; K-CONNEX, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhi Hirata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yu-Jung Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kana Yanagihara
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; iPS Cell-based Research Project on Hepatic Toxicity and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miho K Furue
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.
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13
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Progressive induction of hepatocyte progenitor cells in chronically injured liver. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39990. [PMID: 28051157 PMCID: PMC5209740 DOI: 10.1038/srep39990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells show substantial lineage plasticity upon severe tissue injuries. In chronically injured mouse livers, part of hepatocytes become Sry-HMG box containing 9 (Sox9) (+) epithelial cell adhesion molecule (−) hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (+) biphenotypic hepatocytes. However, it is not clear whether all Sox9+ hepatocytes uniformly possess cellular properties as hepatocyte progenitors. Here, we examined the microarray data comparing Sox9+ hepatocytes with mature hepatocytes and identified CD24 as a novel marker for biphenotypic hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that part of Sox9+ hepatocytes near expanded ductular structures expressed CD24 in the liver injured by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-collidine (DDC) diet and by bile duct ligation. Indeed, Sox9+ hepatocytes could be separated into CD24− and CD24+ cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting. The ratio of CD24+ cells against CD24− ones in Sox9+ hepatocytes gradually increased while DDC-injury progressed and colony-forming capability mostly attributed to CD24+ cells. Although hepatocyte markers were remarkably downregulated in of Sox9+ CD24+ hepatocytes, they re-differentiated into mature hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Our current results demonstrate that the emergence of biphenotypic hepatocytes is a sequential event including the transition from CD24− and CD24+ status, which may be a crucial step for hepatocytes to acquire progenitor properties.
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14
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Generation and In Vitro Expansion of Hepatic Progenitor Cells from Human iPS Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1357:295-310. [PMID: 25697415 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have the unique properties of self-renewal and multipotency (producing progeny belonging to two or more lineages). Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from somatic cells by simultaneous expression of pluripotent factors (Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc). They share the same properties as embryonic stem (ES) cells and can differentiate into several tissue cells, i.e., neurons, hematopoietic cells, and liver cells. Therefore, iPS cells are suitable candidate cells for regenerative medicine and analyses of disease mechanisms.The liver is the major organ that regulates a multitude of metabolic functions. Hepatocytes are the major cell type populating the liver parenchyma and express several metabolic enzymes that are necessary for liver functions. Although hepatocytes are essential for maintaining homeostasis, it is difficult to alter artificial and transplanted cells because of their multifunctionality, donor shortage, and immunorejection risk. During liver development, hepatic progenitor cells in the fetal liver differentiate into both mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. As hepatic progenitor cells have bipotency and high proliferation ability, they could present a potential source for generating transplantable cells or as a liver study model. Here we describe the induction and purification of hepatic progenitor cells derived from human iPS cells. These cells can proliferate for a long term under suitable culture conditions.
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15
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Kaneko S, Kakinuma S, Asahina Y, Kamiya A, Miyoshi M, Tsunoda T, Nitta S, Asano Y, Nagata H, Otani S, Kawai-Kitahata F, Murakawa M, Itsui Y, Nakagawa M, Azuma S, Nakauchi H, Nishitsuji H, Ujino S, Shimotohno K, Iwamoto M, Watashi K, Wakita T, Watanabe M. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic cell lines as a new model for host interaction with hepatitis B virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29358. [PMID: 27386799 PMCID: PMC4937433 DOI: 10.1038/srep29358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not eradicated by current antiviral therapies due to persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in host cells, and thus development of novel culture models for productive HBV infection is urgently needed, which will allow the study of HBV cccDNA eradication. To meet this need, we developed culture models of HBV infection using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte lineages, including immature proliferating hepatic progenitor-like cell lines (iPS-HPCs) and differentiated hepatocyte-like cells (iPS-Heps). These cells were susceptible to HBV infection, produced HBV particles, and maintained innate immune responses. The infection efficiency of HBV in iPS-HPCs predominantly depended on the expression levels of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), and was low relative to iPS-Heps: however, long-term culture of iPS-Heps was difficult. To provide a model for HBV persistence, iPS-HPCs overexpressing NTCP were established. The long-term persistence of HBV cccDNA was detected in iPS-HPCs overexpressing NTCP, and depended on the inhibition of the Janus-kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that iPS-derived hepatic cell lines can be utilized for novel HBV culture models with genetic variation to investigate the interactions between HBV and host cells and the development of anti-HBV strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department for Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department for Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishin Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Nishitsuji
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Saneyuki Ujino
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Foetal hepatic progenitor cells assume a cholangiocytic cell phenotype during two-dimensional pre-culture. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28283. [PMID: 27335264 PMCID: PMC4917868 DOI: 10.1038/srep28283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver consists of parenchymal hepatocytes and other cells. Liver progenitor cell (LPC) is the origin of both hepatocytes and cholangiocytic cells. The analyses of mechanism regulating differentiation of LPCs into these functional cells are important for liver regenerative therapy using progenitor cells. LPCs in adult livers were found to form cysts with cholangiocytic characteristics in 3D culture. In contrast, foetal LPCs cannot form these cholangiocytic cysts in the same culture. Thus, the transition of foetal LPCs into cholangiocytic progenitor cells might occur during liver development. Primary CD45−Ter119−Dlk1+ LPCs derived from murine foetal livers formed ALBUMIN (ALB)+CYTOKERATIN (CK)19− non-cholangiocytic cysts within 3D culture. In contrast, when foetal LPCs were pre-cultured on gelatine-coated dishes, they formed ALB−CK19+ cholangiocytic cysts. When hepatocyte growth factor or oncostatin M, which are inducers of hepatocytic differentiation, was added to pre-culture, LPCs did not form cholangiocytic cysts. These results suggest that the pre-culture on gelatine-coated dishes changed the characteristics of foetal LPCs into cholangiocytic cells. Furthermore, neonatal liver progenitor cells were able to form cholangiocytic cysts in 3D culture without pre-culture. It is therefore possible that the pre-culture of mid-foetal LPCs in vitro functioned as a substitute for the late-foetal maturation step in vivo.
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17
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Liu WH, Ren LN, Wang T, Navarro-Alvarez N, Tang LJ. The Involving Roles of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells (SPCs) to Liver Regeneration. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:954-63. [PMID: 27489499 PMCID: PMC4971734 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is usually attributed to mature hepatocytes, which possess a remarkable potential to proliferate under mild to moderate injury. However, when the liver is severely damaged or hepatocyte proliferation is greatly inhibited, liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) will contribute to the liver regeneration process. LSPCs in the developing liver have been extensively characterized, however, their contributing role to liver regeneration has not been completely understood. In addition to the restoration of the liver parenchymal tissue by hepatocytes or/and LSPCs, or in some cases bone marrow (BM) derived cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the wound healing after injury in terms of angiopoiesis by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) or/and sinusoidal endothelial progenitor cells (SEPCs) is another important aspect taking place during regeneration. To conclude, liver regeneration can be mainly divided into three distinct restoring levels according to the cause and severity of injury: hepatocyte dominant regeneration, LSPCs mediated regeneration, extrahepatic stem cells participative regeneration. In this review, we focus on the recent findings of liver regeneration, especially on those related to stem/progenitor cells (SPCs)-mediated regeneration and their potential clinical applications and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Liu
- 1. General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital; Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610083
| | - Li-Na Ren
- 1. General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital; Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610083
| | - Tao Wang
- 1. General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital; Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610083
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- 2. Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li-Jun Tang
- 1. General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital; Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610083
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18
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Otani S, Kakinuma S, Kamiya A, Goto F, Kaneko S, Miyoshi M, Tsunoda T, Asano Y, Kawai-Kitahata F, Nitta S, Nakata T, Okamoto R, Itsui Y, Nakagawa M, Azuma S, Asahina Y, Yamaguchi T, Koshikawa N, Seiki M, Nakauchi H, Watanabe M. Matrix metalloproteinase-14 mediates formation of bile ducts and hepatic maturation of fetal hepatic progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:1062-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Kamiya A, Ito K, Yanagida A, Chikada H, Iwama A, Nakauchi H. MEK-ERK Activity Regulates the Proliferative Activity of Fetal Hepatoblasts Through Accumulation of p16/19cdkn2a. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2525-35. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Chikada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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20
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Abstract
The liver is a central regulator of metabolism, and liver failure thus constitutes a major health burden. Understanding how this complex organ develops during embryogenesis will yield insights into how liver regeneration can be promoted and how functional liver replacement tissue can be engineered. Recent studies of animal models have identified key signaling pathways and complex tissue interactions that progressively generate liver progenitor cells, differentiated lineages and functional tissues. In addition, progress in understanding how these cells interact, and how transcriptional and signaling programs precisely coordinate liver development, has begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this complexity. Here, we review the lineage relationships, signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that orchestrate hepatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gordillo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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21
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Saida S, Watanabe KI, Kato I, Fujino H, Umeda K, Okamoto S, Uemoto S, Hishiki T, Yoshida H, Tanaka S, Adachi S, Niwa A, Nakahata T, Heike T. Prognostic significance of aminopeptidase-N (CD13) in hepatoblastoma. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:558-66. [PMID: 25682862 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatoblastoma is a rare childhood malignant tumor that originates from immature hepatic cells. Aminopeptidase-N(CD13), an ectopeptidase that promotes tumor invasion and metastasis, is expressed in fetal stage hepatic progenitor cells, although its role in hepatoblastoma remains unclear. METHODS The expression pattern of CD13 was investigated on immunohistochemistry in 30 tissue samples from 27 hepatoblastoma patients (16 with predominantly embryonal [pE] histology and 14 with predominantly fetal [pF] histology). Immunoreactive score (IRS) was used to quantify staining data, and the relationship between CD13 expression, clinicopathological factors, and clinical outcome was investigated. The biological function of CD13 was also examined in the hepatoblastoma cell lines Huh6 and HepG2. RESULTS All specimens stained positive for CD13, with higher CD13 expression in pE than in pF hepatoblastoma samples (median IRS, 4; range, 2-9 vs 2; range, 1-4). Strong CD13 expression was correlated with vascular invasion. Five year event-free survival and overall survival were better in patients with CD13(low) than in those with CD13(high) tumors (100% vs 51.0%, P = 0.026; and 100% vs 74.0%, P = 0.114, respectively). A CD13-neutralizing antibody and the potent CD13 inhibitor, Ubenimex, suppressed invasive activity in HepG2 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS CD13 expression is associated with hepatoblastoma invasiveness and could be a novel prognostic marker for hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saida
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisanori Fujino
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutsugu Umeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Okamoto
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoro Hishiki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiro Tanaka
- Division of Clinical Trial Design and Management, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Souichi Adachi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Niwa
- Department of Clinical Applications, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Department of Clinical Applications, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Tsuruya K, Chikada H, Ida K, Anzai K, Kagawa T, Inagaki Y, Mine T, Kamiya A. A Paracrine Mechanism Accelerating Expansion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Progenitor-Like Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1691-702. [PMID: 25808356 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem/progenitor cells in liver development have a high proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In this study, we focused on the cell surface molecules of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells (HPCs) and analyzed how these molecules modulate expansion of these cells. Human iPS cells were differentiated into immature hepatic lineage cells by cytokines. In addition to hepatic progenitor markers (CD13 and CD133), the cells were coimmunostained for various cell surface markers (116 types). The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and in vitro colony formation culture with feeder cells. Twenty types of cell surface molecules were highly expressed in CD13(+)CD133(+) cells derived from human iPS cells. Of these molecules, CD221 (insulin-like growth factor receptor), which was expressed in CD13(+)CD133(+) cells, was quickly downregulated after in vitro expansion. The proliferative ability was suppressed by a neutralizing antibody and specific inhibitor of CD221. Overexpression of CD221 increased colony-forming ability. We also found that inhibition of CD340 (erbB2) and CD266 (fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14) signals suppressed proliferation. In addition, both insulin-like growth factor (a ligand of CD221) and tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (a ligand of CD266) were provided by feeder cells in our culture system. This study revealed the expression profiles of cell surface molecules in human iPS cell-derived HPCs and that the paracrine interactions between HPCs and other cells through specific receptors are important for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Tsuruya
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan .,2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Hiromi Chikada
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Ida
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Kazuya Anzai
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan .,2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Tatehiro Kagawa
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- 3 Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mine
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
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23
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Manohar R, Li Y, Fohrer H, Guzik L, Stolz DB, Chandran UR, LaFramboise WA, Lagasse E. Identification of a candidate stem cell in human gallbladder. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:258-69. [PMID: 25765520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no reports of identification of stem cells in human gallbladder. The differences between human gallbladder and intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) cells have also not been explored. The goals of this study were to evaluate if human fetal gallbladder contains a candidate stem cell population and if fetal gallbladder cells are distinct from fetal IHBD cells. We found that EpCAM+CD44+CD13+ cells represent the cell population most enriched for clonal self-renewal from primary gallbladder. Primary EpCAM+CD44+CD13+ cells gave rise to EpCAM+CD44+CD13+ and EpCAM+CD44+CD13- cells in vitro, and gallbladder cells expanded in vitro exhibited short-term engraftment in vivo. Last, we found that CD13, CD227, CD66, CD26 and CD49b were differentially expressed between gallbladder and IHBD cells cultured in vitro indicating clear phenotypic differences between the two cell populations. Microarray analyses of expanded cultures confirmed that both cell types have unique transcriptional profiles with predicted functional differences in lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid and drug metabolism. In conclusion, we have isolated a distinct clonogenic population of epithelial cells from primary human fetal gallbladder with stem cell characteristics and found it to be unique compared to IHBD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Manohar
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Yaming Li
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Helene Fohrer
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Lynda Guzik
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Center for Biological Imaging, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - William A LaFramboise
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Clinical Genomics Facility, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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Kamiya A, Inagaki Y. Stem and progenitor cell systems in liver development and regeneration. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:29-37. [PMID: 24773763 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver comprises two stem/progenitor cell systems: fetal and adult liver stem/progenitor cells. Fetal hepatic progenitor cells, derived from foregut endoderm, differentiate into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes during liver development. Adult hepatic progenitor cells contribute to regeneration after severe and chronic liver injuries. However, the characteristics of these somatic hepatic stem/progenitor cells remain unknown. Culture systems that can be used to analyze these cells were recently established and hepatic stem/progenitor cell-specific surface markers including delta-like 1 homolog (DLK), cluster of differentiation (CD) 13, CD133, and LIV2 were identified. Cells purified using antibodies against these markers proliferate for an extended period and differentiate into mature cells both in vitro and in vivo. Methods to force the differentiation of human embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into hepatic progenitor cells have been recently established. We demonstrated that the CD13(+) CD133(+) fraction of human iPS-derived cells contained numerous hepatic progenitor-like cells. These analyses of hepatic stem/progenitor cells derived from somatic tissues and pluripotent stem cells will contribute to the development of new therapies for severe liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Kamiya
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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25
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Van de Laar E, Clifford M, Hasenoeder S, Kim BR, Wang D, Lee S, Paterson J, Vu NM, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S, Tsao MS, Ailles L, Moghal N. Cell surface marker profiling of human tracheal basal cells reveals distinct subpopulations, identifies MST1/MSP as a mitogenic signal, and identifies new biomarkers for lung squamous cell carcinomas. Respir Res 2014; 15:160. [PMID: 25551685 PMCID: PMC4343068 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large airways of the lungs (trachea and bronchi) are lined with a pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium, which is maintained by stem cells/progenitors within the basal cell compartment. Alterations in basal cell behavior can contribute to large airway diseases including squamous cell carcinomas (SQCCs). Basal cells have traditionally been thought of as a uniform population defined by basolateral position, cuboidal cell shape, and expression of pan-basal cell lineage markers like KRT5 and TP63. While some evidence suggests that basal cells are not all functionally equivalent, few heterogeneously expressed markers have been identified to purify and study subpopulations. In addition, few signaling pathways have been identified that regulate their cell behavior. The goals of this work were to investigate tracheal basal cell diversity and to identify new signaling pathways that regulate basal cell behavior. METHODS We used flow cytometry (FACS) to profile cell surface marker expression at a single cell level in primary human tracheal basal cell cultures that maintain stem cell/progenitor activity. FACS results were validated with tissue staining, in silico comparisons with normal basal cell and lung cancer datasets, and an in vitro proliferation assay. RESULTS We identified 105 surface markers, with 47 markers identifying potential subpopulations. These subpopulations generally fell into more (~ > 13%) or less abundant (~ < 6%) groups. Microarray gene expression profiling supported the heterogeneous expression of these markers in the total population, and immunostaining of large airway tissue suggested that some of these markers are relevant in vivo. 24 markers were enriched in lung SQCCs relative to adenocarcinomas, with four markers having prognostic significance in SQCCs. We also identified 33 signaling receptors, including the MST1R/RON growth factor receptor, whose ligand MST1/MSP was mitogenic for basal cells. CONCLUSION This work provides the largest description to date of molecular diversity among human large airway basal cells. Furthermore, these markers can be used to further study basal cell function in repair and disease, and may aid in the classification and study of SQCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Van de Laar
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Monica Clifford
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Stefan Hasenoeder
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
- />Present address: Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85746 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Dennis Wang
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Sharon Lee
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
- />Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Josh Paterson
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Nancy M Vu
- />Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- />Present address: University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- />Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- />Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Laurie Ailles
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- />Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
- />Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- />Present address: Ontario Cancer Institute and Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
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Lee IC, Liu YC, Tsai HA, Shen CN, Chang YC. Promoting the selection and maintenance of fetal liver stem/progenitor cell colonies by layer-by-layer polypeptide tethered supported lipid bilayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20654-63. [PMID: 25243588 DOI: 10.1021/am503928u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed and constructed a series of layer-by-layer polypeptide adsorbed supported lipid bilayer (SLB) films as a novel and label-free platform for the isolation and maintenance of rare populated stem cells. In particular, four alternative layers of anionic poly-l-glutamic acid and cationic poly-l-lysine were sequentially deposited on an anionic SLB. We found that the fetal liver stem/progenitor cells from the primary culture were selected and formed colonies on all layer-by-layer polypeptide adsorbed SLB surfaces, regardless of the number of alternative layers and the net charges on those layers. Interestingly, these isolated stem/progenitor cells formed colonies which were maintained for an 8 day observation period. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements showed that all SLB-polypeptide films were protein resistant with serum levels significantly lower than those on the polypeptide multilayer films without an underlying SLB. We suggest the fluidic SLB promotes selective binding while minimizing the cell-surface interaction due to its nonfouling nature, thus limiting stem cell colonies from spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang-Gung University , Tao-yuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Ito K, Yanagida A, Okada K, Yamazaki Y, Nakauchi H, Kamiya A. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in mouse foetal liver regulate differentiation and proliferation of hepatoblasts. Liver Int 2014; 34:1378-90. [PMID: 24238062 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatoblasts are somatic progenitor cells of the foetal liver that possess high proliferative capacity and bi-potency for differentiation into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Although mesenchymal cells are known to be important for liver ontogeny, current understanding of their interaction with hepatoblasts remains obscure. Mesenchymal cell populations in the developing liver were purified and their potential to support proliferation and differentiation of hepatoblasts was examined. METHODS Foetal liver cells were fractionated with a flow cytometer using antibodies against cell surface markers. Gene expression of mesenchymal-specific transcripts and morphological characteristics were analysed. The ability of the mesenchymal cells to support hepatoblast function was analysed using a transwell and direct coculture system. RESULTS CD45(-) Ter119(-) CD71(-) Dlk1(mid) PDGFRα(+) cells from the mid-foetal stage liver expressed the mesenchymal cell-specific transcription factors H2.0-like homeobox 1 and LIM homeobox 2 at high levels. Foetal mesenchymal cells make contact with hepatoblasts in vivo and possess the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteocytes and adipocytes under appropriate cell culture conditions, indicating that these cells are possible candidates for mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. Foetal mesenchymal cells expressed pleiotrophin, hepatocyte growth factor and midkine 1, which are involved in the growth of hepatoblasts. Using the coculture system with hepatoblasts and foetal mesenchymal cells, these cells were shown to support proliferation and maturation of hepatoblasts through indirect and direct interactions respectively. CONCLUSIONS Dlk1(mid) PDGFRα(+) cells in non-haematopoetic fraction derived from the foetal liver exhibit mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell characteristics and have abilities to support proliferation and differentiation of hepatoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ito K, Yamazaki S, Yamamoto R, Tajima Y, Yanagida A, Kobayashi T, Kato-Itoh M, Kakuta S, Iwakura Y, Nakauchi H, Kamiya A. Gene targeting study reveals unexpected expression of brain-expressed X-linked 2 in endocrine and tissue stem/progenitor cells in mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29892-911. [PMID: 25143383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of genes specifically expressed in stem/progenitor cells is an important issue in developmental and stem cell biology. Genome-wide gene expression analyses in liver cells performed in this study have revealed a strong expression of X-linked genes that include members of the brain-expressed X-linked (Bex) gene family in stem/progenitor cells. Bex family genes are expressed abundantly in the neural cells and have been suggested to play important roles in the development of nervous tissues. However, the physiological role of its individual members and the precise expression pattern outside the nervous system remain largely unknown. Here, we focused on Bex2 and examined its role and expression pattern by generating knock-in mice; the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) was inserted into the Bex2 locus. Bex2-deficient mice were viable and fertile under laboratory growth conditions showing no obvious phenotypic abnormalities. Through an immunohistochemical analysis and flow cytometry-based approach, we observed unique EGFP reporter expression patterns in endocrine and stem/progenitor cells of the liver, pyloric stomach, and hematopoietic system. Although Bex2 seems to play redundant roles in vivo, these results suggest the significance and potential applications of Bex2 in studies of endocrine and stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and
| | - Yoko Tajima
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- the NAKAUCHI Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666, Japan, the Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, the NAKAUCHI Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- the Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- the Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and the NAKAUCHI Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- From the Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, the Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan
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Stem/Progenitor Cells in Liver Development, Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:561-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Shin S, Kaestner KH. The origin, biology, and therapeutic potential of facultative adult hepatic progenitor cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:269-92. [PMID: 24439810 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays an essential role in glucose and lipid metabolism, synthesis of plasma proteins, and detoxification of xenobiotics and other toxins. Chronic disease of this important organ is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Following loss of tissue, liver mass can be restored by two mechanisms. Under normal conditions, or after massive loss of parenchyma by surgical resection, liver mass is maintained by division of hepatocytes. After chronic injury, or when proliferation of hepatocytes is impaired, facultative adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) proliferate and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes (biliary epithelial cells). HPCs are attractive candidates for cell transplantation because of their potential contribution to liver regeneration. However, until recently, the lack of highly specific markers has hampered efforts to better understand the origin and physiology of HPCs. Recent advances in cell isolation methods and genetic lineage tracing have enabled investigators to explore multiple aspects of HPC biology. In this review, we describe the potential origins of HPCs, the markers used to detect them, the contribution of HPCs to recovery, and the signaling pathways that regulate their biology. We end with an examination of the therapeutic potential of HPCs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soona Shin
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Liu WH, Ren LN, Chen T, You N, Liu LY, Wang T, Yan HT, Luo H, Tang LJ. Unbalanced distribution of materials: the art of giving rise to hepatocytes from liver stem/progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:1-14. [PMID: 24286303 PMCID: PMC3916112 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) are able to duplicate themselves and differentiate into each type of cells in the liver, including mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Understanding how to accurately control the hepatic differentiation of LSPCs is a challenge in many fields from preclinical to clinical treatments. This review summarizes the recent advances made to control the hepatic differentiation of LSPCs over the last few decades. The hepatic differentiation of LSPCs is a gradual process consisting of three main steps: initiation, progression and accomplishment. The unbalanced distribution of the affecting materials in each step results in the hepatic maturation of LSPCs. As the innovative and creative works for generating hepatocytes with full functions from LSPCs are gradually accumulated, LSPC therapies will soon be a new choice for treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Liu
- General Surgery Center of PLA, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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An in vitro expansion system for generation of human iPS cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells exhibiting a bipotent differentiation potential. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67541. [PMID: 23935837 PMCID: PMC3723819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblasts, hepatic stem/progenitor cells in liver development, have a high proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In regenerative medicine and drug screening for the treatment of severe liver diseases, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived mature functional hepatocytes are considered to be a potentially good cell source. However, induction of proliferation of these cells is difficult ex vivo. To circumvent this problem, we generated hepatic progenitor-like cells from human iPS cells using serial cytokine treatments in vitro. Highly proliferative hepatic progenitor-like cells were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using antibodies against CD13 and CD133 that are known cell surface markers of hepatic stem/progenitor cells in fetal and adult mouse livers. When the purified CD13highCD133+ cells were cultured at a low density with feeder cells in the presence of suitable growth factors and signaling inhibitors (ALK inhibitor A-83-01 and ROCK inhibitor Y-27632), individual cells gave rise to relatively large colonies. These colonies consisted of two types of cells expressing hepatocytic marker genes (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and α-fetoprotein) and a cholangiocytic marker gene (cytokeratin 7), and continued to proliferate over long periods of time. In a spheroid formation assay, these cells were found to express genes required for mature liver function, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes, and secrete albumin. When these cells were cultured in a suitable extracellular matrix gel, they eventually formed a cholangiocytic cyst-like structure with epithelial polarity, suggesting that human iPS cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells have a bipotent differentiation ability. Collectively these data indicate that this novel procedure using an in vitro expansion system is useful for not only liver regeneration but also for the determination of molecular mechanisms that regulate liver development.
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Kiyohashi K, Kakinuma S, Kamiya A, Sakamoto N, Nitta S, Yamanaka H, Yoshino K, Fujiki J, Murakawa M, Kusano-Kitazume A, Shimizu H, Okamoto R, Azuma S, Nakagawa M, Asahina Y, Tanimizu N, Kikuchi A, Nakauchi H, Watanabe M. Wnt5a signaling mediates biliary differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:2502-13. [PMID: 23386589 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells, called hepatoblasts, which play pivotal roles in liver development, remain obscure. Wnt signaling pathways regulate the development and differentiation of stem cells in various organs. Although a β-catenin-independent noncanonical Wnt pathway is essential for cell adhesion and polarity, the physiological functions of noncanonical Wnt pathways in liver development are unknown. Here we describe a functional role for Wnt5a, a noncanonical Wnt ligand, in the differentiation of mouse hepatoblasts. Wnt5a was expressed in mesenchymal cells and other cells of wild-type (WT) midgestational fetal liver. We analyzed fetal liver phenotypes in Wnt5a-deficient mice using a combination of histological and molecular techniques. Expression levels of Sox9 and the number of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1β(+) HNF4α(-) biliary precursor cells were significantly higher in Wnt5a-deficient liver relative to WT liver. In Wnt5a-deficient fetal liver, in vivo formation of primitive bile ductal structures was significantly enhanced relative to WT littermates. We also investigated the function of Wnt5a protein and downstream signaling molecules using a three-dimensional culture system that included primary hepatoblasts or a hepatic progenitor cell line. In vitro differentiation assays showed that Wnt5a retarded the formation of bile duct-like structures in hepatoblasts, leading instead to hepatic maturation of such cells. Whereas Wnt5a signaling increased steady-state levels of phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in fetal liver, inhibition of CaMKII activity resulted in the formation of significantly more and larger-sized bile duct-like structures in vitro compared with those in vehicle-supplemented controls. CONCLUSION Wnt5a-mediated signaling in fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells suppresses biliary differentiation. These findings also suggest that activation of CaMKII by Wnt5a signaling suppresses biliary differentiation. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kiyohashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo, Japan
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Characteristics of hepatic stem/progenitor cells in the fetal and adult liver. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2013; 19:587-93. [PMID: 23010995 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-012-0544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is an essential organ that maintains vital activity through its numerous important functions. It has a unique capability of fully regenerating after injury. Regulating a balance between self-renewal and differentiation of hepatic stem cells that are resources for functional mature liver cells is required for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. METHODS This review describes the characteristics of hepatic stem/progenitor cells and the regulatory mechanism of their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. RESULTS In liver organogenesis, undifferentiated hepatic stem/progenitor cells expand their pool by repeated self-renewal in the early stage of liver development and then differentiate into two different types of cell lineage, namely hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Liver development is regulated by expression of stem cell transcription factors in a complex multistep process. Recent studies suggest that stem cells are maintained by integrative regulation of gene expression patterns related to self-renewal and differentiation by epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modification and DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the proper regulatory mechanism of hepatic stem/progenitor cells is important for regenerative medicine that utilizes hepatic stem cells and for preventing liver cancer through clarification of the carcinogenetic mechanism involved in stem cell system failure.
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Liebau S, Mahaddalkar PU, Kestler HA, Illing A, Seufferlein T, Kleger A. A Hierarchy in Reprogramming Capacity in Different Tissue Microenvironments: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:695-706. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pallavi U. Mahaddalkar
- Department on Stem Cell Aging, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max Planck Research Group, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A. Kestler
- Research Group of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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Kamiya A, Nakauchi H. Enrichment and clonal culture of hepatic stem/progenitor cells during mouse liver development. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 945:273-286. [PMID: 23097112 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-125-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver regenerates after hepatectomy or chemical-induced injury. In contrast to cells in other tissues that can regenerate, mature cells (hepatocytes), but not undifferentiated stem cells, are mainly responsible for acute liver regeneration. Liver stem cells take part in liver regeneration in some forms of chronic liver injury, when the proliferative ability of differentiated hepatocytes is impaired. During liver development, both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are differentiated from common precursor cells, called hepatoblasts. By combining fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and an in vitro clonal culture system for stem/progenitor cells, we established a method to isolate stem/progenitor cells prospectively from mouse fetal and adult livers. FACS clone-sorted single CD45(-)Ter119(-)c-kit(-)CD13(+)CD133(+) cells (from fetal mid-gestational livers) or CD45(-)Ter119(-)c-kit(-)Sca1(-)CD13(+)CD49f(+)CD133(+) cells (from adult livers) can form a colony containing both albumin-positive hepatocytes and cytokeratin 19-positive bile ductal cells, indicating that these cells have the characters of liver stem/progenitor cells (proliferative capability and bipotency for hepatic and for biliary epithelial differentiation). These cells can maintain these capabilities for several months in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Kamiya
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Tokai University Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Liver Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
The third edition of the Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes aims to be a comprehensive reference work for the enzymes that cleave proteins and peptides, and contains over 850 chapters. Each chapter is organized into sections describing the name and history, activity and specificity, structural chemistry, preparation, biological aspects, and distinguishing features for a specific peptidase. The subject of Chapter 79 is Aminopeptidase N. Keywords Actinonin, amastatin, angiogenesis, angiotensin, bestatin, brush border, cancer, CD13, coronavirus, cysteinyl-glycinase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, enkephalin, glutathione, neprilysin, puromycin, stem cells.
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Serrano N, Cortegano I, Ruiz C, Alía M, de Andrés B, Rejas MT, Marcos MAR, Gaspar ML. Megakaryocytes promote hepatoepithelial liver cell development in E11.5 mouse embryos by cell-to-cell contact and by vascular endothelial growth factor A signaling. Hepatology 2012; 56:1934-45. [PMID: 22611008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the mouse embryo, hematopoietic progenitor cells migrate to the fetal liver (FL) between gestational days (E) 9.5 and 10.5, where they rapidly expand to form the main fetal reservoir of hematopoietic cells. The embryonic megakaryocyte progenitors (MKPs) in the E11.5 FL were identified as CD49f(H) CD41(H) (and c-Kit(D)KDR(+)CD42(+)CD9(++)CD31(+)) cells, expressing several hepato-specific proteins. Unlike adult bone marrow megakaryocytes (MKs), embryonic MKPs were CD45(-) and represent an abundant population in the FL. The CD49f(H)CD41(H) MKPs purified by cytometry differentiated in vitro to produce proplatelets, independent of thrombopoietin stimulation, and they responded to stimulation with adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, and the PAR4 thrombin receptor-activating peptide. Moreover, after removing CD49f(H)CD41(H) MKPs from purified E11.5 FL hepatoepithelial-enriched cell preparations (c-Kit(D)CD45(-)Ter119(-)), the remaining CD49f(D) cells neither differentiated nor survived in vitro. Indeed, direct cell-to-cell contact between the CD49f(H) CD41(H) and CD49f(D) populations was required to promote the hepatocyte differentiation of CD49f(D) cells. The addition of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and medium conditioned by E11.5 CD49f(H)CD41(H) MKPs produced a partial effect on CD49f(D) cells, inducing the formation of hepatoepithelial layers. This effect was abolished by anti-VEGF-A antibodies. Together, these findings strongly suggest that CD49f(H)CD41(H) MKPs are fundamental to promote FL development, as proposed in adult liver regeneration. CONCLUSION The cells of the MK lineage present in the developing mouse embryo liver promote the growth of hepatoepithelial cells in vitro through VEGF-A signaling and may play a role in liver development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Serrano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Schievenbusch S, Sauer E, Curth HM, Schulte S, Demir M, Toex U, Goeser T, Nierhoff D. Neighbor of Punc E 11: Expression Pattern of the New Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cell Marker During Murine Liver Development. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2656-66. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Sauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Harald-Morten Curth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sigrid Schulte
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Toex
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Goeser
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Nierhoff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kleger A, Mahaddalkar PU, Katz SF, Lechel A, Joo JY, Loya K, Lin Q, Hartmann D, Liebau S, Kraus JM, Cantz T, Kestler HA, Zaehres H, Schöler H, Rudolph KL. Increased reprogramming capacity of mouse liver progenitor cells, compared with differentiated liver cells, requires the BAF complex. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:907-17. [PMID: 22245845 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ectopic expression of certain transcription factors can reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. Hematopoietic and muscle stem cells can be more efficiently reprogrammed than differentiated blood or muscle cells, yet similar findings have not been shown in other primary organ systems. Moreover, molecular characteristics of the cellular hierarchy of tissues that influence reprogramming capacities need to be delineated. We analyzed the effect of differentiation stage of freshly isolated, mouse liver cells on the reprogramming efficiency. METHODS Liver progenitor cell (LPC)-enriched cell fractions were isolated from adult (6-8 wk) and fetal (embryonic day 14.5) livers of mice and reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Different transcription factors were expressed in liver cells, and markers of pluripotency were examined, along with the ability of iPS cells to differentiate, in vitro and in vivo, into different germ layers. RESULTS Fetal and adult LPCs had significantly greater reprogramming efficiency after transduction with 3 or 4 reprogramming factors. Transduction efficiency-corrected reprogramming rates of fetal LPCs were 275-fold higher, compared with unsorted fetal liver cells, when 3 reprogramming factors were transduced. The increased reprogramming efficiency of LPCs, compared with differentiated liver cells, occurred independently of proliferation rates, but was associated with endogenous expression of reprogramming factors (Klf4 and c-Myc) and BAF (Brg1/Brm associated factor)-complex members Baf155 and Brg1, which mediate epigenetic changes during reprogramming. Knockdown of BAF complex members negated the increased reprogramming efficiency of LPCs, compared with non-LPCs. CONCLUSIONS LPCs have intrinsic, cell proliferation-independent characteristics resulting in an increased reprogramming capacity compared to differentiated liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kleger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research Department on Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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Cheung PFY, Cheng CKC, Wong NCL, Ho JCY, Yip CW, Lui VCH, Cheung ANY, Fan ST, Cheung ST. Granulin-epithelin precursor is an oncofetal protein defining hepatic cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28246. [PMID: 22194816 PMCID: PMC3241621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Increasing evidence has suggested that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) might originate from a distinct subpopulation called cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for the limited efficacy of conventional therapies. We have previously demonstrated that granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP), a pluripotent growth factor, is upregulated in HCC but not in the adjacent non-tumor, and that GEP is a potential therapeutic target for HCC. Here, we characterized its expression pattern and stem cell properties in fetal and cancerous livers. Methods Protein expression of GEP in fetal and adult livers was examined in human and mouse models by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry. Liver cancer cell lines, isolated based on their GEP and/or ATP-dependent binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter ABCB5 expression, were evaluated for hepatic CSC properties in terms of colony formation, chemoresistance and tumorigenicity. Results We demonstrated that GEP was a hepatic oncofetal protein that expressed in the fetal livers, but not in the normal adult livers. Importantly, GEP+ fetal liver cells co-expressed the embryonic stem (ES) cell-related signaling molecules including β-catenin, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and DLK1, and also hepatic CSC-markers CD133, EpCAM and ABCB5. Phenotypic characterization in HCC clinical specimens and cell lines revealed that GEP+ cancer cells co-expressed these stem cell markers similarly as the GEP+ fetal liver cells. Furthermore, GEP was shown to regulate the expression of ES cell-related signaling molecules β-catenin, Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. Isolated GEPhigh cancer cells showed enhanced colony formation ability and chemoresistance when compared with the GEPlow counterparts. Co-expression of GEP and ABCB5 better defined the CSC populations with enhanced tumorigenic ability in immunocompromised mice. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that GEP is a hepatic oncofetal protein regulating ES cell-related signaling molecules. Co-expression of GEP and ABCB5 further enriches a subpopulation with enhanced CSC properties. The current data provide new insight into the therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Separation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Granulins
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Phenotype
- Progranulins
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Fung Yi Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | - Chi Wai Yip
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Sheung Tat Fan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Okada K, Kamiya A, Ito K, Yanagida A, Ito H, Kondou H, Nishina H, Nakauchi H. Prospective isolation and characterization of bipotent progenitor cells in early mouse liver development. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1124-33. [PMID: 21861758 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outgrowth of the foregut endoderm to form the liver bud is considered the initial event of liver development. Hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the liver bud are postulated to migrate into septum transversum mesenchyme at around embryonic day (E) 9 in mice. The studies of liver development focused on the mid-fetal stage (E11.5-14.5) have identified HSPCs at this stage. However, the in vitro characteristics of HSPCs before E11.5 have not been elucidated. This is probably partly because purification and characterization of HSPCs in early fetal livers have not been fully established. To permit detailed phenotypic analyses of early fetal HSPC candidates, we developed a new coculture system, using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. In this coculture system, CD13(+)Dlk(+) cells purified from mouse early fetal livers (E9.5 and E10.5) formed colonies composed of both albumin-positive hepatocytic cells and cytokeratin (CK) 19-positive cholangiocytic cells, indicating that early fetal CD13(+)Dlk(+) cells have properties of bipotent progenitor cells. Inhibition of signaling by Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (Rock) or by nonmuscle myosin II (downstream from Rock) was necessary for effective expansion of early fetal CD13(+)Dlk(+) cells in vitro. In sorted CD13(+)Dlk(+) cells, expression of the hepatocyte marker genes albumin and α-fetoprotein increased with fetal liver age, whereas expression of CK19 and Sox17, endodermal progenitor cell markers, was highest at E9.5 but decreased dramatically thereafter. These first prospective studies of early fetal HSPC candidates demonstrate that bipotent stem/progenitor cells exist before E11.5 and implicate Rock-myosin II signaling in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Okada
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ji S, Wang X, Shu J, Sun A, Si W, Guo X, Zhao B, Ji W, Jin L. In vitro generation of myofibroblasts-like cells from liver epithelial progenitor cells of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:383-90. [PMID: 21461639 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the myofibroblast, the primary effector cell of liver fibrosis, is still elusive. Here, we report that fluorescence-activated cell sorting purified E-cad + rhesus monkey liver epithelial progenitor cells (mLEPCs) may serve as a potential source for liver myofibroblasts. Adult mLEPCs colonies were cultured in medium containing 2 ng/ml transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) to induce differentiation. Phenotypic changes of cells were analyzed by morphological observation, immunostaining, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After cultured with TGF-β and FBS, some cells in adult mLEPCs colonies converted to fibroblasts-like cells. Immunostaining showed that fibroblasts-like cells had acquired the expression of mesenchymal cell marker vimentin but lost the expression of epithelial cell marker CK8. Fibroblasts-like cells were maintained in culture for up to 40 passages. RT-PCR analysis revealed that fibroblasts-like cells had acquired the expression of mesenchymal genes (snail, PAI-1, and collagen I) and lost the expression of epithelial specific genes (E-cad, ZO-1, CK18, and occludin). In addition, more than 60% of fibroblasts-like cells expressed myofibroblastic-related proteins such as αSMA, vimentin, and N-cad, which were not presented in mLEPCs. Furthermore, increased cell motility was also detected in these fibroblasts-like cells by time-lapse video observation. Our results demonstrate that hepatic epithelial progenitor cells, mLEPCs, transform to myofibroblast-like cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This finding will facilitate understanding of the origin of myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Ji
- College of Life Science of Shaoxing University, 900# Chennan Dadao, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
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Onozuka I, Kakinuma S, Kamiya A, Miyoshi M, Sakamoto N, Kiyohashi K, Watanabe T, Funaoka Y, Ueyama M, Nakagawa M, Koshikawa N, Seiki M, Nakauchi H, Watanabe M. Cholestatic liver fibrosis and toxin-induced fibrosis are exacerbated in matrix metalloproteinase-2 deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:134-40. [PMID: 21300023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) plays an important role in homeostatic regulation of the extracellular environment and degradation of matrix. During liver fibrosis, several MMPs, including MMP-2, are up-regulated in activated hepatic stellate cells, which are responsible for exacerbation of liver cirrhosis. However, it remains unclear how loss of MMP-2 influences molecular dynamics associated with fibrogenesis in the liver. To explore the role of MMP-2 in hepatic fibrogenesis, we employed two fibrosis models in mice; toxin (carbon tetrachloride, CCl4)-induced and cholestasis-induced fibrosis. In the chronic CCl4 administration model, MMP-2 deficient mice exhibited extensive liver fibrosis as compared with wild-type mice. Several molecules related to activation of hepatic stellate cells were up-regulated in MMP-2 deficient liver, suggesting that myofibroblastic change of hepatic stellate cells was promoted in MMP-2 deficient liver. In the cholestasis model, fibrosis in MMP-2 deficient liver was also accelerated as compared with wild type liver. Production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 increased in MMP-2 deficient liver in both models, while transforming growth factor β, platelet-derived growth factor receptor and MMP-14 were up-regulated only in the CCl4 model. Our study demonstrated, using 2 experimental murine models, that loss of MMP-2 exacerbates liver fibrosis, and suggested that MMP-2 suppresses tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 up-regulation during liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Onozuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Tanaka M, Itoh T, Tanimizu N, Miyajima A. Liver stem/progenitor cells: their characteristics and regulatory mechanisms. J Biochem 2011; 149:231-9. [PMID: 21217146 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver stem cells give rise to both hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells also known as cholangiocytes. During liver development hepatoblasts emerge from the foregut endoderm and give rise to both cell types. Colony-forming cells are present in the liver primordium and clonally expanded cells differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes depending on culture conditions, showing stem cell characteristics. The growth and differentiation of hepatoblasts are regulated by various extrinsic signals. For example, periportal mesenchymal cells provide a cue for bipotential hepatoblasts to become cholangiocytes, and mesothelial cells covering the parenchyma support the expansion of foetal hepatocytes by producing growth factors. The adult liver has an extraordinary capacity to regenerate, and after 70% hepatectomy the liver recovers its original mass by replication of the remaining hepatocytes without the activation of liver stem cells. However, in certain types of liver injury models, liver stem/progenitor-like cells, known as oval cells in rodents, proliferate around the portal vein, while the roles of such cells in liver regeneration remain a matter of debate. Clonogenic and bipotential cells are also present in the normal adult liver. In this minireview we describe recent studies on liver stem/progenitor cells by focusing on extracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tanaka
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with liver cirrhosis often require liver transplantation, which remains the only effective treatment of the end-stage cirrhosis. Here we briefly summarize the current concepts in treatment of liver diseases based on the transplantation of intrahepatic liver cells, capable of repopulating the injured liver. These cells include hepatocytes, oval cells (bipotential intrahepatic progenitor cells), bone marrow hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. RECENT FINDINGS Although liver transplantation remains the only conventional treatment, liver cell transplantation is an experimental procedure which has been successfully used in clinical trials in patients with acute liver failure, chronic liver disease with end-stage cirrhosis. Extraordinary progress has been made in the field of hepatic progenitors and iPS. Liver precursor cells (oval cells) are recognized as bipotential precursor cells in the damaged liver. They can rapidly proliferate, change their cellular composition, and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to compensate for the cellular loss and maintain liver homeostasis in animal models of liver injury. Similarly, iPS are somatic cells obtained from patients and differentiated into hepatocytes in vitro. Future studies of iPS are designed to develop of specific conditions to expand and in vitro differentiate somatic cells into functionally mature liver cells. SUMMARY The current review defines and discusses different populations of hepatic cells which can be potentially used for liver cell transplantation to advance the therapy of hepatic cirrhosis.
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Tsai HA, Wu RR, Lee IC, Chang HY, Shen CN, Chang YC. Selection, Enrichment, and Maintenance of Self-Renewal Liver Stem/Progenitor Cells Utilizing Polypeptide Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1021/bm901461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ang Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruei-Ren Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Chi Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Yuan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Chih Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Kamiya A, Kakinuma S, Yamazaki Y, Nakauchi H. Enrichment and clonal culture of progenitor cells during mouse postnatal liver development in mice. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1114-26, 1126.e1-14. [PMID: 19524574 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Stem and progenitor cells exist in normal postnatal livers. However, it has not been possible to clonally isolate or analyze postnatal liver stem/progenitor-like cells (PLSCs) derived from noninjured livers because of a lack of specific surface markers. This study aimed to establish a primary culture system for clone-sorted PLSCs. METHODS To investigate proliferation and differentiation of PLSCs, subpopulations of nonparenchymal cells derived from noninjured livers were purified and cultured using a single-cell culture system. Cells were grown in fetal liver cell-derived conditioned medium in the presence of the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. RESULTS We identified CD13 and CD133 as markers expressed on the PLSC-containing population in noninjured livers and established an efficient single-cell culture system to clonally analyze PLSCs. Culture of PLSCs is difficult, even using conditioned medium, but the addition of Y-27632 increased PLSC cell proliferation. The proportion of progenitor cells among nonparenchymal cells decreased during postnatal liver development; however, a PLSC population was still preserved in 3-month-old mice. Long-term cultivated cells derived from clone-sorted cells in normal livers were established and were called normal-liver-derived stem-like cells (NLS cells). NLS cells could differentiate into hepatocyte-like and cholangiocyte-like cells under appropriate culture conditions and underwent self-renewal-like activity in serial reclone-sorted culture. CD13 and CD133 were expressed on progenitor cells derived from fetal and postnatal liver, whereas CD49f (integrin alpha6 subunit) was strongly expressed only on PLSCs. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the presence of progenitor cells in the CD13(+)CD49f(+)CD133(+) subpopulation of nonhematopoietic cells derived from noninjured postnatal livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Kamiya
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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